#Yeast 2. 0 Designer changes in the first artificial yeast chromosome could help advance synthetic biology.
Scientists have synthesized an entire yeast chromosome, the first artificial chromosome for the kingdom of life that includes humans, plants, and fungi.
Yeast with the artificial chromosome appeared to be just as happy as their aturalcounterparts, reports the team.
The methods developed to create the designer genomic structure could help synthetic biologists better use the single-celled fungi as biological factories for chemicals like biofuels and drugs.
Humans have been manipulating yeast for thousands of years, first turning wild strains of the fungus into the life-affirming fermenters that give us beer and bread.
Yeast also has long been a lab organism for studying molecular biology and genetics; in fact, a lot of what we know about cancer genetics comes from research on our fungal friends.
In recent years, scientists have figured out how to engineer new biochemical pathways into yeast, creating living factories for medicines, biofuels,
and more (see icrobes Can Mass-produce Malaria Drugand iofuel Plant Opens in Brazil. The report of the first artificial, designer yeast chromosome suggests ways for researchers to produce new chemicals in the microbes
or potentially make their biological production more efficient. Six years ago, the J. Craig Venter Institute built the first artificial chromosome,
which encompassed the complete genome of a bacterium (see ynthesizing a Genome From scratch. Two years later
that 582,970 base pair manmade genome was transplanted into a cell which successfully began to carry out its instructions (see ynthetic Genome Reboots Cell.
The first synthetic yeast chromosome, reported in Science on Thursday, represents just part of that organism complete genome
and is 272,871 base pairs long. The Johns hopkins university-led team first designed the chromosome on a computer, streamlining the natural chromosome sequence
so that it had less repetitive sequences and other tweaks. Undergraduate students in a class called uild-A-Genomeat Johns Hopkins used molecular biology tricks to string together snippets of DNA around 70 nucleotides (A
T, G and C) long into 750-base pair blocks. Then, other researchers continued to assemble those blocks into longer stretches of the chromosome,
and eventually the largest chunks were delivered into yeast cells, which took over the last assembly steps to create the whole, artificial chromosome.
The artificial chromosome is a designer version of just one of the yeast 16 chromosomes,
and the smallest one at that. But the work is an important step forward for synthetic biology
and a milestone in an international effort to build a completely synthetic yeast genome, project Sc2. 0 (from the scientific name for baker yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition to deleting some unnecessary sequences from the code of their designer chromosome, the researchers also flanked many genes on the chromosome with tiny bits of DNA that act as landing sites for a protein that can be used to create on-demand mutations.
With these designer changes, the researchers say they will be able to test how many mutations a yeast genome can tolerate at once
and potentially discover beneficial mutations that could give rise to strains that can survive in a wider range of conditions
or perhaps be better factories for useful molecules like fuels and drugs. Already the researchers have shown that inducing mutation in yeast using the designer sites led to some cells that grow more slowly,
and yet others that grow more quickly. Lead researcher Jef Boeke tells The Verge that the team plans to create these mutation-ready additions in all 16 chromosomes.
That fountain of variability could be key to finding ways to push our fermenting friends to more efficiently create biofuels and other chemicals f
#Apps by the Dashboard Light Starting next month, many car buyers will be getting a novel feature:
Internet connections with speeds similar to those on the fastest smartphonesnd even a few early dashboard-based apps, engineered to be dumbed as-down as possible.
Backseat passengers could get streaming movies and fast Wi-fi connections to smart watches and tablets in (and near) the car.
Hopkins followed detailed rules from GMO pinch-zoom controls or tiny icons allowed, for examplend spent two years developing the app,
microbiologist Kim Lewis, director of Northeastern Antimicrobial Discovery Center. But mice treated with teixobactin after lethal doses of either MRSA
a microbiologist at New york University Langone Medical center who was involved not in the work. Although further studies are needed before the antibiotic can be tested in humans
This cultivation approach is an innovative way to tap into the rich biodiversity that we are currently missing
said Wright. his biodiversity is also hiding a lot of chemical diversity that may include other new antibiotics. his is a very clever technique, added Robert Austin,
I would caution people to not be overly optimistic until we see what happens in realistic clinical settings. he rate of evolution of large-scale resistance will depend on the dosage and frequency of the antibiotic use, added Princeton microbiologist Julia Bos, a member
scientists at the National Brain Research Centre (NBRC) have reported clinical evidence supporting the role of a novel biomarker in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease.
Glutathione (GSH), the biomarker, is a natural antioxidant that protects the brain from damage. Researchers claim that those suffering from the disease have reduced GSH as compared to the healthy individuals."
However, the new biomarker can be assessed by MRI-like imaging tests. Also, it can help predict the disease much before its onset,
"Several animal studies conducted at NBRC have showed the utility of this biomarker in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease previously also.
The findings have been accepted by the international journal'Biological Psychiatry'for publication.""A total 130 people0 Alzheimer's patient, 41 patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment and 49 healthy individualsarticipated in the study.
and this has got applications in chemistry, engineering, biology, medicine, so there's a lot of potential there and that's just for research purposes,
and this has got applications in chemistry, engineering, biology, medicine, so there's a lot of potential there and that's just for research purposes,
At the same time, other genetic modifications to the virus mean it stimulates the body's own immune response to attack
which is manufactured by the American pharmaceutical company Amgen, have already been submitted to drugs regulators in Europe and the USA.
Kevin Harrington, UK trial leader and professor of biological cancer therapies at the ICR and an honorary consultant at the Royal Marsden, said he hoped the treatment could be available for routine use within a year in many countries
At the same time, other genetic modifications to the virus mean it stimulates the body's own immune response to attack
which is manufactured by the American pharmaceutical company Amgen, have already been submitted to drugs regulators in Europe and the USA.
Kevin Harrington, UK trial leader and professor of biological cancer therapies at the ICR and an honorary consultant at the Royal Marsden, said he hoped the treatment could be available for routine use within a year in many countries
One benefit of the new wood-based aerogel material is that it can be used for three-dimensional structures."
The finished aerogel can then be treated with electronic properties. In terms of surface area Hamedi compares the material to a pair of human lungs,
Hamedi said the aerogel batteries could be used in electric car bodies, as well as in clothing, providing the garment has a lining.
One benefit of the new wood-based aerogel material is that it can be used for three-dimensional structures."
The finished aerogel can then be treated with electronic properties. In terms of surface area Hamedi compares the material to a pair of human lungs,
Hamedi said the aerogel batteries could be used in electric car bodies, as well as in clothing, providing the garment has a lining g
Blaine A Pfeifer, an associate professor of chemical and biological engineering in the University at Buffalo School of engineering and Applied sciences, has been studying how to engineer Escherichia coli (E coli) to generate new varieties of erythromycin, a popular antibiotic.
Blaine A Pfeifer, an associate professor of chemical and biological engineering in the University at Buffalo School of engineering and Applied sciences, has been studying how to engineer Escherichia coli (E coli) to generate new varieties of erythromycin, a popular antibiotic.
though these biometric ATMS have not found favour with some countries like the United states because of privacy concerns and its high cost.
These biometrics ATMS are not being used by some countries, such as the United states, because of privacy concerns and its high cost.
though these biometric ATMS have not found favour with some countries like the United states because of privacy concerns and its high cost.
These biometrics ATMS are not being used by some countries, such as the United states, because of privacy concerns and its high cost.
#Gene mutation that leads to colour blindness identified Researchers have identified a previously unknown gene mutation that causes sufferers to be
Researchers at the University of California, San diego School of medicine and Shiley Eye Institute at UC San diego Health System identified the gene mutation that underlies achromatopsia, an inherited eye disorder.
"We're very excited to have discovered a mutation in the ATF6 gene which plays a major role in this disorder,
Five other genetic mutations have previously been identified by research groups as pivotal in achromatopsia.""But we still had families that didn't have any of those gene mutations.
We knew this meant there must be other genes and proteins involved, "Lin said. The new study found that a mutation in the ATF6 gene damaged proteins necessary for proper function of the eye's cone photoreceptors.
In the study, the scientists looked at 18 achromatopsia patients from 10 different families who had been identified as lacking the five previously known gene mutations.
The families received testing in the lab of Susanne Kohl, the study's first author from Centre for Ophthalmology at University of Tuebingen in Germany.
All 18 were found to have the ATF6 gene mutation. Lin said the ATF6 gene, when working properly, is a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR).
since proteins carry out many biological functions.""In this particular disease, we think a mutation in the ATF6 gene disrupts the UPR process
and causes the production of bad proteins which keep cone photoreceptors from functioning properly, "said Lin.
Lin noted that the UPR is a different molecular mechanism than those affected by the other five gene mutations."
The study was published online in Applied and Environmental microbiology, a journal of the American Society for Microbiology."
Specifically, the copper surfaces destroyed both the virus'genome, and its capsid, or protein shell."
hepatitis and herpes. Researchers from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) developed the ultracompact nanomechanical sensor for analysing the chemical composition of substances and detecting biological objects.
hepatitis and herpes. Researchers from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) developed the ultracompact nanomechanical sensor for analysing the chemical composition of substances and detecting biological objects.
hepatitis and herpes. Researchers from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) developed the ultracompact nanomechanical sensor for analysing the chemical composition of substances and detecting biological objects.
especially those caused externally,"said Hu Ping, a cell biologist with the Shanghai Institute for Biological science at the Chinese Academy of Sciences."
such as mutations that could lead to tumours. Such trials are crucial as safety is of paramount importance.
Dr William R Wilcox, a human genetics professor at Emory University, called the results"promising.""But he expressed caution, given that only 10 children were getting the high dose
or DNA molecule representing a genome of a virus-an action that leads to a massive,
"said Yingfu Li, a professor in the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical sciences, Chemistry and Chemical Biology."
which they are useful clinical biomarkers for detecting prostate cancer and other diseases. The team of chemical engineers and chemists at the University of Birmingham, created a sensor chip with synthetic receptors along a 2d surface to identify specific
"Biomarkers such as glycoproteins are essential in diagnostics as they do not rely on symptoms perceived by the patient,
"However, the changes in the biomarkers can be incredibly small and specific and so we need technology that can discriminate between these subtle differences-where antibodies are not able to,
"This discovery was made possible by using 30 years of data and biologic specimens. Rappocciolo and her colleagues searched for patterns in gene expression,
or the degree to which specific genes are turned on or off.""These results improve understanding of how nonprogressors control HIV without drug therapy
The study is the first to demonstrate how leptospira mutates to form a biofilm, an extra protective layer of microbial cells,
This biofilm, created with help from the plant bacteria, made leptospira almost invincible when attacked with normal doses of antibiotics, ultraviolet radiation or even heat.
Understanding leptospira's mutation, when in contact with aquatic organisms, is of greater significance for Mumbai,
The mutation study, published in a Federation of European Microbiological Studies journal in May, was a wake-up call for public health experts to find better ways to tame the bacteria.
"The biofilms showed very high resistance to Penicillin g, ampicillin and tetracycline, some of the leading antibiotics used to treat acute leptospirosis in humans
"The biofilms also increased leprospira's tolerance to UV radiation and high temperature. It could withstand up to 49 degrees C,
"This biofilm protects the leptospira from adverse environmental conditions, and is probably the key factor for its persistence and survival,
or through cuts and abrasions,"said Dr Jayanti Shastri, head of microbiology at BYL Nair Hospital.
which tested Merck and Newlink Genetics'VSV-ZEBOV vaccine on some 4, 000 people who had been in close contact with a confirmed Ebola case,
And just a few weeks ago in early December we learned of a collaboration between 3d printing company Organovo and the Yale School of medicine that aims to pioneer 3d bioprinted surgical tissues themselves.
and schools with a focus on bioengineering applications that utilize living organs and other human tissues.
and Tide to Bounty and Crest-is launching a grant competition in Singapore that asks those in academia to submit research proposals on 3d bio printing applications that would be of relevance to the consumer goods brand. e want to look at the possibilities of bioprinting.
and interested in new tools then bioprinting should very much be on their horizon, added Ms Lurie-Luke.
#Swedish start-up CELLINK develops the first universal 3d printable bioink for 3d bioprinters While lives are already being saved by high-level 3d printing in academic hospitals all over the world,
Involving special bio-inks made from biocompatible polymers and cells, these could be used for 3d printing just about everything in the human body, from cartilage, to bone structures and theoretically even entire new organs.
scientific progress with these bioprinted materials is agonizingly slow. Various institutes and hospitals all over the world are experimenting with new materials and applications,
what they are calling the world first universal bioink, with optimal biocompatibility and printing fidelity.
Suitable for a large variety of bioprinting applications, this innovation could vastly reduce the time companies
it brought the bioprinting revolution so much closer. As the two entrepreneurs explain to us, both have an extensive background in biotechnology.
At age 18, Erik Gatenholm started his first medical device company, manufacturing meniscus implants and other implants, such surgical meshes for ventral hernia repairs and wound dressings.
And with their bioprinting goals in mind CELLINK is releasing the world's first 3d bioprinting'Start-inkkit,
resistant to shocks and so on, making it very useful for bioprinting applications The next step for this promising start-up is to apply 3d bioprinting to a wider range of human tissue models,
The tough biocompatible hydrogels are capable of being printed into complex and intricately patterned shapes that could ultimately lead to injectable materials for delivering drugs or cells into the human body.
Previously, wee seen how medical researchers have been experimenting with something similar to create 3d bioprinted scaffolding for slowly introducing cells for a diabetic treatment process.
and are compared often to the biological structure of cartilage. While the development of the 3d printable hydrogels is certainly a breakthrough for Zhao and the rest of the team,
a new ink for 3d printing of biocompatible-tough hydrogel, explains Zhao. ach material individually is very weak and brittle,
added David Mooney, a professor of bioengineering at Harvard university. his builds off earlier work using other polymer systems,
What's more, the rest of the ink consists of a biocompatible biodegradable polyester (PLG) that,
but also pave the way for more complex optical fiber structures that are able to host a variety of applications for industries ranging from telecommunications and aerospace to biotechnologies and more."
it is hardly surprising that we hear about exciting new (bioprinted) medical innovations almost every week.
Entitled Cell and protein compatible 3d bioprinting of mechanically strong constructs for bone repair, it hands bioprinting scientists a whole new avenue to explore:
bioprinting at ambient temperatures as a viable option for the manufacturing of materials that can repair bone structures.
which could help with more complicated reconstructions-such as nasal reconstruction. nd that temperature change is key to their success. Bioprinting technology typically relies on high temperatures (possibly through UV LIGHT or solvents).
they write in their paper. ere we developed a method for using bioprinting to produce constructs from a thermoresponsive microparticulate material based on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) at ambient conditions.
these materials formed porous constructs. urther study showed that protein-releasing microspheres could be incorporated into the bioprinted constructs.
The release of the model protein lysozyme from bioprinted constructs was sustained for a period of 15 days
and a high degree of protein activity could be measured up to day 9. This suggests that bioprinting is a viable route to the production of mechanically strong constructs for bone repair under mild conditions
#MEDPRIN 3d prints world first biological meningioma Redura for use in brain surgery While 3d bioprinting innovations sound lifesaving and revolutionary, most are still years away from impacting ordinary
However, one Chinese company is already implementing a bioprinted product on a large scale across the world.
Called MEDPRIN, they have developed the world first 3d printed biological meningioma called Redura a replica of tissue covering the brain
It full name is the Redura Biomimetic-Synthetic-Absorbable Dural Substitute, and has received already a number of medical certificates,
and it is believed also to be applied the first bioprinted product to come out of China. So what exactly is the Redura?
they are not biological and have a tendency to disrupt a patient life-as most artificial meningioma layers contain metal parts
this 3d printed biological Redura doesn suffer from these problems, but instead closely resembles the existing membrane and a patient autologous cells.
when Xu Tao was still a Phd student in the US at the team of Thomas Boland the father of 3d bioprinted organs.
In 2009, Xu Tao teamed up with Yuan Yuyu from Clemson University to found the first bioprinting company in China.
the machine sprays out a fiber-like ink onto biological paper that simulates the collagen structures found in body.
which has been tested extensively to prove the biocompatibility and non-toxicity. uan Yuyu further stated that the Redura is absorbed eventually into the body. imply put Redura provides the bracket in
and clinical resources to push 3d printing from biological tissue reconstruction all the way up to 3d printing of organ regeneration.
The mobile platform has been tested successfully in a clinical microbiology laboratory, comparing 571 patient samples to FDA-approved samples of mumps, measles,
professor of bioengineering and one of the researchers on the team. t is quite important to have these kinds of mobile devices,
physics and astronomy, to bioengineering, pathology and laboratory medicine. The Californa Nanosystems Institute and the Johnsson Comprehensive Cancer Center also contributed, with support from the National Science Foundation and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
The research spearheaded by Aydogan Ozcan, associate director of the California Nanosystems Institute, Dino Di Carlo, professor of bioengineering,
and Omai Garner, associate director of clinical microbiology for the UCLA Health System, and written by UCLA undergraduate Brandon Berg (the study first author) manages to shrink this work down to the size
The FDA-approved well-plate readers used in clinical labs today were compared with the team handheld smartphone diagnostic in a UCLA clinical microbiology laboratory.
researchers are printing biocompatible parts to be implanted in our body, Raviv said. e can now generate structures that will change shape and functionality without external intervention.
tissue engineering an assembling biomaterials and many more. Even in military 4d printing will play a huge role in self repairing the parts. 3d printing is the best technology that has been widespread all over the world with the 4d printing around the corner will boost the market for 3d printers further,
such as fullerenes or nanotubes, provided they are biocompatible and nontoxic. Previous studies have revealed that gold and platinum nanoparticles produce a large number of electrons via the plasmon excitation mechanism.
thus inducing greater biological damage. In this study, the authors analysed the spectra of secondary electrons emitted from a carbon nanoparticle composed of fullerite,
has spent his Ph d. studies researching molecules that mimic nature biochemical machinery. He first designed an artificial pump two years ago,
Some of the examples comprise materials that deliver biomolecules, rotate light, or control the flow of energy.
The team employed cryo-electron microscopy, also known as CRYO EM, to observe the particles and origami frames. This work was headed by Huilin Li, Brookhaven Lab and Stony Brook University biologist,
and Tong Wang, the other lead co-author of the paper and who also works with Li in the Biosciences department of Brookhaven.
In order to view the varied density components individually, the researchers need to subtract the data from the images
CRYO EM preserves samples in their near-native states and provides close to nanometer resolution. We show that CRYO EM can be applied successfully to probe the 3d structure of DNA NANOPARTICLE clusters,
Wang said. The DOE Office of Science supported the study. DOE Office of Science supports the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
said Nicholas Hud, a professor in Georgia Tech School of Chemistry and Biochemistry. ith this work,
which also included Martha Grover from Georgia Tech School of Chemical & Biomolecular engineering, has used so far the solvent to assemble three structures,
who is also director of the NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution and associate director of the Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience,
The project goal is to develop new tools to elucidate the mechanism of action of a threat agent, drug, biologic or chemical on living cells within 30 days from exposure.
96 spot, target plate, suitable for simple and complex biological mixtures, and compatible with most standard MALDI-MS instrument systems.
Emiliana De Santis, who is developing the standard in NPL's Biotechnology Group, said:""Our ability to exploit self-assembly processes allows us to enable
"A new reliable biological standard is particularly attractive to the electron microscopy community as it has the potential to offer a cost effective solution for high-resolution imaging."
Graphene is a biocompatible material with low toxicity that has already been suggested as an external coating for biomedical applications.
and when as a result of instructions contained in an organism's DNA genome.""From the features of the proposed method, it's easy to expect that we can obtain the same accuracy in a liquid environment,
In their setup, a sphere was placed on one of the prongs--in a biological system
"Future work for Yabuno and his colleagues involves using the cantilevers to obtain high-accuracy quantitative measurements of biological samples such as human cells and DNA in liquid media d
#Inexpensive 3d Polypyrrole Aerogel-Based Alternative Material for Costly Graphene aerogels But now, materials such as graphene aerogels are gaining traction as more desirable alternatives
and Technology to tap into organic chemistry and conducting polymers to fabricate a three-dimensional (3-D) polypyrrole (PPY) aerogel-based electromagnetic absorber.
Wu said. ee also able to pour the Fecl3 solution directly into the pyrrole solution--not drop by drop--to force the pyrrole to polymerize into a 3-D aerogel rather than PPY particles. n short,
the team 3-D PPY aerogel is designed to exhibit esirable properties such as a porous structure and low density, Wu noted.
the team new aerogel has the lowest adjunction and widest effective bandwidth--with a reflection loss below-10 decibels.
In terms of applications, based on the combination of low adjunction and a ideeffective bandwidth, the researchers expect to see their 3-D PPY aerogel used in surface coatings for aircraft.
Wu pointed out. f our 3-D PPY aerogel could build a conductivity network in this type of coating,
4-ethylenedioxythiophene) electromagnetic absorber. ur goal is to grow solid-state polymerized PEDOT particles in the holes of the 3-D PPY aerogel formed by PPY chains, Wu added.
and other biological parts. n the biological domain, there are various molecules and atoms in contact with one another, sliding along like biomolecular motors,
as a result of friction or lack of friction, Gangloff says. o this intuition for how to arrange atoms so as to minimize
and related impact of their novel method propels a huge variety of research fields investigating effects relevant from raft tectonics down to biological systems
which is still the gold standard in the health care industry for making a definitive diagnosis. Also routinely used today is a newer method for rapidly identifying bacteria based on a DNA-analysis technique called quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr),
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