computer networks

Synopsis: Ict: Communication systems: Telecommunication: Computer networks:

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The most effective method to protect data against cyber-spying is to process confidential information on dedicated computers that are connected not to the Internet.

Government surveillance The two most important inventions of our time, the Internet and the mobile phone, changed the world

monitors people known to be innocent and builds dossiers on everyone based on their Internet activity.

Because the U s. is home to the most ubiquitous Internet services, search engines, webmail sites, browsers,

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#How to Clean the Gas and Oil industries Most Contaminated water In a nondescript site in Midland, Texas, an inexpensive new process is cleaning up some of the most contaminated water aroundhe extremely salty stuff that comes up with oil at wells. By the end

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But in recent months a number of practical virtual reality devices have begun to emerge such as the Oculus Rift and Google cardboard.

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#Facebook s Emotional Manipulation Study Is Just the Latest Effort to Prod Users With emotion-triggering effort, Facebook pushes beyond data-driven studies on voting, sharing,

Facebook controversial study exploring whether it could manipulate people moods by tweaking their news feeds to favor negative

but it is far from the social network first effort to control user behavior. With huge amounts of data flooding in from more than a billion users, the company has a unique position to study their every move

and to perform experiments by measuring how behavior changes under different conditions (see hat Facebook Knows.

This helps Facebook persuade users to spend more time on the site. But in the past three years it has also been probing everything from voting to the effect of encouraging people to make organ donations.

Other academics perform research on Facebook without collaborating with the companyither by simply observing users

but also because the affected users were asked not for permission to participate (agreeing to Facebook terms

Facebook ran an experiment on 689,003 users to see if it could manipulate their emotions by varying the selection of posts in their news feeds.

Past Facebook studies have shown that relatively minor restructuring of its pages and prompts can have significant social effects.

when Facebook posted reminders to vote, that action prompted 340,000 more people to vote than otherwise would have (see ow Facebook Drove Voters to the Polls.

And in 2012 Facebook showed it might have the power to get people to donate their organs.

The company put a clickable box on Timeline pages to let people indicate that they were registered donorshe campaign was associated with a huge boost to donor enrollments.

though, extensive media coverage of Facebook effort complicated the analysis of whether Facebook effort directly caused the increased enrollments.)

In some ways, Facebook published research is just part of a vast ongoing effort at Web-based manipulation. hat far more concerning is the lack of transparency about Facebook practices overall,

says Zeynep Tufeki, an assistant professor at the University of North carolina, Chapel hill, and a former fellow at the Center for Information technology Policy at Princeton university. concerned about these practicesesting and manipulating the user experience every day.

What else does Facebook do every day? We have no idea. Mining personal data is a billion-dollar business (see he Data Made

Facebook data use policy is far more vague, saying that it might use your data for nternal operations,

not only on the Web but in daily life, he says. hat is what advertising in general

On Monday Facebook said it had nothing to add beyond the apology its researcher, Adam Kramer, posted on the matter e

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#Google Makes Its Search engine a Remote control for Some Mobile Apps Getting stuff done using a smartphone often involves swiping through a jumble of icons looking for just the right app then navigating within it to find what you want.

Google aims to change that by creating search results that take you somewhere specific within an app or trigger a function like playing music by a specific artist.

So far aimed only at devices running Google s mobile operating system Android the new system also expands the company s vision for mobile voice-operated functionality that competes with Apple s Siri and Microsoft

It could help extend Google s lucrative search ads business in an increasingly mobile app-defined world.

Google began experimenting with search results that point inside apps late last year together with a few partner companies such as Pinterest Tumblr and IMBD.

On Thursday at the Google I/O conference for software developers in San francisco the company announced that its search engine will now index any

Lawrence Chang a product manager at Google said the change would make mobile devices easier to use

and likened it to the arrival of Google search on the Web. It makes a seamless experience he said.

For the first time we re treating apps you ve installed on your device on the same level as websites.

Chang showed how Google s mobile search app can list results from the Web and from inside apps running on the same device.

Now if you search for the name of a musical artist Google s search app responds by offering icons for the music apps installed on a device

Supported apps include Spotify Youtube and Tunein. I have instant access to my music apps whenever

I search for music artists on Google said Jason Douglas a product manager for Google search.

and that it was powered by Google s database of facts and relationships known as Knowledge Graph (see How a Database of the World s Knowledge Shapes Google s Future).

We will be expanding over time he said. Chang said the company was interested in eventually rolling out the new features to devices based on Apple s ios operating system

but Google users are on all different platforms and that s really important to us.

The key to searching inside apps is modified a version of the Googlebot software that constantly trawls the Web.

Google is not the only company encouraging use of deep links. Facebook for example has launched a program called App Links designed to help spread the practice on both Android

and ios devices and a well-funded startup recently announced its own plans for a search engine focused on searching inside apps (see A Search engine for the App Era

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#Aereo Ruling Means Uncertainty for Cloud Streaming Services In the U s. Supreme court smackdown of Internet TV upstart Aereo today, some legal watchers see a threat to other cloud storage and content-streaming models,

capture free over-the-air TV broadcasts on tiny antennas in data centersne antenna per customernd send that content over the Internet to individual subscribers,

is skeptical of worries that copyright holders could say a storage service like Google, Dropbox,

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which youl be able to order on Amazon com or add to your Amazon wish list. But beyond perhaps changing how we shop,

In museums it could pull up Wikipedia articles when focused on a piece of art (Amazon says that it will add image-recognition for artwork to Firefly later in the year).

when their products appear on social networks, thinks that having a physical button to access Firefly on the Fire Phone will help popularize visual search simply by making it easier to access.

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Facebook Puts Its Apps on a Data Diet as Part of a Global Internet Campaign As Facebook eyes the six billion or so people in the world who don use its services,

Not with moneyrofits are growing healthilyut with the data demands that Facebook use places on mobile networks.

Software engineers are currently working to make Facebook apps leaner in order to make them more practical for people who have scarce bandwidth

and pay high data rates, said Jay Parikh, head of infrastructure at Facebook, at MIT Technology Review Digital Summit event in San francisco today.

The data diet campaign began after a group of Facebook product managers traveled to several African countries last year. ur apps were crashing all the time

That effort has seen already the data use of Facebook main Android app drop by 50 percent.

That trend continues across all of Facebook apps, said Parikh. The move to be thriftier with usersdata is a part of the Internet. org project launched by Facebook cofounder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg last year.

Its stated aim is to bring affordable Internet access to everyone on the planet an effort that could incidentally supply Facebook with many new customers (see acebook Two Faces.

Parikh described Internet. org as he next phase of the company. The highest profile parts of the project so far have been Zuckerberg spending on companies

and technology that could see wireless broadband delivered by drones or satellite (see acebook Drones Will Battle Google Balloons to Spread Internet Accessand ow Google Could Disrupt Global Internet access by Satellite.

Parikh said that slashing app data use fits into an equally important arm of the project focused on people that can access Internet infrastructure

but choose not to. here are three or four billion folks out there that walk around in a 2g

or don think the Internet is valuable to them, said Parikh. Making apps more economical with data is one thing that could help such people,

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and a Web infrastructure to establish a peer-to-peer trust network in which Brescian youth address the social issue of drunk driving themselves,

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#A Simple Plan to Impede the NSA Is Taking hold A year after revelations first emerged from former National security agency contractor Edward Snowden about mass Internet surveillance,

Google said 65 percent of the messages sent by Gmail users are encrypted when delivered, meaning the recipient provider also supports the encryption needed to establish a secure connection for transmission of the message.

Google says, but that up from 27 percent on December 11, 2013. And the numbers could get even better as more providers offer encryption by default to their customers.

on Tuesday Google released draft source code of a tool, called End-to-end, that would secure a message from the moment it leaves one browser to the moment it arrives at anothereaning even e-mail providers couldn read them as they travel between two people,

Stephen Farrell, a computer scientist at Trinity college in Dublin and a member of the Internet Engineering Task force, the group of engineers who maintain

and upgrade the Internet protocols, says the Google data shows progress. ore e-mail is being encrypted between mail servers,

he says. ne would hope that a general, and good, trend. Embarrassed by Snowden revelations,

Last month, Facebook reported that about 58 percent of the notification e-mails it sent out were encrypted from its systems to recipientse-mail providers i

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#How Google Could Disrupt Global Internet Delivery by Satellite Google has shaken up the market for fast Internet service in parts of the United states by offering

Its reported entry into the satellite Internet business could do the same globally by providing increased competition and better service than existing satellite technologies.

This week the Wall street journal reported that Google will spend more than $1 billion to launch a fleet of 180 satellites.

which Google helped fund in 2010. Neither company would comment on the plan Tuesday. While satellite launches can be expensive the strategy could give Google a foothold in a growing business.

The effect of competition could be powerful. Google s entry into municipal fiber markets has tended to drive down prices

and improve service offerings from existing ISPS according to some analyses (see Google Fiber s Ripple Effect

and When Will the Rest of Us Get Google Fiber?).Similarly if Google could beam Internet connectivity to countries that have only a single ISP often one controlled by a government

and very high prices for Internet connectivity that could be a game changer for a huge swath of the globe says Rob Faris research director at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard.

O3b s name refers to the other three billion a reference to people worldwide who lack Internet access.

The company has four satellites in orbit and plans to launch another four next month.

Its existing business is providing Internet connectivity to mobile carriers base stations. It isn t clear

what model Google and O3b might pursue. But O3b s satellites already offer a superior and cheaper way to deliver high-speed Internet than conventional satellite services.

Satellite Internet is provided traditionally by geostationary satellites that stay over a given point On earth. These satellites orbit at 35000 kilometers often adding a 600 millisecond delay to the radio signals going back and forth.

Such a delay is considered generally excessive for business use. O3b satellites orbit at a relatively low altitude of about 8000 kilometers and the company says this means a more-tolerable 150-millisecond delay coverage to latitudes up to 45 degrees north

Google declined an interview request about its satellite project. But like its other infrastructure efforts the satellite plan could boost its earnings simply by bringing its services to new users.

That incentive also helps explain Google's Project Loon a far-out effort aimed at dispatching high-altitude balloons to provide broadband service from the stratosphere.

Both Google and Facebook have been acquiring companies and experts to explore using drones for that purpose e

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The U s. Department of transportation has indicated that it plans to mandate such communications systems in new vehicles in the hopes of improving road safety (see he Internet of Cars Is Approaching a Crossroads.

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what youe working on to curate a selection of articles to read, Web pages to visit, videos to view,

your Oslo board might present a blog post written by the meeting leader, an article on the topic of discussion,

Oslo looks like a corporate manager answer to Google Now, which runs in the background on Android devices,

The Google parallel isn incidental. Microsoft is struggling to compete not only with Google search, Google docs, Google Drive,

and Android but with Google ability to leverage big data. With Oslo, the company is trying to take advantage of the information that its customers have poured into various products,

in areas including search (Bing), e-mail (Outlook), social media (Yammer), document creation (Office), and content distribution (Sharepoint).

Between these products, Microsoft arguably has access to more proprietary information than any other service provider On earth.

The Office Graph has a handle on internal documents that are invisible to Google, and it potentially knows where,

when, how, and by whom theye used. Oslo is an attempt to pull together these disparate threads into a feed of information that can help individual people get work done.

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and cars to the Internet, unleashing new streams of data about our everyday lives, one mobile ad company scents a new opportunity.

when more and more data on people actions in the real world is becoming available as wearable devices, Internet-connected home automation equipment,

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whose research suggests that earthquakes could cause carbon dioxide gas to leak out of underground storage sites,

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#An Easy Interface for the Internet of things With the advent of the Internet of things, potentially billions of devices will report data about themselves,

Now Bug Labs, a New york city company, is trying to make it as easy to create an Internet of things application as it is to put a file into Dropbox.

Bug Labs is giving people a simple one-click way to publish data from a hingto its own Web page (Bug Labs calls this weeting.

The data is now on a public Web page and available for analysis and aggregation; another click stops this sharing.

Freeboard is not the most technically sophisticated Internet of things application platform. Many others are emerging, including Axeda, Etherios,

and Openremote (see ree Software Ties the Internet of things Together, with different business models and levels of complexity.

rdinates to cellular networks (see he Internet of things, Unplugged and Untethered and easily be turned into a weet streamof location or other data.

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and a site is selected. And they typically scale up gradually. Why announce plans to build such an enormous factory specially

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#The Latest Chat App for iphone Needs No Internet connection Mobile app stores are stuffed with messaging apps from Whatsapp to Tango and their many imitators.

This feature allows phones to connect to one another directly using Bluetooth or Wi-fi as an alternative to the Internet.

He hopes to enable many more Internet-optional apps with the upcoming release of software tools that will help developers build Firechat-style apps for iphone or for Android Mac and Windows devices.

or community-controlled communications networks (see Build Your Own Internet with Mobile Mesh Networking). Apps built to exploit such device-to-device schemes can offer security

and privacy benefits over those that rely on the Internet. For example messages sent using Firechat to nearby devices don t pass through any systems operated by either Open Garden

This method of communication is immune to firewalls like the ones installed in China and North korea says Mattt Thompson a software engineer who writes the ios and Mac development blog NSHIPSTER.

Recent revelations about large-scale surveillance of online services and the constant litany of data breaches make this a good time for apps that don t rely on central servers he says.

Open Garden s main product is an app that allows Android devices to share their Internet connections (see Could You Spare Some Internet access?.

You can see Google spending billions on fiber and balloons but this is not going to solve the problem of ubiquitous mobile connectivity Benoliel says.

We need to create small Internets that can function on their own and then connect them to the big Internet t

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#Yeast 2. 0 Designer changes in the first artificial yeast chromosome could help advance synthetic biology.

the researchers also flanked many genes on the chromosome with tiny bits of DNA that act as landing sites for a protein that can be used to create on-demand mutations.

the researchers have shown that inducing mutation in yeast using the designer sites led to some cells that grow more slowly,

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Internet connections with speeds similar to those on the fastest smartphonesnd even a few early dashboard-based apps, engineered to be dumbed as-down as possible.

and high-fidelity audio could stream from Internet radio services. But the first dashboard apps will be limited, spare versions of familiar ones like the Weather Channel, Pandora, and Priceline.

or fully autonomous cars (see ata Show Google Robot Cars Are Smoother, Safer Drivers Than You or I. Henry Tirri,

What Left of Nokia Will Bet on Internet of things. In Audi case, the service will cost $100 for up to five gigabytes of data over six months,

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No longer will South america Internet traffic get routed through Miami, where American spies might see it. She not being paranoid.

Large Internet companies, like Google, have raced to encrypt all their communications. In Germany, legislators are discussing an all-European communications grid.

There is a risk that the Internet could fracture into smaller national networks, protected by security barriers.

In this view, Brazil new cable is akin to China Great Firewall (that country system for censoring Web results

could be the collapse of the current Internet. Analysts including Forrester research predict billions in losses for U s. Internet services such as Dropbox and Amazon because of suspicion from technology consumers, particularly in Europe,

in the wake of Snowden revelations. he Snowden leaks have painted a U s.-centric Internet infrastructure,

and now people are looking for alternatives, says James Lewis, director of the strategic technologies program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington,

so that it keeps its best ideas on computers quarantined from the Internet. Retrograde technology is winning money and resources.

Security experts have been warning for some time that computer networks are not secure from intruders. But in 2013

The U s. government circumvented Google security measures and secretly collected customer data. British spies scooped up millions of webcam images from Yahoo.

In December, on Microsoft official blog, the company top lawyer, Brad Smith, said he had reason to view surreptitious overnment snoopingas no different from criminal malware.

Microsoft, along with Google and Yahoo, has responded by greatly widening its use of encryption. ee living in a very interesting time,

where companies are becoming unwilling pawns in cyberwarfare, says Menny Barzilay, a former Israeli intelligence officer now working in IT SECURITY for the Bank hapoalim Group,

If the Internet and its components cannot be trusted, how will that affect business? Consider the case of Huawei,

In Lewis view, these sorts of technological initiatives threaten the American lead in Internet services such as remote data storage. t hasn been long enough to know

the idea was that the Web had no borders, no countries. This was the naïve utopia.

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such as an image, movie, video clip, game, web page or any other application window, so that camera-equipped devices can fetch the data by turning their cameras to the screen.

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functional objects in almost any form,"wrote the firm MX3D on the project web page.""Printing an intricate, ornate metal bridge for a special location to show what our robots and software engineers,

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and they are also working with US Federal aviation administration officials on regulatory requirements, according to a post on the company's blog.

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head of business development for the BBC Digital, wrote in a blog post. However, Saihan said the technology was still at an`experimental'stage.

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#China plans to enforce real names on Social media Chinese government has issued new regulations to eliminate fake social media accounts.

Starting March 1 the internet watchdog will ensure that people use their real names on message boards social media websites and instant messaging services.

When real names and identities will be used internet users will be careful while commenting on anything online. Users will be allowed to choose screen names.

In a statement issued on its website Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) informed that the real-name registration requirement will control the spread of rumors online.

and websites will have the responsibility of enforcing the rules for usage of real names during account registration.

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The virtual cockpit features Google earth street views and cloud music services; and boasts integration with high speed LED data.

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