Synopsis: Photonics & laser:


R_www.photonics.com 2015 01932.txt.txt

#Microscale 3d'Bar codes'Readable with Lasers Microscale indentations that can be read by laser scanners serve as 3d bar codes that could help distinguish between genuine and counterfeit goods. A prototype device for creating the bar codes has been developed by Sofmat Ltd

and a laser-scanning confocal microscope to characterize the surface of the coded product and ensure the code is reproduced accurately."

"A laser scanner is in development that will be able to read the code and wirelessly transmit the result to mobile devices.


R_www.popsci.com 2015 0000608.txt

Because of the newfound clarity of the material, it could also work in lasers, protecting the components inside a directed energy weapon from the ravages of sea or sand while still letting the laser shine through.

Now that the Navy has developed a reliable means of manufacturing the material, the next step is handing it off to industry and seeing


R_www.popsci.com 2015 0000648.txt

AVERT's deployment unit can scan locations of a targeted vehicle using laser-based LIDAR,


R_www.popsci.com 2015 00071.txt

#Boeing Just Patented A Force field Made Of Lasers So, Boeing just patented a force field. Technically, the patent is for a ethod and system for shockwave attenuation via electromagnetic arc,

Next, the signal from the sensor triggers a laser (or a blast of electricity or microwave energy) that heats up a section of air or water


R_www.popsci.com 2015 00105.txt

The liquid metal could be used to build self contained pumps that don't require outside power or batteries, saving on weight and complexity for items like night vision and laser cooling pumps.


R_www.popsci.com 2015 01868.txt.txt

It made of three photodetectors with a lens on top. With the combination of data from the photodetectors,

which are arranged in a triangular configuration, the device can determine the speed and direction in its view,

Since they have developed already the algorithms and design of the photosensor, the researchers plan to configure several artificial eyes on one drone to create a more sophisticated visual system,


R_www.popsci.com 2015 02280.txt.txt

But a quick laser scan could prove a product origin, which the engineers say could track


R_www.rdmag.com 2015 00128.txt.txt

Prototype on-chip networks have used semiconductor lasers as light emitters. They can modulate very quickly,

What's more, semiconductor lasers are not particularly efficient. They produce a lot of heat along with light

In this initial experiment, the researchers used a laser to zap the VO2 and cause it to change phase.

A faster means of changing the VO2 phase--perhaps using electricity instead of a laser--could make the system much faster still.

and industrial researchers working on optoelectronics and nanophotonics, "the researchers write e


R_www.rdmag.com 2015 00141.txt.txt

#Experimental treatment regimen effective against HIV PROTEASE inhibitors are a class of antiviral drugs that are used commonly to treat HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.


R_www.rdmag.com 2015 00155.txt.txt

Specifically, the research team used the surface waves of Linbo3 to listen to how the illumination of Linbo3 by laser light changes the electric properties of Mos2. he tone at

and infer how much current the laser light allowed to flow in the Mos2. We also fabricated transistor structures onto the Mos2 films


R_www.reuters.com_news_technology 2015 01894.txt.txt

After creating the tattoo-like designs on a computer, a laser cutter traces out the design


R_www.sci-news.com 2015 01072.txt.txt

while testing a laser-based measurement technique that they recently developed to look for what is called multipolar order. o understand multipolar order,

When you shine a red laser pointer at a wall, for example, your eye detects red light.?However, for all materials, there is a tiny amount of light bouncing off at integer multiples of the incoming frequency.

So with the red laser pointer, there will also be some blue light bouncing off of the wall.


R_www.sciencealert.com 2015 01158.txt.txt

This scans the print with a laser, particles in the powder are ionised vaporised and, and a molecular profile appears.


R_www.sciencealert.com 2015 01239.txt.txt

pulses of a laser can be sent down the guide, where they can interact with the GST

Publishing in Nature Photonics this week, the team explained how they could send intense pulses of light through the waveguide to change the state of the GST,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00002404.txt

The new device, called a biophotonic laser-assisted surgery tool, or BLAST, is a silicon chip with an array of micrometer-wide holes,

Researchers use a laser pulse to heat the titanium coating, which instantly boils the water layer adjacent to parts of the cell.

A laser can scan the entire silicon chip in about 10 seconds. Chiou said the key to the technique's success is the instantaneous and precise incision of the cell membrane."


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00002681.txt

have demonstrated now that a graphene-based photodetector converts absorbed light into an electrical voltage at an extremely high speed.

To do this, the researchers used a combination of ultrafast pulse-shaped laser excitation and highly sensitive electrical readout.

As Klaas-Jan Tielrooij comments,"the experiment uniquely combined the ultrafast pulse shaping expertise obtained from single molecule ultrafast photonics with the expertise in graphene electronics.

Koppens comments,"Graphene photodetectors keep showing fascinating performances addressing a wide range of applications


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00002706.txt

#Protein finding can pave way for improved treatment of malignant melanoma New research now demonstrates that the presence of the protein megalin in a malignant melanoma is an indicator of cancer cells that are particularly aggressive.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00002707.txt

Supporting data were collected with two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, an advanced laser technique that combines ultrafast time resolution with high sensitivity to chemical structure.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00002994.txt

The receivers are small photodiodes that cost less than a dollar each and could be connected through a USB port for current systems,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00003057.txt

#Printing silicon on paper, with lasers Recently, a group of researchers at Delft University of Technology,

to be produced directly on a substrate from liquid silicon ink with a single laser pulse--potentially ousting its pale usurpers.

Then we annealed the layer with an excimer laser a conventional tool used for manufacturing smartphone displays.

The laser blast only lasted a few tens of nanoseconds, leaving the paper completely intact. In testing its conductive performance,

Ishihara and his colleagues found that thin-film transistors using the laser-printed layer exhibited mobilities as high as those of conventional poly-silicon conductors.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00003153.txt

An efficient terahertz emission from two-dimensional arrays of gold split-ring resonator metamaterials was discovered as a result of excitation by a near-infrared pulsed laser.

when a two-dimensional array of nanometer-sized gold metamaterial resonators is illuminated by a tunable near-infrared femtosecond laser,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00003237.txt

#Generating broadband terahertz radiation from a microplasma in air Researchers have shown that a laser-generated microplasma in air can be used as a source of broadband terahertz radiation.

They demonstrate that an approach for generating terahertz waves using intense laser pulses in air can be done with much lower power lasers, a major challenge until now.

They have exploited the underlying physics to reduce the necessary laser power for plasma generation. Researchers at the University of Rochester's Institute of Optics have shown that a laser-generated microplasma in air can be used as a source of broadband terahertz radiation.

In a paper published this week in Optica Fabrizio Buccheri and Xi-Cheng Zhang demonstrate that an approach for generating terahertz waves using intense laser pulses in air--first pioneered in 1993--can be done with much lower power lasers, a major challenge until now.

Ph d. student and lead author Buccheri explains that they exploited the underlying physics to reduce the necessary laser power for plasma generation.

He adds that it could potentially be improved for applications in the monitoring of explosives or drugs.

He adds that this can be generated using specific terahertz devices, such as diodes or lasers. However, for spectroscopy applications,

"Until now, approaches to use a plasma as a broadband source of terahertz have used commonly an elongated plasma generated by combining together two laser beams of different frequencies, i e.,

requires powerful, expensive lasers. The"one-color"approach uses single laser frequency to generate the plasma.

Pioneered by Harald Hamster and colleagues in 1993, it required even higher laser energies and therefore it was explored not further until this recent paper by Buccheri and Zhang.

Buccheri explains that he has always been interested in the polarization of light and how it can be exploited for different uses.

if by creating a plasma with a laser in one of these"weirder"polarization states

"He adds that he was then able to exploit the physics to use lower laser energies than previously thought possible to generate broadband terahertz waves in air.

He thinks that fine tuning the type of laser used and changing the air to a different gas could enable even lower operation powers.

An advantage of this"one-color"approach to generating terahertz radiation is the fact that the terahertz waves propagate in a different direction to the laser beam.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00003244.txt

#Scientists develop first liquid nanolaser To understand the concept, imagine a laser pointer whose color can be changed simply by changing the liquid inside it,

instead of needing a different laser pointer for every desired Color in addition to changing color in real time, the liquid nanolaser has additional advantages over other nanolasers:

it is simple to make, inexpensive to produce and operates at room temperature. Nanoscopic lasers--first demonstrated in 2009--are only found in research labs today.

They are, however, of great interest for advances in technology and for military applications.""Our study allows us to think about new laser designs

and what could be possible if they could actually be made, "said Teri W. Odom, who led the research."

"My lab likes to go after new materials, new structures and new ways of putting them together to achieve things not yet imagined.

The liquid nanolaser in this study is not a laser pointer but a laser device on a chip,

The laser's color can be changed in real time when the liquid dye in the microfluidic channel above the laser's cavity is changed.

The laser's cavity is made up of an array of reflective gold nanoparticles, where the light is concentrated around each nanoparticle

and then amplified. In contrast to conventional laser cavities, no mirrors are required for the light to bounce back and forth.

Notably, as the laser color is tuned, the nanoparticle cavity stays fixed and does not change;

only the liquid gain around the nanoparticles changes. The main advantages of very small lasers are:

Some technical backgroundplasmon lasers are promising nanoscale coherent sources of optical fields because they support ultra-small sizes and show ultra-fast dynamics.

Although plasmon lasers have been demonstrated at different spectral ranges, from the ultraviolet to near-infrared, a systematic approach to manipulate the lasing emission wavelength in real time has not been possible.

The main limitation is that only solid gain materials have been used in previous work on plasmon nanolasers;

hence, fixed wavelengths were shown because solid materials cannot easily be modified. Odom's research team has found a way to integrate liquid gain materials with gold nanoparticle arrays to achieve nanoscale plasmon lasing that can be tuned dynamical, reversibly and in real time.

These nanoscale lasers can be mass-produced with emission wavelengths over the entire gain bandwidth of the dye.

Thus, the same fixed nanocavity structure (the same gold nanoparticle array) can exhibit lasing wavelengths that can be tuned over 50 nanometers, from 860 to 910 nanometers,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00003374.txt

In the recent years, the radiation pressure has been harnessed also in the field of laser physics. It can be used to couple the electromagnetic laser field to, for example,

the movement of the small mechanical oscillators that can be found inside ordinary watches. Due to the weakness of the interaction, one typically needs substantially strong laser fields."

"Radiation pressure physics in these systems have become measurable only when the oscillator is hit by millions of photons,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00003476.txt

and a laser diode, all enclosed in a small, 3d-printed case and integrated to act just like a fluorescence microscope.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 00003836.txt

Conversely, the CLS is a miniature version of a synchrotron that produces suitable X-rays by colliding laser light with electrons circulating in a desk-sized storage ring.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 11686.txt.txt

The technique complements ultrafast studies with SLAC's X-ray free-electron laser. Similar to X-ray light, highly energetic electrons can take snapshots of the interior of materials as they pass through them.

The superior performance of the new UED system is due to a very stable"electron gun"originally developed for SLAC's X-ray laser Linac Coherent Light source (LCLS), a DOE Office of Science User Facility.

for instance in response to ultrashort laser pulses.""UED has been under development for the past 10 to 15 years,

"LCLS expertise in electron gun technology and ultrafast laser systems gives our system the performance and stability needed to study much faster processes."

when laser science and X-ray science merged into the new field of ultrafast X-ray science."


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 11825.txt.txt

#New 2d transistor material made using precision lasers Last year a multi-discipline research team led by South korea's Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics

They directed a 1 m wide laser (a human hair is 17 to 181 m) at the 2h-Mote2


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 11838.txt.txt

and photonic crystal technology, could lead to brighter and more efficient mobile phone, tablet, and computer displays, as well as enhanced LED lighting.

They then used electrohydrodynamic jet (e-jet) printing technology to precisely print the QD-embedded polymers onto photonic crystal structures.

These photonic crystals limit the direction that the QD-generated light is emitted meaning they produce polarized light,

their replica molded photonic crystals could someday lead to brighter, less expensive, and more efficient displays."

"If you put the photonic crystal-enhanced quantum dot into a device like a phone or computer,

See fabricated a novel 1mm device (aka Robot Man) made of yellow photonic crystal-enhanced QDS.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 11898.txt.txt

"One prototype based on this model synchronizes a laser projector with a common rolling-shutter camera-the type of camera used in most smartphones

-so that the camera detects light only from points being illuminated by the laser as it scans across the scene.

But as a projector scans a laser across the scene, the spots illuminated by the laser beam are brighter,

if only briefly, noted Kyros Kutulakos, U of T professor of computer science.""Even though we're not sending a huge amount of photons, at short time scales,

this is accomplished by synchronizing the projector so that as the laser scans a particular plane, the camera accepts light only from that plane.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 12155.txt.txt

because the world's leading quantum photonics group teamed up with Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), the world's leading telecommunications company.

Professor Jeremy O'brien, Director of the Centre for Quantum Photonics at Bristol University, explained:""Over the last decade, we have established an ecosystem for photonic quantum technologies,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 12250.txt.txt

and their design was done traditionally by manufacturing but now, with 3d printing, computer manufacturing and more laser technology,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 12286.txt.txt

"Next they dyed the sample with 14 different dyes in a narrow emission window and excited and photoswitched the molecules with one laser.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 12290.txt.txt

They used a robotic system developed at SSRL to study the crystals at SLAC's LCLS, an X-ray laser that is one of the brightest sources of X-rays on the planet.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 12379.txt.txt

55 patients with atypical moles agreed to have monitored their skin by researchers at Pisa University Hospital using a laser Doppler system.

The laser Doppler was used to record the complex interactions taking place in the minute blood vessels beneath their suspicious mole for around 30 minutes.

and the results were compared with the information obtained--noninvasively--using the laser Doppler scan. The laser Doppler signal correctly identified 100%of the patients with malignant skin.

Professor Aneta Stefanovska of Lancaster University said:""We used our knowledge of blood flow dynamics to pick up on markers


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 12896.txt.txt

The researchers then applied cutting-edge laser techniques to the mammalian embryo (previously used in fly

By altering the tension of the cells using lasers or genetic manipulations, researchers could change which cells move inside the embryo.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 12916.txt.txt

Analyzing metabolites in a single cell Based on interactions between silicon nanopost arrays (NAPA) and laser light,

however, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry techniques suffer from matrix-associated background problems that prevent the detection of small molecules at individual cell levels.

The NAPA platform consists of an array of silicon nanoposts that exhibit enhanced electromagnetic fields upon interaction with pulses of laser radiation.

and xenobiotics in a broad class of samples, making it the foundation for matrix-free laser desorption ionization.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 12984.txt.txt

The standard approach to squeezing light involves firing an intense laser beam at a material, usually a nonlinear crystal,

Even lasers, the most perfect light source known, carry this level of fluctuating noise. This is when things get stranger still,

In the Cambridge experiment, the researchers achieved this by shining a faint laser beam on to their artificial atom, the quantum dot.

By scattering faint laser light from the quantum dot the noise of part of the electromagnetic field was reduced to an extremely precise and low level, below the standard baseline of vacuum fluctuations.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 13395.txt.txt

using a carbon-dioxide laser. Although the team tried more complex designs the simplest pattern worked best.

Lamoureux patterned the Kapton with the laser cutter. The design with the very best solar-tracking promise was impossible to make at U-M


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 13664.txt.txt

"The research was published September 14 in Nature Photonics. Today's cellular and Wi-fi networks rely on microwaves to carry voice conversations and data.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 13694.txt.txt

the UVM team--with support from the National Science Foundation--built a scanning laser microscope,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 14051.txt.txt

#Laser pulses for ultrahigh molecular sensitivity Researchers from the Attoscience and Ultrafast Optics Group led by ICREA Prof. at ICFO Jens Biegert,

Their light source exerts extreme control over mid-wave infrared laser light with unrivalled peak brilliance and single-shot spectral coverage between 6. 8 and 16.4 micron wavelength.

Each laser pulse has a duration of 66 fs which is so short that the electric field oscillates only twice.


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 14053.txt.txt

"Our photonic crystal thermal overlay optimizes use of the thermal portions of the electromagnetic spectrum without affecting visible light,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 14124.txt.txt

The researchers present their development in the journal Nature Photonics (10.1038/nphoton. 2015.182. Light determines the future of information and communication technology:


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 14343.txt.txt

and characterization of atomically thin 2d hybrid perovskites and introduces a new family of 2d solution-processed semiconductors for nanoscale optoelectronic devices, such as field effect transistors and photodetectors."


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 14842.txt.txt

as the scientists surrounding DESY's Franz Kärtner from the Center For free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL) point out.

as well as in building X-ray lasers. CFEL is a cooperation between DESY, the University of Hamburg and the Max Planck Society.

however it also requires significantly more powerful lasers than those needed for terahertz accelerators. The physicists underline that terahertz technology is of great interest both with regard to future linear accelerators for use in particle physics,

and as a means of building compact X-ray lasers and electron sources for use in materials research,

experimental free-electron X-ray laser (XFEL) on a laboratory scale using terahertz technology. This project is supported by a Synergy Grant of the European Research Council.

So-called free-electron lasers (FELS) generate flashes of laser light by sending high-speed electrons from a particle accelerator down an undulating path,

This is the same principle that will be used by the X-ray laser European XFEL which is currently being built by an international consortium,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 15488.txt.txt

and is described in the journal Nature Photonics.""Light doesn't typically like to be squeezed or manipulated but this metamaterial permits you to manipulate light from one chip to another, to squeeze,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 15501.txt.txt

Their results are published in the journal Nature Photonics on 19 october. Both cardiac cells in the heart and neurons in the brain communicate by electrical signals,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 15570.txt.txt

Standard OCT systems gather 3d data and often require sophisticated lasers systems and light detectors,


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 16177.txt.txt

"In this structure--unlike other photodetectors--light absorption in an ultrathin silicon layer can be much more efficient


R_www.sciencedaily.com 2015 16339.txt.txt

layer by layer, using a computer-controlled laser beam that hardens the plastic. Each six-by-six inch layer takes a mere minute to complete."


R_www.technology.org 2015 00001902.txt

Their findings were published in Nature Photonics.**The plasmonic phase modulator is inverted effectively an, nanoscale speed bump.

Incoming plasmons, created by laser light at one end of the array, travel though this air gap between the bridges and the bottom gold layer.


R_www.technology.org 2015 00002562.txt

such as surface markers or proteins, with flourescent probes attached to antibodies and pass those cells through lasers.

When the lasers hit them, the fluorescent probes emit different wavelengths of light, which are detected by the cytometer


R_www.technology.org 2015 00002653.txt

The discovery has been published in the renown scientific journal Nature Materials with the title nhancement of the chemical stability in confined d-Bi2o3 wherein the DTU-researchers describe in detail how they used advanced Pulse Laser Deposition (PLD


R_www.technology.org 2015 00002757.txt

NRL is also looking at spinel for the windows on lasers operating in maritime and other hostile environments. e got to worry about wave slap and saltwater and things like that,

(and other materials) for next generation (NEXTGEN) lasers. asers can be thought of as a box comprised of optics,

For passive laser applications, like exit apertures (windows), the key is high quality. hat window, if it got any impurities or junk,

it can absorb that laser light, says Sanghera. hen it absorbs, things heat up, which can cause the window to break.

For active laser applications, theye demonstrated how sintering can be used with materials other than spinel to make a laser that xcellent optical quality.

NRL has transitioned both types of laser materials and applications to industry. What makes NRL tick is solving problems Sanghera came to NRL in 1988,

his fiber can remote the energy from the laser, which is inside the platform, to a device on the outside,

and then shoot the laser beam out, confuse the missile. He acknowledges, n Dod, we are the premier place for development of fiber lasers.

It something we are heavily involved with all the different types of fibers and configurations and materials required to enable these eye-safer and NEXTGEN lasers.

Sanghera says that there evolution, like enhancing an existing capability by improving size, weight, and performance/power (SWAP);


R_www.technology.org 2015 00002772.txt

#Perseverance paves way for wind laser Developing new satellite instruments is always challenging, but at times more head-scratching is needed to create something truly cutting-edge.

but its wind lasers are now ready and the task of putting the rest of the instrument together can begin

a novel wind lidar called Aladin incorporating two powerful lasers, a large telescope and very sensitive receivers.

The laser generates UV light which is beamed towards Earth. This light bounces off air molecules and small particles such as dust, ice and droplets of water in the atmosphere.

By comparing these frequencies with the original laser, the winds below the satellite can be determined.

and testing both lasers. Despite numerous setbacks in particular issues associated with them working properly in a vacuum,

Both lasers have now been delivered to Airbus Defence and Space in Toulouse, France, ready to be integrated into the rest of Aladin.

Alessandro Dttavi, the Aladin System Engineering Manager at Selex-ES Pomezia, near Rome, has worked on the laser

the team spirit and motivation has remained always high. ow that the lasers are both safely in the hands of Airbus in France we wish them well with integrating them into the Aladin instrument

Giuseppe Pulella, Programme Manager for the laser transmitter at the Selex-ES factory near Florence, added, e have been working at the forefront of optics

and laser technology for some time and encountered some pitfalls along the way. evertheless, we have overcome these with a mixture of technical solutions.

including testing the life of the spare laser, but we now feel that we have mastered the main challenges that earlier stalled its development.

The Aladin team at Airbus have had the first laser since last year and have carried already out some important tests on its optics.

However, the arrival of the second laser allows the team to move on and assemble and test the full instrument

he delivery of the second flight laser is a major achievement by Selex-ES, who have overcome major technology issues along the way. he contributions of Airbus Defence and Space,


R_www.technology.org 2015 00002927.txt

NEW METHOD Randomly scattered laser light appears as a finely grained speckle pattern as a result of interference of many scattered light paths.

and the laser light is shone upon the scattering surface. The lens creates a speckle pattern that can be scanned on the object.


R_www.technology.org 2015 00003041.txt

and lattice vibrations in a crystal of lithium niobate and to observe how a laser focused onto a glass plate creates a hot, rapidly expanding plume of plasma.

Such as the laser ignition of fusion, the phase transition of materials, and the dynamics of a Coulomb explosion.


R_www.technology.org 2015 00003205.txt

the necessary clearance from laser beampaths, the high velocity of the debris ind, and the limited access for exchange once it is loaded in the DIM.


R_www.technology.org 2015 11362.txt.txt

says senior author Björn Lillemeier, an assistant professor in the Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis and the Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center at the Salk Institute.


R_www.technology.org 2015 11677.txt.txt

generated using laser beams, and is 100 times stronger than that of the world strongest magnets.

A superfluid with loops The team first used a combination of laser cooling and evaporative cooling methods,

the researchers used a set of lasers to create a crystalline array of atoms, or optical lattice.

The electric field of the laser beams creates what known as a periodic potential landscape, similar to an egg carton,

ultrahigh magnetic field, using laser beams to push atoms around in tiny orbits, similar to the orbits of electrons under a real magnetic field.

and two additional laser beams to control the motion of the atoms. On a flat lattice, atoms can easily move around from site to site.

In this scenario, atoms could only move with the help of laser beams. ow the laser beams could be used to make neutral atoms move around like electrons in a strong magnetic field

Using laser beams, the group could make the atoms orbit, or loop around, in a radius as small as two lattice squares, similar to how particles would move in an extremely high magnetic field. nce we had the idea,

All we had to do was take two suitable laser beams and carefully align them at specific angles,

and a half to optimize the lasers and electronic controls to avoid any extraneous pushing of the atoms,

which could make them lose their superfluid properties. t a complicated experiment, with a lot of laser beams, electronics,


< Back - Next >


Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011