In 1873, German physicist Ernst Abbe deduced that conventional optical microscopes cannot distinguish objects that are closer together than about 200 nanometres roughly half the shortest wavelength of visible light.
Anything closer than this'diffraction limit'appears as a blur. Super-resolution microscope methods overcome Abbe's limit by manipulating fluorescent molecules tethered to proteins
to better locate the source of the light the molecules emit. These methods can now discern objects that are as close together as about 20nm.
And there an enormous array of other neurological diseases, from autism to multiple sclerosis, that must be reconsidered in light of the presence of something science insisted did not exist u
Karagozler as people controlled lights or computer screens with finger strokes on a blue cloth covering a table in the display area behind him. t is just like normal fabric.
#Octopus has automatic camouflage thanks to its light-sensing skin Octopuses are pretty good at blending in,
which has skin that responds directly to light by producing deep brown spots for camouflage. Desmond Ramirez and Todd Oakley of the University of California at Santa barbara shone light on samples of skin from the octopus and within around 6 seconds,
the camouflaged brown spots appeared. They say this is the first time the skin of cephalopods invertebrates that include octopuses
and react to light by changing body colour. But finding that skin can do the job on its own suggests these creatures might have sensed originally light with their skin before they evolved their complex eyes.
The researchers say their discovery could provide clues as to how light sensing evolved in the animal kingdom l
#Laser'tricorder'can diagnose malaria through the skin It's a weapon that fights malaria a laser scan can give an accurate diagnosis in seconds,
The laser's wavelength doesn't harm human tissue, but is absorbed by hemozoin waste crystals that are produced by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
An oscilloscope placed on the skin alongside the laser senses these nanoscale bubbles when they start popping,
But Lapotko's team is confident it can overcome this effect by switching to a different wavelength of laser
#Infrared light speeds up healing by turbocharging our cells A near infrared laser beam makes it easier for a nanoscale probe to pass through water (Image:
Shining red light on skin or cells in a dish gives an instant energy boost that could help heal wounds,
the red light seems to alter the physical properties of water, which turbocharges the chemical reactions that provide a cell's energy.
''The effect on cells of near-infrared light, which has a wavelength of 670 nanometres, was reported first 40 years ago.
The light causes mitochondria, the cell's powerhouses, to produce more ATP, a compound that provides the cell's energy.
but we now know that it doesn't absorb light at quite the right frequency.
when surface layers of water are illuminated with the red light, it increases the distance between each water molecule,
the team measured the effect of near-infrared light on thin layers of water by examining the friction on a diamond probe as it pushed through water
"This is the first explanation of how the light might work.""Other research groups are investigating this phenomenon as a way to speed up the healing of skin wounds
whether red light shone into mice's heads using fibre optics can help with Parkinson's disease. A better understanding of how red light affects cells should make it easier to expand its medical uses,
says Sommer.""If we start from an incorrect model then everything is trial and error.""One of the next applications could be in helping couples undergoing IVF because of problems with male fertility.
Gagsteiger is now starting tests of irradiating sperm with the near-infrared light before fertilisation.""We hope this will increase the chance of the sperm finding the eggs,
#Living lasers made by injecting oil droplets into human cells Light fantastic (Image: Matja Humar and Seok Hyun Yun) Individual cells have been turned into tiny lasers. t actually super-easy,
says Matja Humar of Harvard Medical school. The feat allows cells to be labelled and monitored more accurately,
Humar and his colleagues developed three ways to get cells to emit visible light. The first involved injecting each one with a tiny oil droplet,
forming an optical cavity which could be filled with fluorescent dye. Shining a light pulse on to the cavity excited the dye atoms into emitting light in a tightly focused beam.
They also scattered polystyrene beads 10 micrometres wide into a Petri dish filled with macrophages a type of white blood cell that ingests foreign material.
they performed the same function as the oil droplets, emitting laser light when excited. The final way involved exploiting the fatty droplets that exist naturally within living cells. e all have these fat cells inside our tissue.
We are made all of lasers, says Humar. The first two approaches were tested on human cells, the last on pig cells.
but this produces a relatively broad range of wavelengths, making it difficult to distinguish between differently tagged cells.
However laser light is characterised by having an extremely narrow range of wavelengths. That means it is theoretically possible,
to give every single cell in the human body a unique, identifiable laser signature, Humar says.
which focuses exclusively on the macrophage route to converting cells into lasers, goes further in laying out its potential applications.
The Wistheat series can be customized fully to meet any demands on sensor array length, separation of sensor elements or choice of wavelength.
The contracts leveraged 3ds Selective laser sintering and Direct Metal 3d printing capabilities to meet the high standards of production demanded by the US Air force.
demonstration version of the tiny camera module for at the SPIE Photonics West exhibition earlier this year, noting that it had the ighest resolution of any camera module with diameter in the 1-2 mm range Speaking
-and using less light than some existing infrared-based alignment procedures-the principles behind eyeselfie could also now be extended outside ophthalmology and into other sectors.
"a simple light pattern seen by the user and produced at their pupil. A novel interactive ray-based approach developed by the team allows images with the same field-of-view to be projected onto the retina simultaneously,
"This is the first demonstration of a class of static light-field patterns in which the perceived image changes with eye relief
"Furthermore, our light-field pattern can be incorporated readily into artificial reality headsets for self-calibration of near eye displays.
Emerging light-field-based near-eye displays could use such patterns for user alignment straight out of the box."
so the receiver is caused free of crosstalk by the Kerr effect. he photonics experiments were performed at UCSD Qualcomm Institute by researchers from the Photonics Systems Group led by Radic.
when electromagnetic radiation emitted by the target object is absorbed by the Q-Eye sensor, even down to the level of a single photon.
and of applications for terahertz technologies, underscored by a busy panel session at the LASER World of Photonics show in Munich.
potentially offering advantages over laser-scanning confocal, two-photon and light-sheet microscopy. Developed by Columbia University professor Dr. Elizabeth Hillman and graduate student Matthew Bouchard,
The microscope scans a sheet of light through the sample, making it unnecessary to position the sample
SCAPE yields data equivalent to conventional light-sheet microscopy, but using a single, stationary objective lens;
Conventional light-sheet microscopes use two orthogonal objectives and require that samples be fixed in a position.
Using a 488-nm laser, it cannot penetrate tissue as deeply as two-photon microscopy.
#Ultrafast Lasers Create 3-D Crystal Waveguides in Glass Ultrafast Lasers Create 3-D Crystal Waveguides in Glassbethlehem, Pa.
June 9, 2015 Femtosecond laser pulses can create complex single-crystal waveguides inside glass a discovery that could enable photonic integrated circuits (PICS) that are smaller, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than current networks that use
"A polarized light field microscope image shows crystal junctions written inside glass with a femtosecond laser.
"We have made the equivalent of a wire to guide the light, "said professor Volkmar Dierolf."
so that the wire the light can curve and bend as it is transmitted. This gives us the potential of putting different components on different layers of glass."
to prevent light from scattering as it is being transmitted and, second, to transmit and manipulate light signals fast enough to handle increasingly large quantities of data.
Glass, an amorphous material with an inherently disordered atomic structure, cannot meet these challenges, but crystals, with their highly ordered lattice structure, have the requisite optical qualities.
Scientists have been attempting for years to make crystals in glass in order to prevent light signals from being scattered
and for steering light from one place to another as a supermarket scanner does said, "he."
"Ferroelectric crystals can also transform light from one frequency to another. This makes it possible to send light through different channels."
"The research was published in Scientific Reports (doi: 10.1038/srep10391. For more information, visit www1. lehigh. edu. Harsh Environments No Match for New Fiber Sensor Nanofiber Fabrication Boosts Quantum computing Sulfur Copolymers Boost IR Optics
#Graphene Filaments Provide Tunable On-Chip Light source Graphene Filaments Provide Tunable On-Chip Light Sourcenew YORK, June 15,
but the principle of light-emitting filaments may have a new use in displays and optical communications.
Researchers from the U s. and South korea collaborated to develop an on-chip visible light source using filaments made of graphene.
"This new type of broadband light emitter can be integrated into chips and will pave the way towards the realization of atomically thin, flexible and transparent displays,
The ability to create light in small structures on the surface of a microchip is a crucial step towards the development of fully integrated photonic circuits.
but have not yet been able to put the oldest, simplest artificial light source the incandescent light bulb onto a chip.
so that less energy is needed to attain temperatures needed for visible light emission, "said Myung-Ho Bae, a senior researcher at the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)."
"By measuring the spectrum of the light emitted from the graphene, the team was able to show that graphene was reaching temperatures of above 2500°Celsius,
"The visible light from atomically thin graphene is so intense that it is visible even to the naked eye,
and micrograph, bottom, of bright, visible light emission from suspended graphene. The spectrum of the emitted light showed peaks at specific wavelengths,
which the team discovered was due to interference between the light emitted directly from the graphene
and light reflecting off the silicon substrate and passing back through the graphene.""This is only possible
because graphene is transparent, unlike any conventional filament, and allows us to tune the emission spectrum by changing the distance to the substrate,
For more information, visit engineering. columbia. edu. Corning to Acquire Fiber optics Business from Samsung Camera Powered by the Light It Captures Microscope Takes 3-D Images From Inside Moving Subjects Technique
Could Simplify Photonic crystal Formatio i
#Study: OCT Could Aid Brain tumor Removal Study: OCT Could Aid Brain tumor Removalbaltimore, June 19, 2015 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) holds promise for guiding surgeons as they operate on brain tumors
#Continuously Disinfecting Light Fixtures Commercialized Designed to continuously disinfect the air and surfaces in hospitals,
. the Indigo-Clean fixtures emit high-intensity narrow-spectrum (HINS) visible light at 405 nm, which produces a chemical reaction that kills bacteria from the inside,
A microbial contamination on a contact agar plate with a 405-nm light source in the background.
The lights can be used to inactivate a range of microorganisms that are known causes of hospital-acquired infections,
Continuous indigo light, on the other hand, is lethal to pathogens but safe for use in the presence of patients and staff.
And unlike other light-based disinfection systems it does not require a technician to operate.
visit www. indigo-clean. com and www. strath. ac. uk. Biophotonics Market Poised for Growth Top Biophotonics Stories of 2014 Ophthalmology Devices Market Set to
#Boron Turns Graphene into Blue light Emitter FRANKFURT, Germany, July 14, 2015 Chemists at Goethe University Frankfurt have developed a new class of organic luminescent materials through the targeted introduction of boron
#Laser-Writing of DVDS May have a Speed limit Phase-change materials used in DVDS and other digital storage media pass through a previously unknown intermediate atomic state under laser pulses.
The discovery could lead to faster computer memory systems with larger storage capacity but may also point to an unavoidable limit to data recording speeds, according to researchers at the California Institute of technology.
or amorphous, configuration when illuminated with laser pulses. These two states represent the ones and zeroes of digital data.
The speed with which data can be recorded is determined both by the laser's pulse width
With a nanosecond laser,"the fastest you can record information is one information unit, one 0 or 1,
people have started to use femtosecond lasers, which can potentially record one unit every one millionth of a billionth of a second.
which allowed them to observe directly the transitioning atomic configuration of a prototypical phase-change material, germanium telluride (Gete), under femtosecond laser pulses.
The technique directs a pulse of electrons at the material after each laser pulse to create pictures of the sample's atomic configuration over time.
regardless of the laser speeds used.""Even if there is a laser faster than a femtosecond laser,
there will be a limit as to how fast this transition can occur and information can be recorded, just because of the physics of these phase-change materials,"said postdoctoral scholar Giovanni Vanacore."
when illuminated by a low-power near-infrared diode laser. The fluorescence decay changes when the glass comes in contact with skin due to glucose in the bloodstream absorbing
and scattering the light. In this way the device can determine blood glucose levels in about 30 seconds."
The microlenses then illuminated a smalls part of the sample with a lasers and imaged the resulting fluorescence signals.
Human epithelial cells are imaged at 11 wavelengths from blue to red. The bottom right panel is a composite of all wavelength channels.
Based on single-lens designs, today's multispectral microscopes survey a single point at a time, and can do so with only a few color channels (typically four or five).
New Digital Conference Explores Biophotonics Imaging Fluorescent, Magnetic nanoparticles Aid Bioimaging System Combines Optical Microscopy, MRI Bioimaging Technique Isolates Moving Tissu i
the researchers hope that Virscan can be used to quickly detect the bacteria and fungi to shed more light on the microbiome
Unlike the screen of a cellphone, this display does need not to produce its own light source.
and changes what wavelengths of ambient light are reflected or absorbed by the nanostructure. The team at the University of Central Florida created a 1mm-sized"Afghan Girl"image
and ambient light, said Chanda. ny surface where you want to change the color or the pattern,
#Superfast Lasers Create A Hologram You Can Touch The halls of science fiction are decorated well with dreams of hologramsules Verne introduced holography to literature in 1893 with The Castle of the Carpathians,
Now, researchers at the Digital Nature Group (DNG) have found a way to use lasers,
interactive holograms comprised of tiny points of light called voxels. Using femtosecond lasers (a femtosecond is a quadrillionth of a second,
and the lasers transmit bursts that last 30 to 270 femtoseconds), the team can make holograms that are safe to touch.
The images are three-dimensional, with resolutions up to 200,000 dots per second. The voxels are light emitted by plasma that's created
when the laser's focused energy ionizes the air. When touched the laser feels like sandpaper,
says principal investigator Yoichi Ochiai, although some participants thought the plasma felt a little like a static shock.
This isn't the first attempt at using femtosecond lasers to form air plasma, says Chunlei Guo, professor of optics and physics at the University of Rochester,
but the study should help in designing future femtosecond laser displays. Although previous studies have used nanosecond
and femtosecond lasers to create images, the DNG researchers say preceding studies haven't achieved resolution this high,
and would burn human skin. Since the lasers fire at such a high speeds they're able to react in realtime,
and researchers have demonstrated its ability to make usable holographic checkboxes and hearts that break when touched.
To create their hologram, researchers fired their femtosecond laser through a spatial light modulator, which continues the beam through a series of lenses, a mirror and a Galvano scanner,
which positions a mirror to precisely direct the laser beams. A camera underneath the hologram captures user interaction, allowing the dots to respond to being ouched.
Ochiai says the most surprising thing he realized was that plasma was actually safe to touch in this application
making the hologram exponentially safer than previously thought. The key to making these holograms safe is the shorter duration of the laser bursts.
In tests, if the lasers fired in more than two second bursts, they burnt the leather researchers used to simulate skin.
But, if they transmitted at 50 milliseconds to 1 second bursts instead, the leather was unscathed.
Ochiai says this is machine is just a proof of concept, and now his team will work to make the holograms larger.
Theye limited by the size of the spatial light modulator, which they maxed out with this experiment.
The laser itself can transmit up to 7w and this 1 cubic centimeter experiment only used 1w of the laser power s
#Machines Sniff out Illegal Specimens Of Wood Illegally traded specimens of endangered species present a huge problem to investigators and customs officials all over the world.
which is advanced comparable to special-purpose systems that can factor in depth information with infrared light. Although these special-purpose systems can be very accurate
Systems that use infrared light also have trouble working outside because of the difficult lighting conditions. he fact that you cannot use it outdoors makes it kind of impractical from a robotics standpoint,
#For the first time, A Laser That Shines Pure White The emission of Arizona State university's white laser.
The laser is a versatile tool in the modern technological arsenal. It can provide immense energy to a precise location at a very specific wavelength,
but it always fallen short in one regard: lasers emit light at a single specific wavelength.
Until now. A team from Arizona State university has built a white laser that simultaneously fires in red, green and blue, covering more than 90 percent of the colors perceptible to the human eye.
The laser is modulated by a synthetic nanosheet, a multi-segmented, layered material that can emit in red, green,
and blue light in different proportions, based on the light applied to each segment. The wavelength spans 191 nanometers,
which the study claims is reported the largest for a laser of this kind. Researchers rewthe material
alloyed from zinc, calcium, sulfur, and selenium, in a 4-foot tube that reached more than 1, 800 degrees Fahrenheit.
Real color images, under low light, of a single laser beam. So, we have a white laser.
What does that mean? Well, lasers are being used more and more in transparent laser displays, even garnering interest from Apple.
Being able to reproduce the color white with a laser is huge step towards making these technologies more viable.
These lasers also have immense possibility in data transfer. Wireless data transfer using light has already been demonstrated at blistering gigabit speeds using white LED LIGHTS.
Lasers are already an improvement over LEDS, because Li-Fi works by reading slight modulations of light,
and lasers can be tuned far more finely than LEDS. White light allows those signals to be transmitted over multiple areas of the color spectrum
which is effectively adding more pathways for data to travel. The ASU team calls their white laser he ultimate form of such a light
#New Sun-Blocking Material Uses Compounds From Algae And Fish Researchers have used compounds found in algae
and reef fish mucus to create a material that naturally blocks harmful UV rays, according to a paper published recently in ACS Applied materials & Interfaces.
The sunscreen you buy at your local pharmacy contains ingredients to block two different types of light from the sunv-A,
which has longer wavelengths and can cause cancer over time, and UV-B, with shorter wavelengths that cause sunburns.
But there are concerns about some of the chemicals in commercial sunscreens, which may disrupt some of the body's more delicate systems
if they find their way inside. But there a natural compound that blocks both types of UV rays, called mycosporines.
Mycosporines absorb both types of light, and would be ingested safe if. Researchers have wanted to use mycosporines in sunblock for more than a decade,
but they weren so easy to fix in placehen scientists put them in a liquid sunscreen for people to put on their skin,
the mycosporines would smear and dribble away so that they were largely ineffective. Now researchers have figured out how to fix mycosporines in place by putting them around a polymer scaffoldingor this experiment, they used chitosan,
#Anti-Radiation Glasses Protect Against Computer Eye Strain Zappi glasses are designed to protect the wearer eyes from the harmful light given off by digital devices such as smartphones, tablets and computers.
Zappi founder and CEO Andy Jones decided to help guard people eyes against the damage of UV and blue light.
All digital devices emit ultraviolet and artificial blue light so using technology at home and at work can take its toll on the eyes.
while blue-violet light reaches further into the retina and can cause the gradual degeneration of retinal cells.
Zappi computer and gaming eyewear guards against these two specific wavelengths by filtering out the artificial blue light and offering UV 400 protection.
which blocks 99.9 percent of harmful rays thanks to a special anti-reflective coating on both sides that filters out the harmful blue light.
instead, relying on kerosene generators, battery-powered lamps or candles for light during the night.
The saline solution in SALT IS significantly safer than other methods of producing light without a power grid.
Then a near infrared light is beamed on the target area which allows a surgeon wearing specialized glasses to see cancer cells glowing."
and shine lights on neurons inside the brain. Neuroscientists have until now been limited to injecting drugs through larger tubes
so that their neurons are lights sensitive, to stimulate the mice's brain cells with miniature LEDS.
The test subjects were made to stay on one side of a cage by remotely making the implant shine pulses of light on the specific cells.
The lights go out, the TV goes black, the computers shut down as their batteries drain. And worst of all-your smartphone dies.
since the early 1800's. Light a candle, fill the device with water, and you have a charger."
first author of the paper reporting the results in the journal Nanophotonics. When these spirals are shrunk to sizes smaller than the wavelength of visible light,
they develop unusual optical properties. For example, when they are illuminated with infrared laser light, they emit visible blue light.
A number of crystals produce this effect, called frequency doubling or harmonic generation, to various degrees.
The strongest frequency doubler previously known is the synthetic crystal beta barium borate but the nano-spirals produce four times more blue light per unit volume.
When infrared laser light strikes the tiny spirals, it is absorbed by electrons in the gold arms.
These arms are so thin that the electrons are forced to move along the spiral. Electrons that are driven toward the center absorb enough energy
so that some of them emit blue light at double the frequency of the incoming infrared light. The spirals also have a distinctive response to polarized laser light.
Linearly polarized light, like that produced by a Polaroid filter, vibrates in a single plane.
When struck by such a light beam the amount of blue light the nano-spirals emit varies as the angle of the plane of polarization is rotated through 360 degrees.
The effect is even more dramatic when circularly polarized laser light is used. In circularly polarized light, the polarization plane rotates either clockwise or counterclockwise.
When left-handed nano-spirals are illuminated with clockwise polarized light, the amount of blue light produced is maximized
because the polarization pushes the electrons toward the center of the spiral. Counterclockwise polarized light,
on the other hand, produces a minimal amount of blue light because the polarization tends to push the electrons outward
so that the waves from all around the nano-spiral interfere destructively. he combination of the unique characteristics of their frequency doubling
and response to polarized light provide the nano-spirals with a unique, customizable signature that would be extremely difficult to counterfeit,
the scientists said n
#Biologists Discover New Mechanism of Cell division Cell division is fundamental to all life forms. Human body develops from a single cell that divides billions of times to generate all tissue types,
and some of these cells continue to divide billions of times every day throughout life. For the moment, however, the molecular mechanisms involved are understood incompletely,
Anheuser-busch, for example, probably wants to make sure that every bottle of Bud Light tastes the same before it hits grocery and liquor store coolers.
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