As the sides of the cubes disintegrated from exposure to water researchers saw that the weight of the sandstone above was held up by fewer and fewer sand grains.
This increased the amount of force placed on those remaining grains from the sand above.
Experiments and numerical models revealed that once a critical weight from the higher parts of the sandstone was reached the downward force locked the lower grains of sand together more tightly increasing their resistance to erosion.
In fact it is the interaction of hundreds of billions of sand grains gravity and erosion nothing more.
or grains was associated with a 7 percent to 19 percent lower mortality risk. The researchers estimated that 9. 3 percent of male deaths
and now that it's finally warming up trees are expected to bloom at the same time as grasses causing a dramatic rise in pollen allergy experts said.
and grass allergies are probably going be impacted doubly because both of those things are going to be said blooming at the same time Dr. Lolita Mcdavid a pediatrician at University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital in Cleveland Ohio.
and amount of flowering grasses in an area that year studies have shown. This year in addition to low temperatures heavy precipitation in many areas of the country especially in March may have suppressed temporarily pollen release.
and grass resulting in greater pollen release later in the season experts said. On top of the rain and humidity melting of the recent snow is also contributing to mold growth
and are often found at ground level clinging to grass. They also live in lawns and gardens especially at the edges of woods and old stone walls according to New york's Department of health.
Allergic rhinitis In the spring trees and grass start to produce pollen to which many people are allergic.
Primarily they eat grass and seeds but they also eat insects and bird eggs when they get the chance.
To keep her calves safe from predators a female gazelle will hide her babies in tall grasses.
This means they only eat vegetation typically grasses leaves and shoots of plants. According to Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World Volume 5 (Marshall Cavendish Corp. 2001) some gazelles can live their entire lives
in order to create what we are eating Ron Milo the study's co-principal investigator and a professor of plant sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel told Live Science We found that it is much larger for eating beef. 7 Perfect Survival Foods Milo
and his colleagues collected data on the environmental costs per calorie of dairy poultry pork eggs and beef foods that account for 96 percent of the calories Americans get from animals.
Maybe I like beef very much Milo said. But from knowing those numbers maybe I could just eat it once a week or once every two weeks.
The researchers discovered that the galloping gourmets are indeed big on bamboo and are drawn to the same sunny gently sloped spots as pandas.
Pandas and horses eat about the same amount of bamboo but a herd of more than 20 horses created veritable feeding frenzies destroying areas that the reserve was established to protect.
and eating a high-fiber diet of grains fruits and vegetables should remedy constipation. If not a paucity of bowel movements could point to (or lead to) a serious medical condition.
That fiber comes in whole grains beans vegetable and vegetable skins seeds and nuts features of an Asian diet.
when our bodies produce allergic antibodies to the proteins in tree and grass pollens. The antibodies then sit in the immune cells we have on all surfaces of our bodies in contact with the outside.
They appear from February until the end of May then grass pollens from the end of May until the end of August with June and July (Wimbledon fortnight!
So if you re sensitive to both tree and grass pollens then inconvenience is guaranteed from February right through until August of any given year.
The lightning in thunderstorms can break pollen grains into smaller particles which can lead to acute outbreaks of hay fever.
But he said the wind-carried pollens from trees grasses and weeds that cause seasonal allergies are very light and stay airborne for a long time.
and people who are allergic to grass pollen may just be miserable everywhere because this type of pollen is incredibly cross-reactive he said. 8 Strange Signs You're Having an Allergic reaction Myth:
In contrast pollens from trees (such as birch oak elm maple and cottonwood) grasses and weeds are very light
Unlike with tree and grass pollens you can control your exposure to flowers Costa said.
but they are only available for ragweed or grass pollens. Follow Live Science@livescience Facebook & Google+.
and revitalize understory grasses and forbs. Anecdotal evidence from the San juan Fire also suggests that the previously treated areas allowed fire crews to safely conduct burnout operations
they only eat vegetation such as shrubs bushes and grasses. Grazing accounts for a significant part of their eating habits.
to a diet with greater emphasis on fresh vegetables beans and whole grains. For some study participants plant-based diets lowered blood pressure better than did prescription hypertension medicine and without the medication's side effects.
which is still active is the Whole Grain stamp from the industry-sponsored Whole Grains Council.
because it is made from oats a whole grain regardless of the fact that it is reportedly magically delicious from copious marshmallows (second ingredient) containing sugar corn starch
General mills which manufactures Lucky Charms is a sponsor of the Whole Grains Council. A better labeling scheme would state things such as Caution:
and residents transformed them into exquisite goods. Vast agricultural fields where farmers grew crops such as corn squash sunflower little barley
Pollen grains buried in nearby Horseshoe Lake show farming at Cahokia intensified starting about A d. 450 accompanied by rapid deforestation.
If you use weed-killer to stop grass from sprouting in your driveway it might contain glyphosate.
A 2010 study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences identified microfossils of plants such as date palms legumes and grass seeds stuck in Neanderthal teeth.
and cereal grains were those in Sweden and the least likely were the children in Cyprus an island in the Mediterranean.
Elephants eat grasses roots fruit and bark. They use their tusks to pull the bark from trees
Grains for example can grow faster if temperatures are higher. But higher temperatures reduce the amount of time seeds have to mature
and grains including wheat barley and oats are all healthy food sources that will appeal to most waterfowl.
Following the massive megathrust in March small earthquakes jangled the sinking plate all along its length Detecting these quakes with seismometers showed the Pacific Plate bent beneath the North american Plate.
Very simply beer is made by extracting sugar from grains and fermenting these sugars with yeast to turn them into alcohol.
Wort is the sticky sweet liquid extracted from mashing grains like barley or wheat. Hops are small green conelike fruits from a vine plant that provide flavor.
But Hull and her colleagues noticed increasingly that bamboo was vanishing from protected areas. The researchers talked to local farmers
But while a single horse and a single panda eat about the same amount of bamboo each 20 horses descending on a patch at once cleans out the buffet leaving little for solitary pandas that come later.
So consume more fiber-packed foods such as leafy greens oatmeal and whole grains. Healthy Bites appears weekly on Live Science.
If people become more sedentary to take advantage of grains they have a tendency to eat
The (emperor's) sled was drawn to another place where a gate made of bamboo had been erected having a leather ball suspended in the center.
which normally ended with many empty photographs of grass moving in the wind. I never lost the excitement
Remove your thirsty turf grass and replace it with a beautiful drought-tolerant garden that doesn't need precious drinking water
You'll save money on your water bill your water supplier might even pay you a rebate for every square foot of grass you remove. 2. Check for leaks with the toilet test Put a few drops of food coloring or a dye tablet into your toilet tank.
About a year ago I found myself sitting ruefully in a patch of chiggery grass by the side of the road near the little town of Bahama North carolina waiting for a tow truck.
Whole grains nuts fish meat dark green vegetables legumes and many fruits contain significant amounts of magnesium.
But what if I told you that there is a place in Brazil where cattle graze on native grasses seasonally replenished by an annual flooding cycle where ranches are dotted with lakes full of fish where rivers support giant river otters
Some ranchers plow under the native savannas and plant exotic grasses that can support denser stocking.
and differentiate Pantanal beef grown on native pastures from other types of grass-fed beef that do not identify
whether or not the grass in question is native or an introduced exotic. If consumers understand
and care enough about the difference to buy native grass-fed beef ranchers will have an incentive to stick to traditional methods.
and vegetables are similar to allergy-causing proteins found in pollens such as ragweed birch mugwort and grasses.
And people with grass pollen allergies might be bothered by tomatoes melons and oranges. Be aware of common symptoms.
while yams are closely related to lilies and grasses. Yams are native to Africa and Asia and there are more than 600 varieties.
They typically eat seeds grass and plants. One swallow of food isn't enough for these animals.
Their favorite foods are grass and herbs but water buffalo will also eat aquatic plants. Both African and Asian buffalo will eat shrubs
and trees when they can't find grass or herbs to eat. Buffalo like most mammals bear live young
From October to December one of the rainy seasons the moths lay their eggs on grasses and crops in Kenya and Tanzania.
The caterpillars have munched through cocoa, bananas and maize (corn), and are defecating in water supplies. So far more than 100 villages and around 500,000 people have been affected,
including thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays) and a green alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii),
We want to raise grasses; we do not want to use soybeans for diesel oil or corn for ethanol.
Over this period, production of maize (corn) fell by 30, %fruit harvests declined by 25
The genes are found in some wild wheat, and can be bred into commercial varieties but that can be an arduous process taking several years to complete.
as a result of work on a wild wheat that has yields with an unusually high protein content2. During tests on the wheat
whether France and Greece should be ordered to lift their national bans on cultivation of a genetically modified maize (corn) known as MON801,
But the EFSA concluded that none of the supposedly new scientific evidence provided by these four countries would invalidate the previous risk assessments of maize MON810.
It has approved already two more insect-resistant maizes--BT1507, which is owned jointly by Pioneer and Dow Agrosciences, and BT11,
the wheat-rice system in a region near the Tai Lake in eastern China and the wheat-maize system in the North China Plain in the northeast of the country.
wheat and maize farmlands in the North China Plain lose 19%and 25%of applied nitrogen, respectively,
Despite intense opposition from the US corn (maize) ethanol industry, the rule takes into account agricultural expansion abroad caused by rising grain prices as food crops are diverted for biofuels.
Those bacteria are needed to break down grass and other delicacies in her fibrous diet but could also pose an infection risk.
He and his colleagues used cosmic-dust data from the Cassini spacecraft currently flying around Saturn to study grains in the E ring.
They found that a small percentage of those ice grains up to 2%,were sodium rich, or salty2.
These salty grains can only exist if there is a liquid ocean close to Enceladus's mineral-rich rocky core,
These grains travel out into space in the plumes along with salt-poor ice grains that are formed like snowflakes from pure water vapour.
Salt-rich grains are frozen directly ocean water dragged up by strong vapour flow says Postberg.
The absence of sodium in the plume does not contradict his theory because the small amounts of sodium he would expect to see would not be detectable using the Keck telescope.
Using historical climate-change data, the researchers calculated average temperatures over the past 40 years for the maize-growing areas across all countries in Sub-saharan africa.
They looked at maize as it is the most important crop, says Marshall Burke, a food security researcher at Stanford university in Palo alto, California,
then added these projections to the average historical temperatures to work out the probable temperatures in maize-growing regions in 2050.
By plotting countries'average historical maize-growing temperatures against the predicted temperatures for 2050 they could see where overlaps would occur within and between countries.
The researchers suggest that one consequence could be that farmers may no longer be able to grow maize,
which maize varieties were conserved in gene banks. In particular, they looked to see if the varieties that currently grow under higher temperatures those that will be most important for farmers as the climate warms are preserved well.
His colleagues add that These countries are particularly high priorities for urgent collection and conservation of maize genetic resources.
as is customary when their maize crops struggle because of drought. But this year, they have a second backstop against hunger:
In Adi Ha, farmers can pay a onetime fee of US$5 to $30 to cover their crops of the grain teff,
Teff is insurance for these farmers, so by insuring teff we are strengthening their insurance,
says Daniel Osgood, a researcher who helped develop the policy at Columbia University's International Research Institute for Climate
Agashe tested Tribolium castaneum, the ubiquitous flour beetle, by offering the beetles wheat flour their ancestral diet and maize (corn) flour,
Wheat and maize have different ratios of these carbon isotopes. After only two weeks, Agashe found, the beetles'diet shifted to almost 30%maize flour.
This was a never-before-seen food source, she says, and they were eating plenty of it.
In other words, the beetles ate a lot of maize initially but then the rate tapered off. Furthermore the beetle populations that shifted to eating maize most quickly tended to have the lowest population sizes and stability.
Interestingly, the level of genetic diversity of a group did not affect the degree to
which it started eating maize. But in groups that were fed only on maize flour, genetic diversity becomes really important,
says Agashe. Some populations died out after about 12-15 weeks on a maize-only diet,
whereas those that survived the more genetically diverse groups began to recover by the 25th week.
Missouri, intends to launch a line of maize (corn) that contains eight different genes that make the crop resistant to herbicides and to attack by insects.
Mcdonald and his colleagues calculate that this would require more than 9 million extra hectares of land to be planted with corn (maize), an area about the size of the state of Indiana.
Most rice plants (Oryza sativa) die if completely submerged for more than a few days. But some rice varieties can survive the conditions by rapidly shooting up in height.
But a new model suggests that chemical reactions between carbon grains and oxygen could be the explanation.
with the dust containing carbon-rich and silicate-rich grains. But despite the green, carbon-rich surface of our planet
Previous theories to explain why all the interstellar-medium carbon didn't make it into the material that formed Earth include the evaporation of primordial carbon-rich grains from the disk.
that react with the tiny carbon grains but not with silicates. These grains are about one-tenth of a micrometre in diameter.
Because of this reaction, the middle part of the disk, where planets are formed, would become depleted in carbon.
Nature Newsresearchers have created transgenic maize plants that fight off pests by emitting a chemical to attract insect-killing nematode worms. 1the method,
bred maize that produced (E)- Ã Â-caryophyllene, which attracts nematodes that kill western corn rootworm an insect
whose larvae are major maize pests in North america. This mimics the natural defensive strategies of many plants,
Many maize varieties already contain a gene to make this compound. But most of the varieties that have emerged from commercial selective breeding particularly in North america have lost the ability to express it.
they interspersed transgenic and normal maize plants, and infested the plots with rootworm before releasing around 600,000 nematode parasites.
Root damage by rootworm larvae was less in the transgenic maize, and 60%fewer adult rootworm beetles emerged from such plants.
when maize roots are damaged by pests2. Identifying more compounds that act as chemical signals is crucial,
At the moment, the maize continually produces (E)- Ã Â-caryophyllene, because the oregano synthase gene is switched always on.
grasses and municipal waste was touted as superior to maize (corn) ethanol because it produces fewer greenhouse-gas emissions
Today, a combination of the recession, heightened investor wariness brought on by financial losses in maize ethanol
Part of the trouble began when last year's high maize prices and falling ethanol prices led to several bankruptcies in the industry.
With US maize-ethanol production expected to surpass 39 billion litres in 2009, and petrol consumption at 523 billion litres per year, cellulosic ethanol doesn't have much room to enter the market,
China has restricted maize-ethanol production and aims to produce 2. 5 billion additional litres of ethanol annually from non-food-grain sources by 2010.
and oil refiner Sinopec in Beijing to develop a process that uses maize stalks and leaves,
which a team led by Arjen Hoekstra at the University of Twente in The netherlands suggested that jatropha needs more water than other bioenergy crops, such as maize (corn),
which is wild, with crops such as maize that were domesticated for optimal use thousands of years ago.
Environmental groups are protesting after the Mexican government's 15 october approval of the first permits to plant experimental genetically modified (GM) maize (corn.
which is the homeland of domesticated maize. Mexican environmental and agricultural agencies say that they will keep plantings away from traditional'landrace'maize,
and will monitor the experimental crops closely before considering requests from agribusiness for full-scale GM maize planting.
But researchers say that past landrace contaminations from illegal GM maize planting (see Nature 456,149;
2008) mean corruption of traditional genomes is inevitable. Events Hwang convicted Disgraced South korean cloning scientist Woo Suk Hwang left Seoul Central District court on 26 october knowing that his sentence,
Mexico's transgenic maize under fire: Nature Newsmexico doesn't have an adequate system to monitor
or protect natural maize (corn) varieties from transgenes, say prominent scientists concerned about the experimental planting of genetically modified crops.
In the past month, Monsanto and Dow Agrisciences have received government permission to plant transgenic maize across 24 plots,
The planting of transgenic maize had been prohibited for 11 years in Mexico, where maize was domesticated first.
The experiments are meant to test hardier varieties of the crop and federal officials say that they are implementing controls to prevent gene flow.
and farmers will be surveyed about the effect on native maize. In Sonora where Monsanto has begun planting,
transgenic maize is kept 500 metres away from conventional maize fields, says Eduardo Perez Pico, the firm's chief of research and regulatory affairs for the Latin american region.
If Mexico experimentally plants transgenic maize, it should be done with ideal experiments and a great capacity to monitor them
citing the potential contamination of native maize: It is very, very unacceptable. See also'Maize genome sequenced'.
Maize genome mapped: Nature Newsplant biologists have something special to be thankful for this US Thanksgiving day.
The genome of maize (corn) a staple crop first introduced by Native americans to the European settlers centuries ago has finally been sequenced.
The genetic secrets of maize, one of the world's most widely grown grains, should accelerate efforts to develop improved crop varieties to meet the world's growing hunger for food, animal feed and fuel.
The genome is really a tremendous resource, says John Doebley, a maize geneticist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who was involved not in the project.
It gives us a tool for mapping genes that we didn't have before. The four-year
US$31-million project to sequence maize (Zea mays) was led by a US-based consortium of researchers who decoded the genome of an inbred line of maize called B73, an important commercial crop variety.
The 2. 3-billion-base sequence the largest genetic blueprint yet worked out for any plant species includes more than 32,000 protein-coding genes spread across maize's 10 chromosomes.
who led the maize-genome project. You can now find where genes that underlie certain traits are located,
After sequencing their first maize genome, researchers then tackled other corn varieties for comparison. Luis Herrera-Estrella and his colleagues at the Research and Advanced Studies Center of the National Polytechnic institute (CINVESTAV) in Irapuato, Mexico, sequenced a maize variety from the Mexican highlands called Palomero.
This ancient strain, ideal for making popcorn, diverged from B73 about 9, 000 years ago around the time that maize was domesticated first from the grass teosinte.
The team report that the Palomero genome is around 400 million nucleotides smaller and contains about 20%less repetitive DNA than B732.
You can contain three Arabidopsis genomes or one rice genome in the size difference between those two maize genomes, notes Virginia Walbot,
a molecular biologist who studies maize at Stanford university in Palo alto, California, and is an author of one of the Public library of Science Genetics papers3.
the researchers realized that there were frequent volcanic eruptions 8, 500-10,500 years ago in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt a region close to the cradle of maize domestication that dumped heavy metals into the local soils.
The conservation of the metal-detoxification and stress-tolerance genes in the derived strains strongly suggests that environmental changes caused by volcanic activity represented an important driving force that acted early in maize domestication,
a maize geneticist with the US Department of agriculture's Agricultural research service who is based at Cornell University in Ithaca,
New york, sequenced part of the gene-rich region of 27 maize varieties to map haplotypes groups of genes that tend to stick together
and complementary sets of genes, says maize geneticist Patrick Schnable, an author on the genome paper1.
The maize Hapmap also promises to make combining desirable genes easier, notes Buckler. That's because researchers can test seeds for DNA markers that flag up the presence of particular haplotypes,
maize breeders have made great strides in producing bigger, better and tastier corn, says Schnable. This genome will allow us to develop tools to make their jobs a little easier.
and transpire more water than do grasses, resulting in drier streams. According to Jobb ¡gy, reductions in base flow are pronounced less in sloping or rocky basins,
because their food shrubs and trees versus grasses carries out different types of photosynthesis. The team characterized the humans'isotope ratios by taking advantage of a fluke of history,
like cotton and maize, indicating that the Nazca were cutting down woodland to make room for farms.
cassava and maize that were cultivated later in the year, says Hammond. The Liberian ministry of agriculture has contracted now Africare, a non-governmental organization,
says a researcher who has discovered evidence of ground seeds from sorghum grass on stone tools in a Mozambique cave.
Today, seeds from domesticated sorghum grass are used as flour for porridge, as a fermentation substrate for beer and as a dye for clothing.
Grains require a complex preparation process of grinding and charring before they can be digested by humans.
The first confirmed use of grains in the human diet comes from charred barley and wheat from Israel dating to about 23,000 years ago1,
mainly from wild Sorghum species. Some of the grains appeared damaged, but none had been cooked. These data imply that early Homo sapiens from southern Africa consumed not just underground plant staples,
Archaeologist Lyn Wadley, an honorary professor at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South africa, points out that starch grains are notoriously difficult to identify
there could be a reason for this presence other than eating of grains. At the Sibudu cave in the Kwazulu-Natal province of South africa,
her group has found that grasses similar to sorghum were used for bedding and as tinder for fireplaces.
Loren Cordain, an exercise physiologist at Colorado State university in Fort Collins and an expert on the Palaeolithic diet, agrees that the evidence is too thin to support the consumption of grains as food.
I don't think they've really built a strong case for the notion that cereal grains were exploited on a real basis
which to grind the grains as discovered in Israel, for instance, nor is there evidence that humans were cooking the grains.
But Mercader believes early human grain consumption is possible even if he has demonstrated not yet fully it.
I'm not sure the early use of grains is unexpected: it's in line with other discoveries from the Middle Stone age,
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