The 1-and 2-month-old woolly mammoth calves which were discovered in different portions of Siberia choked on mud after falling into water more than 40000 years ago new research suggests.
The 1-month-old calf mummy named Lyuba was discovered in 2007 by a reindeer herder on the banks of a frozen river on the Yamal Peninsula in Siberia.
In addition to painting a grim picture of the mammoth calves'last moments the research also provides some insights into how they developed.
The beginning of the year (and the starting of the calendar) signaled that farmers should trellis vines prune trees and sow spring wheat.
Livestock Disease A sip of unpasteurized sheep or goat's milk may have spelled doom for a medieval Italian man.
A new genetic analysis of bony nodules found in a 700-year-old skeleton from Italy reveal that the man had brucellosis a bacterial infection caught from livestock
Animal malady Brucellosis can be transmitted from livestock to humans in several ways. One possibility is that the man caught the disease from direct contact with animals perhaps
while slaughtering a sheep or delivering a newborn lamb. Or he could have gotten the disease from drinking unpasteurized milk or eating unpasteurized cheese.
and sheep and goat herding have long histories in the region. Brucellosis is called also Mediterranean fever.
It still affects more than 500000 people around the world yearly though livestock vaccination and dairy pasteurization have hampered its spread.
and then for livestock feed and erosion control it has since overrun entire ecosystems destroying native long-needled pine forests woodlots and grasslands alike.
#Clever Goats Can Learn Quickly Goats might be smarter than once thought it turns out they can quickly learn
The findings may help explain goats'ability to adapt to a variety of environments. In the study the researchers trained a group of goats to retrieve food from a box by pulling a lever
and then lifting it. It took the goats 12 tries on average to perform the trick.
I wasn't surprised that they managed to do the work. I was surprised that they got it so quickly said study author Alan Mcelligott of Queen Mary University of London.
Goat Enthusiastically Completes Cognitive Tests The goats'ability to retrieve food from the box may mean that the animals are generally good at problem solving Mcelligott said a skill that could come handy
The research team tested the goats'ability to remember the task after one month and again after 10 months.
The findings may help researchers understand why goats adapt easily to extreme environments. Wild goats live all over the world from the hot and dry Galapagos islands to the cold and wet islands off the west coast of Scotland Mcelligott said.
They seem to be really good at colonizing these environments and doing really well in them Mcelligott told Live Science.
Now in experiments in pigs researchers have come up with a new method for making a biological pacemaker that might one day serve as an alternative to electronic ones the researchers said.
but pig hearts are similar to human hearts in their size and the way that they work so there's reason to think the new findings could translate to humans.
or integrate into the genome the pig experiments showed that a small amount of virus did end up in other organs in the animals besides the heart according to the study published today (July 16) in the journal Science Translational Medicine.
In the study the researchers used pigs with a condition called complete heart block in which the heart beats very slowly.
Within a few days the pigs that received the TBX18 gene had faster heartbeats than pigs that did not receive the gene.
In addition the hearts of pigs with the biological pacemaker were able to speed up during exercise
and slow down during rest much better than the hearts of pigs without the biological pacemaker.
The pigs with the TBX18 gene were also more physically active than the pigs without the gene according to the study.
because over time the pigs'bodies started to reject cells with the injected virus. The researchers are now testing how long the treatment lasts.
In the study a small amount of virus ended up in the pigs'spleens and lungs after it was injected
#Clay Tokens Used As'Contracts'Even After Invention of Writing Archaeologists in Turkey recently unearthed
It has long been believed that clay tokens which were used often to represent units of commodities such as livestock
or heads of livestock. We think one of two things happened here Macginnis said. You either have information about livestock coming though here or flocks of animals themselves.
Each farmer or herder would have a bag with tokens to represent their flock. Most of the cuneiform tablets that correspond with the recently unearthed tokens deal with trades of grain Macginnis said.
and among livestock while completely ignoring them. And even if potential threat was defined clearly such a rule would be unnecessary.
or livestock or to receive a 45-day kill permit for a wolf that has done already so.
Further the state pays ranchers the full market value of livestock losses when government investigators confirm
Another amendment would allow landowners with a kill permit to use foothold traps to kill wolves that have attacked livestock.
and killing of threatened and endangered species such as wolverines lynx and grizzly bears as well as black bears deer elk moose mountain lions eagles and yes landowners'own dogs and livestock the very animals
and a half after the livestock attack had occurred. A third amendment would remove the requirement that FWP set quotas during the wolf hunting
#Explorers Eat Fried Tarantulas at Black-tie Gala NEW YORK Goat testicles earthworms python and jellyfish were on the menu here at the Waldorf Astoria hotel Saturday night (March 15).
A chef in another room cut thick slices of ostrich poultry that surprisingly looked and tasted like steak.
meat poultry fish dried beans and peas iron-fortified cereal. Protein: More protein is needed during pregnancy
meat poultry fish dried beans and peas eggs nuts tofu. During pregnancy the goal is to be eating nutritious foods most of the time Krieger told Live Science.
Pregnant women should include good protein sources at every meal to support the baby's growth such as meat poultry fish eggs beans tofu cheese milk and nuts Krieger said.
or roosters and females are called hens. A group of ostriches is called a flock. Flocks can consist of up to 100 birds
At birth chicks can be as big as chickens. The males and females share the responsibility of taking care of the young according to the San diego Zoo.
During an attack the male tries to lure the predator away from the chicks while they run for cover with the female.
By six months a chick is almost at its full-grown height; at 3 or 4 years it will reach maturity.
#Livestock Workers May Carry Staph Bacteria from Pigs Workers who handle livestock may carry antibiotic-resistant bacteria in their noses after they leave the farm.
A small study of hog workers in North carolina found that many carried staph bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)
Over the past several decades it's become standard practice for farmers to give animals such as chickens and pigs regular doses of antibiotics.
There is now even a livestock-associated strain of MRSA a bacterial strain that in humans can cause debilitating sometimes deadly infections
In the new study which was described in the journal Occupational and Environmental Medicine this month 22 hog workers swabbed the inside of their noses several times over the course of 14 days.
and 16 workers (73 percent) carried livestock-associated staph at some point in those two weeks.
But 10 of those 22 workers (46 percent) persistently carried livestock-associated staph; these strains were found either in all or all but one of their nasal samples over the 14-day study.
Some of the workers still had the bacteria in their noses even after they spent four days off work and away from the hog farm.
and even into hospitals if the bacteria linger in the workers'noses after they leave the hog operation the researchers said.
if there's a link between the workers who carry livestock-related staph in their noses and increased infections.
if this is mainly a workplace hazard associated with hog farming or is it a threat to public health at large study leader Christopher Heaney an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health said in a statement.
and heights on the head writes Jolanda Bos an archaeologist working on the Amarna Project in an article recently published in the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.
Bos is leading the hairstyle research and the woman with 70 extensions leaves her puzzled.
Whether or not the woman had styled her hair like this for her burial only is one of our main research questions said Bos in an email to Live Science.
Many of the other skulls Bos analyzed also had hair extensions. One skull had made extensions of gray and dark black hair suggesting multiple people donated their hair to create extensions.
Hairy discoveries As Bos analyzed a selection of 100 recently excavated skulls (of which 28 still had hair) from the Armana cemetery she noticed the people who lived in the ancient city had a wide variety of hair types.
This is of course one of the answers we are still trying to find from the record said Bos in the email.
and of three strands mostly 1 cm 0. 4 inches wide with strands of approximately 0. 5 cm 0. 2 inches when tightly braided Bos writes in the journal article.
Braids were often not more than 20 cm 7. 9 inches long leaving the hair at shoulder length approximately Bos added.
Fat was used to help create all the hairstyles Bos found something that would have helped keep the hair in one piece after death.
what kind of hair coloring was used on this hair it only seems that way macroscopically said Bos in the email.
This woman among other ancient Egyptians may have dyed her hair for the same reason as why people dye their hair today in order not to show the gray color Bos said.
and the European union have restricted American poultry imports over it. To understand why U s. poultry companies would rather risk export markets than stop dipping birds in chlorine it's helpful to understand how bad the fecal contamination is.
A 2014 Consumer Reports exposã revealed that virtually all 97 percent of chicken breasts in the United states harbor dangerous pathogens like Salmonella
So why is there so much poop on our nation's poultry? Most producers confine chickens by the tens of thousands inside huge dank warehouses in
Today's poultry chicken has been bred to grow so rapidly that its legs can collapse under the weight of its ballooning body.
As reported by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution the proposed speeding up poultry slaughter lines while at the same time removing several hundred government inspectors from slaughter plants.
The USDA is now seemingly backing off its poultry line speed acceleration proposal but is still aiming to cut 800 government inspectors at poultry plants allowing further self-regulation in the chicken industry.
It's clear that the chlorine is simply an attempt to put lipstick on a pig or decontaminant on a chicken.
As Americans grapple with a long string of meat recalls periodic episodes of food-poisoning outbreaks that sicken many
so that all of the chicks will hatch at the same time. Pairs will make nests out of mounds of mud
and the emerging chick will only be 2. 5 to 3. 2 ounces (73 to 90 g). Young reach maturity at 3 to 5 years old.
#Extreme Abuse of Calves Leads to Immediate Shuttering of N. J. Slaughterhouse (Op-Ed) Wayne Pacelle is the president and chief executive officer of The Humane Society of the United states (HSUS.
and the continuing mistreatment of downer calves in this case at the Catelli Bros. slaughter plant in suburban Monmouth County N. J. Following the USDA's action The HSUS publicly released its materials.
Our undercover investigator documented calves being forced to rise to their feet by men who wrapped the calves'tails around their hands lifting the entire weight of the calf by this appendage.
One calf with a broken leg was dragged by a chain around his neck and other calves were struck kicked pulled by their ears
and sprayed with water. The plant manager warned workers not to take some of these actions
You may recall the 2009 HSUS investigation of Bushway a calf slaughter plant in Grand Isle Vt. where we found calves too weak to walk being kicked shocked thrown
That case prompted The HSUS to file a petition with the USDA asking that the agency close a loophole in the regulations that allowed these downed calves to be set aside to see
The USDA requires euthanasia for downed adult cattle at slaughter plants but the rule excludes calves.
Where humane handling is concerned the problems are the same no bulls cows or calves should be subjected to this treatment regardless of their age or gender.
Our investigator captured still-conscious calves trying to right themselves on the bleed line. The Humane Methods of Slaughter Act (HMSA) for which The HSUS works to secure substantial funding each fiscal year requires that animals be unconscious before they are shackled
and hung upside down so their throats can be slit. Our investigation also found that some calves undergoing shechita (ritual slaughter) remained conscious for more than two minutes after their necks were opened up.
Unfortunately the HMSA doesn't specify how soon ritually-slaughtered animals should reach an unconscious state.
Bernie Rollin distinguished professor of animal science at Colorado State university watched our video and wrote Of all the atrocity videos
The treatment of the calves at Catelli outraged Rollin enough to write: The conclusion to be drawn from this video data is self-evident.
It took an HSUS undercover investigation released in 2008 to prompt USDA a year later to act on our longstanding demand that downed dairy cows not be abused.
That investigation at the Hallmark slaughter plant in southern California showed spent dairy cows being shocked water-boarded
It's been more than four years since our Bushway investigation about downer calf abuses. Our Catelli Bros. investigation shows that similar abuses are still occurring.
and in this case we see a glaring deficiency in the law that needs to be corrected regarding the abuse of downer calves.
The HSUS continues to pressure the USDA to close the loophole that allows downer calves to be slaughtered for human consumption.
A favorite Schachner said was Phobo gallus which roughly translates to fear chicken. The Anzu bones were found in an environment that was once a swampy floodplain.
and stealth to take down deer peccary monkeys birds frogs fish alligators and small rodents. If wild food is scarce these large cats will also hunt domestic livestock.
Their jaws are stronger than any other species of cat. With these strong jaws jaguars will crunch down on bones
The World's 5 Smallest Mammals Because of their temperature sensitivity pikas are bellwethers of climate change.
More than half a billion people depend on forests for their jobs their food their clean water said Andrew Steer the CEO of the World Resources Institute (WRI) which launched the website today (Feb 20.
But humans are failing to preserve these crucial ecosystems Steer told reporters before the launch.
We now have the possibility of doing something that would have been absolutely unheard of 10 years ago Steer said which is near real-time data delivered to everybody who has a laptop or a computer or a smartphone in the world.
Wild boars and mongooses are known to steal cobra eggs. The mongoose is the best-known enemy of the cobra.
Joel Berger who teaches at the University of Montana observed young bighorn sheep running into cacti
. I saw a young sheep run shoulder-first into a cactus and scream unrelentingly. Of course loud vocalizations could attract predators.
#Pork Producers Prohibit Painful Pig Pens (Op-Ed) Matthew Prescott is food policy director for The Humane Society of the United states. He contributed this article to Live Science's Expert Voices:
Gestation crates are tiny cages that confine pigs so restrictively they can barely move an inch during their entire lives.
The crates about two feet wide by seven feet long are roughly the same dimensions as a pregnant sow s own body preventing her from even turning around.
For the four months she is gestating the sow lingers in the cage essentially immobilized day and night.
She spends a few short weeks weaning her piglets there is re-impregnated and put back into a gestation crate.
Jeff Worstell vice president of livestock production for Cargill Pork put it best: If you want to be a viable supplier you respond to the signals your customers send.
For example when the Prairie Swine Center a prestigious pork industry research firm compared animal housing systems that confine pigs in gestation crates with group housing
which allows pigs greater freedom of movement their study concluded that better welfare can be achieved
when sows are confined not throughout gestation. As the report found Research comparing group housed sows to those in crates found that the animals unable to exercise due to stall confinement have lower bone strength muscle mass and decreased physical fitness and cardiovascular health.#
#After the Pew Commission on Industrial Farm animal Production a panel including farmers veterinarians and former Agriculture secretary Dan Glickman studied the issue it recommended the phase out within 10 years of all intensive confinement systems that restrict natural movement
and normal behaviors including swine gestation crates.##Science plus consumer support have motivated some major pork producers to move toward group housing.
earlier this year it extended that commitment to affect all the contractors producing piglets for the company.
And last January Tyson foods announced it had advised the farmers in its system that future sow housing should allow animals to turn around
So our animals can t turn around for the 2. 5 years that they are in the stalls producing piglets Dave Warner spokesman for the National Pork Producers Council once remarked in a National Journal interview.
I don t know who asked the sow if she wanted to turn around. Warner's and the Pork Council's callous statements about how animals should be treated are out of step with both what mainstream Americans want for animals and
and curved spines. 8 Grisly Archaeological Discoveries It looked as though tuberculosis was present in the New world before European contact based on these skeletons said Kirsten Bos the study's lead researcher and a postdoctoral fellow
Instead it was branching with the animals'strains of TB Bos told Live Science. The new study also suggests that the common ancestor of the M. tuberculosis complex is just 6000 years old
Bos said. The Bering Land Bridge a stretch of land that connected Russia to Alaska during the previous Ice age had disappeared already under the Bering strait she noted.
we were all thinking that was kind of a joke Bos recalled. Then we got our hands on some seal TB sequences.
Regardless of their age the marine tuberculosis strains appear to have been replaced completely by European strains following contact Bos said.
and study participants who ate poultry but avoided red meat had a lower risk of being overweight or obese than their more carnivorous counterparts.
and total meat red meat poultry and processed meat consumption found that a subject increasing his
Those who ate mostly poultry or fish had a lower risk of premature death. A March 2012 Harvard School of Public health review meanwhile looked at studies that collectively followed 120000 Americans'eating habits over a 28-year period.
The Harvard review also found that replacing one serving of red meat with fish poultry nuts legumes low-fat diary
The ruminants Americans eat mainly cows pose the biggest threat to the climate according to an article in this month's edition of the journal Nature Climate Change.
and 80 percent of those emissions are from cattle. The alternative? Boucher and his co-authors point out that methane emissions from pigs
and poultry which have chambered a single stomach are negligible by comparison. If you want to reduce the emissions associated with the food you eat the most important step is to reduce your consumption of beef Boucher wrote in a recent blog.
The question of what you replace it with pork poultry or plants only is much less important.
If you don't have the stomach to cut out meat entirely switching to poultry or pork would still go a long way to shrink your carbon footprint.
Boucher a biologist pointed out that although the biggest emissions reduction would obviously come from becoming a vegan replacing beef with poultry would get you more than 90 percent of the way there
while switching to pork would achieve at least 80 percent of the methane abatement you would get from only eating plants.
Bones from young cattle and teeth from leopards suggest its residents ate and dressed like royalty.
and nearby mound containing the hind limbs of young cattle the seals of high-ranking officials which were inscribed with titles like the scribe of the royal box and the scribe of the royal school and leopard teeth (but no leopard).
See Photos of the Discoveries at Giza Pyramids The other thing that is just amazing is almost all the cattle are under 10 months of age#they are eating veal said Richard Redding the chief research officer of Ancient Egypt Research
From his sample of 100000 bones from the nearby mound Redding said he couldn't find a cow bone that was older than 18 months and found few examples of sheep and goat bones.
Leopard teeth Besides cattle bones the archaeologists found two leopard teeth in the house and another two in the nearby mound.
Redding was puzzled also that many cattle hind bones yet few forelimbs were found. For some reason the people of the house avoided eating the forelimbs of the cattle.
Again Redding turned to ancient drawings. There he found numerous examples of scenes where people presented forelimbs as offerings to deities
The elephants were the ace in the hole able to trample the enemy and sow terror with their massive size.
#Ancient Sheep Poop Reveals Desert Island's Secret Past On the floor of a cave in a remote desert island in Mexico scientists stumbled across a mat of urine-hardened poop dating back to more than 1500
The fossilized dung offers surprising evidence that bighorn sheep once lived on the uninhabited island a new study claims.
Around 500 bighorn sheep can be found on Tiburã n Island in the Gulf of california today but that population descends from a group of animals brought there by conservationists in 1975.
Starting with 16 females and 4 males conservationists established a population of bighorn sheep to bolster the species'numbers on the mainland.
and disease-transmitting animals like domestic sheep. 6 Extinct Animals That Could Be brought Back to Life The fossilized poop was found in a cave in the Sierra Kunkaak mountain range of the eastern side of the island
and extinct herbivores matching it with the feces of modern desert bighorn sheep. The size and shape of the poop pellets apparently also matched.
Furthermore the sequences are not identical to the modern bighorn populations on Tiburã n Island
so we are confident that the sequences do not derive from modern use of the cave by introduced bighorn sheep.
when exactly bighorn sheep lived on the island or if they lived there for a continuous period
We hypothesize that isolation of the prehistoric Tiburã n bighorn sheep population resulting from sea level rise combined with subsequent drivers that act on small populations including inbreeding overharvesting by hunters
#Gazelles: Facts & Pictures Gazelles are thin graceful antelopes that live in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer
and are in the same family as goats cattle and sheep. Gazelles can be identified by their curved ringed horns tan or reddish-brown coats and white rumps.
Often there are spots or stripes on their coats. Their light frames help make them agile and better able to escape from predators.
There are 19 species of gazelle according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information system (ITIS. Smaller species such as the Speke's gazelle and Thomson's gazelle are only 20 to 43 inches (51 to 109 centimeters) at the shoulder.
They weigh from 26 to 165 pounds (12 to 75 kilograms. The dama gazelle is the largest gazelle.
It weighs in at 88 to 165 pounds (40 to 75 kg) and is 4. 5 to 5. 5 feet tall (137 to 168 cm).
Most gazelles live in the hot dry savannas and deserts of Africa and Asia. To stay hydrated in these grueling environments gazelles shrink their heart
and liver according to a study published in the journal Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. Breathing can cause an animal to lose a lot of water.
A smaller heart and liver need less oxygen so the animal can breathe less and lose less water.
The Edmi gazelle also known as the Cuvier's gazelleis the only gazelle that lives in the mountains.
Gazelles rely on their speed to escape from predators. Gazelles can reach speeds up to 60 mph in short bursts
and sustain speeds of 30 to 40 mph. When running gazelles use a bounding leap called pronking or stotting
which involves stiffly springing into the air with all four feet. These animals are highly social.
Some gazelle herds have as many as 700 members though some herds are segregated small and by gender.
Female Thomson's gazelles for example live in herds of 10 to 30 females in addition to their young. Males live alone or in small groups with other males.
Gazelles carry their young for around six months before giving birth. They have one to two young at a time.
Baby gazelles are called fawns or calves. To keep her calves safe from predators a female gazelle will hide her babies in tall grasses.
While the young are still nursing they stay with their mother's herd. When they are ready to fend for themselves male calves are moved to the male herd.
Gazelles typically live 10 to 12 years. Gazelles are herbivores. This means they only eat vegetation typically grasses leaves
and shoots of plants. According to Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World Volume 5 (Marshall Cavendish Corp. 2001) some gazelles can live their entire lives
and never drink any water. The taxonomy of gazelles according to ITIS is: There are many vulnerable and endangered species of gazelle.
For example the Cuvier's gazelle's population is estimated at only 1750 to 2950 according to International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List.
Another endangered species is horned the slender gazelle. It is estimated that there are only a few thousand left.
The dama gazelle is not only the world's biggest gazelle it is also the rarest according to the Smithsonian National Zoological Park.
It is endangered critically and has a population of less than 500. The major threat facing gazelles is hunting.
The Queen of Sheba's gazelle became extinct when it was hunted for food in 1951 by soldiers according to the IUCN.
The name gazelle comes from the Arabic gazal the term for love poems. A gazelle will flick its tails
or stomp its feet to warn others of a lurking predator. The horns of the Edmi gazelle can grow to 14 inches (35.5 centimeters) long.
Goitered gazelles get their name from the large bump on their throats. The bump is larger on males.
It is a large patch of cartilage that helps them bellow loudly to potential mates during mating season.
Gazelles can stand on their back legs to reach leaves high in the branches of trees e
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