The North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) project, a 14-nation research team, has spent the past four years drilling
a palaeoclimatologist at the University of Copenhagen who led the NEEM project.""But it is a fantastic record even so,
NEEM project leader Dorthe Dahl-Jensen tells Noah Baker what ice can reveal about Earth s last interglacial.
But the ice sheet at the NEEM site did not get much thinner than its present 2. 5 Â kilometres,
Yet the NEEM core implies that Greenland s ice sheet lost at most one-quarter of its volume,
if Antarctica s massive ice sheets do disintegrate as the NEEM core suggests they did before we could face an extremely rapid sea-level rise around the world.
NEEM s message is that the Eemian is distant only in years not in consequence
Verinata Health, based in Redwood City, California, markets a test for chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down s syndrome,
Trees of life typically root the comb jellies'lineage between the group containing jellyfish and sea anemones and the one containing animals with heads
Despite comb jellies'complexity, DNA sequences in the Pleurobrachia genome place them at the base of the animal tree of life, announced Swalla's colleague Leonid Moroz
or as close to the base as, sponges on the tree.""We ve always thought that predator-prey interactions
Sceptics wonder whether a high rate of genetic mutation in comb jellies might be causing the lineage to seem closer to the bottom of the tree than it really is."
At the meeting, WÃ rheide presented a tree of life created by comparing ribosomal protein sequences.
That is the strategy of Ginkgo Bioworks, a four-year-old synthetic biology company in Boston, Massachusetts, that develops made-to-order microbes to churn out marketable chemicals.
For accurate billing and theft protection, Gingko needs to control that use, so it is developing
supplied by Ginkgo, in its fermentation medium. The approach could even be used in nanotechnology, by making engineered nanobots that are dependent on a proprietary raw material.
The critter turned out to be a tree-climbing furry-tailed insect eater that weighed between 6 and 245 grams.
The resulting tree for placental mammals could help to resolve some longstanding debates. For example, it suggests that the treeshrews
The placental tree also shows that the Afrotheria, the group of African mammals that includes elephants
but Springer says that the lack of genetic data for extinct species adds uncertainty to their position on the tree,
and to the tree's overall shape. Bininda-Emonds adds that the team estimated the timing of the placental evolutionary explosion using just fossil information
Alert over South korea toxic leaksby Mid-december, the chill winter winds had stripped South korea s trees bare.
100 Â tonnes of crops and trees killed by the gas, leaving the scene of the accident even more barren than before."
"Surrounded by thousands of blighted trees, and watching them every day, recreated the trauma, says Kim Sangho,
and the decomposing roots of trees and shrubs and the fungi that live on them. By some estimates, the planet's soils contain more than twice the carbon in the atmosphere.
The difference in carbon-sequestration rates, the researchers report in Science1, can be explained entirely by carbon derived from the roots of trees and shrubs and their symbiotic fungi.
while that trees divert carbon to their ectomycorrhizal fungi, but having 70%of soil carbon derive from them is much more than we could have expected,
a warmer climate might lead to enhanced growth of the boreal forest s trees and shrubs,
The American chestnut, once the most abundant tree in eastern North america, succumbed to a fungal blight imported from Asia by humans.
and Flora (CITES) took the unprecedented step of granting protection to sharks and various species of tropical timber tree in their final vote today.
with several tropical hardwoods, including ebonies and rosewoods, added to appendix II.""At the last CITES conference in Qatar I felt we didn t get anything we wanted.
This conference was entirely different, says Leigh Henry, a senior policy adviser at the conservation organization WWF in WASHINGTON DC."
ESA s climate-eye dilemmasnow, trees or the air we breathe? Europe s environmental research community is facing the difficult task of settling
planting crops under fertilizer trees, such as Faidherbia albida, which provide nutrients to the soil below.
how could an experiment be large enough to be representative of a forest that has thousands of species of canopy trees and a cascade of plants beneath?
says Evan Delucia, an ecologist at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign and one of the principal investigators in a FACE experiment on young pines in South carolina.
For instance, most of the trees in a mature tropical forest are hardly growing, Â with a minority quickly filling in gaps created by the death of old trees,
says Jeff Chambers, Â an ecologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California. After two days of discussion, the group was able to converge on a basic design (see Gas ring.
the researchers also detected large amounts of POPS in various components of the ecosystems such as soil, grass trees and fish in The himalayas and in the Tibetan plateau, especially at the highest elevations."
CARBO-Extreme teams have conducted field experiments that simulated drought in different climates and vegetation types, from Atlantic pine forests to alpine meadows.
Yasuyoshi Chiba/FAOLOCUST plague The worst locust plague to hit Madagascar in decades prompted the United nations on 26 Â March to call for US$41 Â million in funding from donors to implement immediate emergency and longer
where they survived by sucking fluids from tree roots. With the warm weather this month, the nymphs have been crawling out of the ground before moulting for one last time and taking wing.
Gene Kritsky, an entomologist at the College of Mount St joseph in Cincinnati, Ohio, says that nymphs seem to count the number of times that trees set their leaves in the spring;
following a strong winter thaw during which trees produced leaves, then dropped them and grew new ones in the subsequent spring.
2013), a team including Cooley developed an evolutionary tree for Magicicada and found that the major species groups had repeatedly split into 13-year and 17-year cohorts.
Now, they hope to transform it into a conservation crop that can be raised commercially in the shade beneath the Amazon s forest canopy, without cutting down any trees.
it could save trees that might otherwise be cleared for crops or for grazing. Studies show that the types of omega-3 fatty acids found in oily fish help to protect against heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimer s disease and even depression.
a far cry from the time when tree felling drove roughly two-thirds of the country s greenhouse gas output.
and we are saving trees. Michael Bloomberg, New york s mayor, would probably agree. He promised in 2008 to reduce the city s dependence on tropical hardwoods such as ip (pronounced ee-pay),
suggest that emissions from plastic-wood manufacture are 45-330%higher than those of redwood production,
The analyses also revealed the characteristic fingerprints of pine resin, as well as herbs such as rosemary and basil,
DLRGIANT iceberg cut adrift Antarctica s Pine Island Glacier shed a massive iceberg last week (to the left of the crack),
Pine Island, one of Antarctica s fastest-moving ice streams, previously calved large slabs of ice in 2001 and 2007.
and apples trees were becoming infected again. Breeders were back to square one. Even armed with modern breeding techniques and 15 Â known defence genes in the apple family
The findings mean that Japan s beloved Fuji apples join the ranks of other plants that are likely to have altered their harvests by warming temperatures,
such as wine grapes and the sugar maple trees used to make maple syrup.""Climate changes are impacting the everyday lives of real people,
Previous work had shown that rising temperatures could make apple trees flower earlier. Fruit-tree specialist Toshihiko Sugiura of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization in Tsukuba, Japan,
and his colleagues decided to look at how this shift affects the quality of the fruit.
The team analysed four decades'worth of data collected from two varieties of apple Fuji
as trees and shrubs shift northward into previously scrubby tundra. But the current work suggests that the change in the seasonal CO2 signal is too big to be explained by ecosystem shifts that far north.
faster-growing trees in areas where old-growth forests have died off.""Our models all seem to fail to capture this effect,
Birds protect Costa rica's coffee cropthe yellow warbler may not pull a perfect latte, but it turns out it's a friend to coffee drinkers all the same.
Research in Costa rica shows that hungry warblers and other birds significantly reduce damage by a devastating coffee pest, the coffee berry borer beetle.
A study found that insectivorous birds cut infestations by the beetle Hypothenemus hampei by about half,
saving a medium-sized coffee farm up to US$9, 400 over a year s harvest roughly equal to Costa rica s average per capita-income income.
the more forest grew on and near a coffee farm, the more birds the farm had,
but has spread to nearly every coffee-producing region. The insect is invulnerable to most pesticides,
Karp and his colleagues covered coffee bushes on two Costa rican plantations with mesh fine enough to keep out birds.
when birds were excluded from foraging on coffee shrubs, rising from 4. 6%to 8. 5%.By analysing bird faeces for beetle DNA,
Next, the researchers combined data about bird abundance, forest cover and beetle populations from six coffee plantations.
He and his colleagues have previously found that birds help to protect the famous Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee crop from the borer beetle2,
It is a forest of nonnative, invasive blue gum eucalyptus, along with Monterey cypress and pine, that has covered the city s Mount Sutro since the late nineteenth century.
For more than a decade, the University of California, San francisco (UCSF), which sits at the base of the hill
wild flowers and brush by selectively thinning the trees. It also wants to restore the original natural habitat
while a crew with chainsaws and electric weed-cutters cleared blackberry bushes, ivy vines and small eucalyptus trees near roads and buildings in
The protesters were pleased not to see the trees come down even in the name of fire safety."
Selective tree-clearing on Mount Sutro would help the larger remaining trees to fight the beetle and fungal pests currently afflicting the forest,
Reducing competition for sunlight should encourage the growth of large trees, which, say consultants, would enhance carbon storage
Nonnative pine trees provide habitat for threatened cockatoos in Western australia, for example. And in Scotland, old industrial waste heaps known as shale bings are now home to rare and protected plants and animals.
In the late 1880s, Adolph Sutro, a mayor of San francisco, planted the treeless hill with imported blue gum eucalyptus,
as well as Monterey pine and cypress. The eucalyptus quickly took over, and today the forest feels like a primeval jungle a tangle of almost exclusively introduced species. Joe Mascaro,
an ecologist at Stanford university in California who has been publicly critical of UCSF s management plans,
Michael Nichols, National geographic/Wildlife Photographer of the Year 2013'The President's crown'by Michael Nichols displays a giant sequoia tree (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in all its glory.
'a 3, 200-year-old giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Sequoia National park, California, a team of climbers scaled a nearby 75-metre tree
Michael Nick Nichols says that his main job in creating this picture was to sit nervously in a tent at the base of the tree
The data are checked first cross with measurements of tree girth and height at several hundred ground plots the classic way to calculate forest biomass.
if investments increase in agriculture projects such as oil-palm plantations.""If that ever happens, you could see some dramatic changes,
Geoscientists hope to use the decay of radioactive uranium in layers of volcanic ash in the core to precisely date events between about 205 Â million and 235 Â million years ago
In North america, the beetle mainly attacks dead or ailing trees. But the beetles, which were introduced to China in the 1980s,
have wiped out more than 10 Â million pine trees in northern provinces since 1999. A study led by Sun Jianghua,
says Sun. One of these induces trees to release large amounts of the compound 3-carene a strong attractant to the beetles that is not released in response to the north American fungal variant.
000 trees are infected now, compared with the staggering 3 in 10 that were affected in Shanxi province in 2001, during one of the worst outbreaks.
says Holly Dublin, chair of the elephant specialist group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Fungus discovery offers pine-wilt hopethe pine-wood nematode is a major pest in the forests of China.
has killed more than 50 million trees and resulted in economic losses of US$22 billion since 1982.
In Asia, pine-wood nematodes spread with the help of Japanese pine sawyer beetles (in the Monochamus genus). The worms enter the respiratory system of hatching beetle pupae in the trunks of diseased trees
when they move to healthy trees. As the young beetles feed, the nematodes leave through the insects'mouths.
trees often die within a year and their hollow trunks provide an ideal place for mature beetles to mate
The pests seem to prefer certain pine forests over others, but the reason has not been clear."
pine forests are affected not equally, says Sun."A burning question is what makes an alien species invasive in some habitats but not the others.
at least as far as the pine-wood nematode is concerned. In an eight-year survey, at six sites in southern China, Sun and his colleagues found that tree infestation was higher in the presence of a previously unknown species of tree fungus,
Sporothrix sp. 1. The results are published this month in Ecology1.""Although we knew that pine-wood nematodes feed on not only the vascular tissue of pines but also tree fungi,
little is known about what the fungi do to either partner in this symbiotic relationship, says Sun. Â To examine the fungi s role in the relationship, the team fed nematodes and beetles with different types of fungus in a Petri dish.
says Sun. The researchers found that Sporothrix sp. 1 also increased the trees'production of diacetone alcohol,
is to identify all fungal species that are involved in facilitating pine-wilt disease.""It s unlikely that one single species is to blame,
and reproduction of the nematode as well as its dispersal are now"two potentially promising strategies to prevent the nematodes from infecting trees,
which includes conifer trees such as spruces. Comparisons of the genomes of Amborella and those of other plants suggest that an early ancestor of flowering plants gained a duplicate copy of its genome
we want to keep in mind that it s not just the trees that are in that area,
especially stands of whitebark pine. As the Yellowstone region has warmed, mountain pine beetles and blister rust fungus once thwarted by the cold,
dry climate have devastated the trees, depriving grizzlies of energy-rich pine nuts. Moreover, say conservationists, invasive fish have crowded out native cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake at the heart of the park,
reducing another important food source for the bears.""We have unprecedented an situation with deteriorating foods,
After two years, a district-court judge restored protection, citing concerns about the declining whitebark pine and its effect on the bears diet.
Tree growth never slowsmany foresters have assumed long that trees gradually lose their vigour as they mature,
but a new analysis suggests that the larger a tree gets, the more kilos of carbon it puts on each year."
"The trees that are adding the most mass are the biggest ones, and that holds pretty much everywhere On earth that we looked,
"Trees have the equivalent of an adolescent growth spurt, but it just keeps going. The scientific literature is chock-full of studies that focus on forests'initial growth
In their study, Stephenson and his colleagues analysed reams of data on 673,046 trees from 403 species in monitored forest plots, in both tropical and temperate areas around the world.
They found that the largest trees gained the most mass each year in 97%of the species
Although they relied mostly on existing data, the team calculated growth rates at the level of the individual trees,
Estimating absolute growth for any tree remains problematic, in part because researchers typically take measurements at a person's height
But the researchers'calculations consistently showed that larger trees added the most mass. In one old-growth forest plot in the western United states
for instance, trees larger than 100 centimetres in diameter comprised just 6%of trees, but accounted for 33%of the growth.
which showed similar growth trends for two of the world s tallest trees the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and the eucalyptus (Eucalyptus regnans) 4, both
branches and limbs throughout the canopy to calculate overall tree growth. Stephen Sillett, a botanist at Humboldt State university in Arcata
California, who led the 2010 study, says that the latest analysis confirms that his group s basic findings apply to almost all trees.
The results are consistent with the known reduction in growth at the leaf level as trees age.
older trees have more of them. And in older forests, fewer large trees dominate growth trends until they are brought eventually down by a combination of fungi, fires, wind and gravity;
the rate of carbon accumulation depends on how fast old forests turn over.""It s the geometric reality of tree growth:
bigger trees have more leaves, and they have more surface across which wood is deposited, Sillett says."
"The idea that older forests are decadent it s really just a myth. The findings help to resolve some of these contradictions,
The younger trees may grow faster on a relative scale, he says, meaning that they take less time to,
But on an absolute scale, the old trees keep growing far more. The study has broad implications for forest management,
pigs and bats using a model they developed to map evolutionary relationships between viruses from different host species. The branched tree that resulted showed that the genes of the deadly 1918 pandemic virus are of avian origin.
Moose eat balsam fir trees. When the moose population expands, unchecked by predation, fewer fir seedlings can grow large enough to escape into the canopy above the reach of moose
and reproduce. There is already a missing generation of trees from between about 1910, when the moose arrived on the island,
and 1940, when the wolves came. Most of Isle Royale s balsam firs are thus either older than 100 years and near the end of their lives
or young and short enough to be browsed to death. If the trees do not achieve escape in the next decade
or so, says Vucetich, "large portions of Isle Royale are not going to generate balsam fir, which is a really basic component of a boreal forest ecosystem."
"A genetic rescue could set a precedent for intervention in other parks. Many scientists familiar with Isle Royale support genetic rescue, especially because human activity has contributed to the current population crash.
He fears that a decade without significant moose predation would leave the fir trees devastated. Phyllis Green, superintendent of the Isle royale national park, is considering three alternatives:
Roughly half of the current fires are managed on land by oil-palm and logging companies even though using fire to clear land is illegal in Indonesia,
allowing new cottonwood and willow trees to germinate and restore small patches of riparian habitat. The move,
which follows bitter international battles over water rights, will mark the first time that the United states and Mexico have put water back into the parched riverbed for environmental purposes.
 In recent decades, invasive saltcedar trees have crowded out much of the native habitat. The water pulse is designed to create broad expanses of moist sand in
which native cotton  woods and willows can germinate, says Patrick Shafroth, a plant ecologist with the US Geological Survey in Fort Collins, Colorado.
The challenge will be to keep those newborn trees alive. Shafroth helped to lead related experiments on a Colorado river tributary, the Bill Williams River in Arizona, in 2005 and 2006.
the rate at which cottonwood roots can keep up. In addition to the eight-week pulse flow, dam operators will also release a base flow of 65 million cubic metres,
Trees might not germinate if their seeds do not spread properly. And many saplings could perish
if the summer is particularly brutal. But a successful experiment could build support for future releases to the delta
and built a shelter (a little snow cave with some pine needles for insulation) within the hour.
just as the wolves bolted out of the trees. I don't know how but my car started after sitting four days in minus 20 degees or colder weather and
Glancing out the windows at the ruggedly handsome countryside with its moody grey-clad skies deep green rolling hills gnarled and wiry ancient trees it s easy to understand the pride history
Even in the depths of warehouse 8 lined with aging oak barrels stacked head high there is innovation amid tradition.
The Solera vat a Glenfiddich first is a huge pine cask that is filled from the top drawn from the bottom
The U k.-based Oxitec has applied to release genetically modified olive fruit flies under netted olive trees in Spain the BBC reports.
AND SHOVEL 19 OAK LEAVES INTO A WISHING WELL AND YOU WILL BE A MILLIONAIRE LIKE MY SONS FATHER!
#Green Energy Scheme To Burn Beetle-Infested Trees For Electricityaldo Leopold described the burning of wood as re-releasing the sunshine the tree depended upon to grow.
People don t often think of burning trees to make electricity however in part because in many regions of the world groups are trying to protect the trees and forests.
But what if the trees are dead already? In a new program the U s. Forest Service is fueling a biomass power plant in Colorado with trees killed by a pest called the mountain pine beetle Greenwire reports.
The program will also send trees to the plant that are infested not yet but are in danger of catching
and spreading the problem. The Eagle Valley Clean Energy plant will burn 250 tons of wood daily for the next 50 years Greenwire reports creating electricity for the residents of the small town of Gypsum.
Since the late 1990s Colorado has had to deal with unusual numbers of beetle-killed pine trees.
Mountain pine beetles are native to North america and normally infest some trees every year but warmer winters have meant their populations are now unusually high.
The current infestation is expected to leave behind 6. 6 million acres of dead trees the Denver Post reports.
That increases the risk of wildfires starting in pine forests and spreading to nearby homes.
Supporters say the beetle trees-to-biomass program is environmentally friendly but not all groups agree.
Biomass power plants do use a renewable fuel but nevertheless contribute to global warming because they put greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Even a pine tree burned in a forest fire does not release as much carbon as a pine tree burned in a power plant Niel Lawrence a National Resources Defense Council lawyer told Greenwire.
Some environmental groups such as the council are worried also about the Forest Service encouraging logging for biomass plants.
The team would build a giant interactive musical tree later dubbed the Treequencer. The trunk and branches would be made of steel pipes
Dancing around the tree device trigger unique beats and melodies that would emanate from a speaker nested in a birdhouse.
and returned to the park to tape together a mock-up of the tree s metallic skeleton.
and leftover tools but the team s tree did attract musicians: The band Superhuman Happiness recorded a new song and music video with the Treequencer.
The Earth can also have many multiple poplars north and south around the Earth. Currently the magnetic field of the Earth has been reducing for the last 300 years.
whether people would put their money where a tree's mouth was placed the researchers a donation box in a coffee shop with a campaign poster for a tree-planting campaign.
tree with eyes and a mouth while another just said save trees! with a normal tree.
In the tree-face condition 31 of 48 customers donated while in the non-anthropomorphic group 21 out of 49 donated.
People in the anthropomorphism group donated more money too. When we see an entity feeling pain we would feel guilty
Watching the video it reminded me of the old Test Driving video game on the PC a long time ago. lol---In space no one can hear a tree fall in the forest.
and time-intensive field work according to a new study of the pine processionary moth a pest that destroys pine and cedar trees.
Thaumetopoea pityocampa larvae feast on the foliage of trees throughout southern Europe and the Mediterranean though the species seems to be expanding its territory north and to higher altitudes recently.
The caterpillars make distinctive highly visible silk nests in the trees they live in so they are relatively easy to track from afar.
Nor would Street view be a good way to track all species. Evidence of the pine processionary moth's habitat is highly visible from tree-lined roads
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