Some 15%of global carbon emissions result from deforestation and forest degradation which releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as trees are destroyed.
The CAO sweeps laser light across the vegetation canopy to image it in 3-D enabling the determination of the location and size of each tree at a resolution of 3. 5 feet (1. 1 meter.
#Eating tree nuts results in modest decreases in blood fats and sugars, survey findseating tree nuts appears to help reduce two of the five markers for metabolic syndrome a group of factors that raise
and blood sugars among people who added tree nuts to their diets compared to those who ate a control diet.
and meta-analysis examining all of the collective evidence of randomized clinical trials on the effect of tree nuts on metabolic syndrome.
when tree nuts replaced refined carbohydrates rather than saturated fats. He said there was no adverse impact on the other risk factors for metabolic syndrome
Tree nuts are such things as almonds Brazil nuts cashews chestnuts coconuts hazelnuts pecans macadamia nuts walnuts pine nuts and pistachios.
One serving of tree nuts is about  cup or 30 grams. He said that people in North america consume on average less than one serving a day so this is one way they can adapt their diets to take advantage of the metabolic benefits.
The U s. Food and Drug Administration has granted tree nuts a qualified health claim for cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
Tree nuts are recommended also as part of the Mediterranean Portfolio and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diets for cardiovascular disease prevention and management based on their ability to reduce bad cholesterol.*
*This study received funding from the International Tree Nut Council Nutrition Research and Education Foundation and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
The objective of the present work was to produce a new mango drink enriched with the antioxidants of the mas cotek (Ficus deltoidea) herb.
We found that dried Ficus deltoidea leaves extracted with water at 50 degree celsius for 20 hours yielded an aqueous extract with the highest content of flavonoids and total phenolics.
#Re-distribution of major tree species in British forests should begin soonscientists at the University of Twente
The researchers studied three major tree species: spruce pine and oak which together make up 59%of The british public forest area.
Thanks to this new information the forestry industry can anticipate by redistributing tree species when restocking existing woodland or planting new woodland.
For the first time the study provides a probability-based risk assessment of drought impacts on forests. Michal Petr assessed these impacts during his doctoral studies at the University of Twente's Faculty of ITC.
Petr discovered that tree species currently planted will no longer be a viable choice for production forestry in lowlands across Great britain over the next sixty years due to sharp growth reduction.
if tree growth and yield are to be sustained. Promoter Luc Boerboom added: Although this study does not provide the complete picture it is the first time we have quantified risk in Great britain on
and these results enable us to estimate more reliably the impacts of drought on spruce pine and oak.
and valley oak you need an anthropogenic fire system. Lake raised among the Yurok and Karuk tribes in the Klamath River area of northernmost California began his career with an interest in fisheries
Those trees that have grown up since fire suppression are like straws sucking up the groundwater Lake said.
Mature trees remained for the acorn harvest but burning also made way for the next generation of trees to ensure a consistent future crop.
Opening the landscape improved game and travel and created sacred spaces. They were aware of the succession
#Trees save lives, reduce respiratory problemsin the first broad-scale estimate of air pollution removal by trees nationwide U s. Forest Service scientists
and collaborators calculated that trees are saving more than 850 human lives a year and preventing 670000 incidents of acute respiratory symptoms.
While trees'pollution removal equated to an average air quality improvement of less than 1 percent the impacts of that improvement are substantial.
and managing the 138 million acres of trees and forests that grace the nation's cities towns and communities.
Trees'benefits vary with tree cover across the nation. Tree cover in the United states is estimated at 34.2 percent
but varies from 2. 6 percent in North dakota to 88.9 percent in New hampshire. In terms of impacts on human health trees in urban areas are substantially more important than rural trees due to their proximity to people Nowak said.
We found that in general the greater the tree cover the greater the pollution removal and the greater the removal and population density the greater the value of human health benefits.
Tree and Forest Effects on Air Quality and Human Health in the United states is available online at:
http://www. nrs. fs. fed. us/pubs/46102story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by USDA Forest Service-Northern Research Station.
and air qualityto reduce fire hazard in the United states wildland managers often utilize the silvicultural practice of mechanically cutting woody shrubs and suppressed trees (ladder fuels).
killing red maplesnew research from North carolina State university shows that urban heat islands are slowly killing red maples in the southeastern United states. One factor is that researchers have found warmer temperatures increase the number
of young produced by the gloomy scale insect--a significant tree pest--by 300 percent which in turn leads to 200 times more adult gloomy scales on urban trees.
Gloomy scales suck sap from trees removing nutrients and energy. This reduces tree growth and can eventually kill trees.
The researchers focused specifically on the abundance of gloomy scales on red maple (Acer rubrum) trees at 26 sites in Raleigh North carolina.
We wanted to look at the most important pest species of the most common tree species in urban areas of the southeastern United states says Dr. Steve Frank an assistant professor of entomology at NC State and senior author of the papers.
Urbanization reduces the amount of vegetation in a habitat and increases impervious surfaces such as roads and rooftops.
This can diminish predator and parasitoid communities and their ability to control pests. However it also makes cities hotter than rural areas.
The researchers collected data on a wide variety of ecological variables that could affect gloomy scale populations including habitat characteristics the temperature at each tree site and the abundance of predators and parasitoids.
That supports the differences we saw in scale insect abundance on the trees. Populations at the warmest sites were over 200 times more abundant than those at the coolest sites.
The researchers also found a second factor in urban heat's adverse impact on red maples.
Specifically the researchers found that higher temperatures increase stress on red maples by making it harder for them get water from their roots to their leaves.
To get a sense of the overall impact of heat on red maples the researchers evaluated the condition of 2780 trees in Raleigh North carolina
and foresters may need to change the way they decide which trees to plant and select trees that are suited better to hotter conditions Dale says.
This also tells us that we need to plant more trees and vegetation in cities increasing shade on impervious surfaces and limiting the'heat island'effect Frank says.
It would also make sense to choose trees that are less susceptible to scales and other pest species. The research on scale insect abundance is published in Urban warming trumps natural enemy regulation of herbivorous pests which is forthcoming from the journal Ecological Applications.
The research on the overall impact of urban heat on red maples is in The effects of urban warming on herbivore abundance and street tree condition
which was published in PLOS ONE on July 23. The Ecological Applications study's findings are also consistent with an earlier study from Frank's lab that found another scale insect species is more abundant at warmer temperatures due to increased survival rates.
and rising temperatures associated with global climate change could lead to increases in scale insect populations which could have correspondingly negative effects on trees like the red maple Dale says.
Unlike tropical trees the soil seems to be on the sidelines in the climate adaptation game.
grass found on coffee plantations and the major forage plant in Brazil commonly known as signal grass.
The team included NAU graduate students and undergraduate interns from the Watershed Research and Education Program as well as members of the Arizona Game and Fish Department U s. Forest Service Oak Creek Ambassadors
The researchers believe that there are several factors contributing to the decline in population in the Oak Creek area including major threats by nonnative species such as crayfish predatory fish and invasive plants.
and silt fines and 5%pine bark; a soil-based substrate (soil) composed of 50%sandy loam soil and 50%pine bark;
and a slate-based substrate (slate) composed of 80%expanded slate and 20%pine bark.
The substrates differed in infiltration and drainage rates as well as chemical composition. Diverse plant species that included trees shrubs herbaceous perennials a grass and a rush were selected to allow the researchers to evaluate the performance of a wide range of evergreen deciduous woody and herbaceous plants.
Results showed that sand had good overall retention of pollutants except nitrogen. Soil had the lowest remediation of phosphorus
Betula nigra (river birch) Betula nigra'Duraheat'Magnolia virginiana (sweet bay magnolia) Magnolia virginiana'Sweet Thing'Itea virginica (Virginia sweetspire) Itea virginica'Henry's Garnet'Panicum virgatum'Shenandoah
finding ways to manage competitive vegetation under the trees and supplying important supplemental nutrition to trees.
in order to meet the trees'nutritional requirements. A common characteristic of Ozark Highland soils is a relatively low soil organic matter concentration a condition that can have detrimental effects on orchard productivity Rom said.
A cross-disciplinary research team studied the impacts of groundcover management systems and nutrient source on soil characteristics tree health and productivity and insect disease and weed management.
The researchers evaluated several under tree in-row groundcover management systems including shredded paper wood chips municipal green compost and mow-blow.
and juniper are abundant. Livestock now can't graze on these cheap food sources. Could interspecies transplants of gut microbes help livestock expand their dining menu?
Juniper is expanding its range and ecologists and land managers are concerned he says. Farmers are interested in getting their sheep
and goats to eat juniper. The study was funded by the National Science Foundation. Dearing and Kohl conducted the research with three other University of Utah faculty members:
juniper toxins are found inside juniper needles. Most mammals are herbivores. Some face serious challenges:
and replaced juniper there but did not go farther north into Great Basin deserts. Desert woodrats in the Mojave started eating creosote bushes while desert woodrats in the Great Basin kept eating toxic juniper to
which they had adapted earlier. At first the ancient juniper eaters in the Mojave likely were equipped poorly to eat invading creosote
but scientists believe microbes sped up their dietary adjustment. Though slow evolutionary genetic changes in herbivores play an important role in adapting to new diets.
while juniper-eating woodrats from the Great Basin had a different set of gut bacteria.
In the new study Dearing and colleagues performed three experiments using two kinds of woodrats â juniper eaters from the Great Basin desert
So in the experiment juniper-eating Great Basin woodrats were fed rabbit chow mixed with feces either from other juniper eaters or from creosote-eating Mojave woodrats.
--and thus gut microbes--from creosote eaters juniper eaters persisted for 11 days on the creosote diet without losing much weight.
Yet 65 percent of the juniper eaters that ate feces of other juniper eaters didn't gain microbes that detoxify creosote
But in juniper eaters that consumed the feces of creosote eaters their newly acquired gut microbes likely detoxified most of the creosote taking the burden off of liver enzymes.
but a plant like a dandelion with lots of close relatives shouldn't be counted equal to our endemic redwood
If our goal is to preserve the tree of life and pass it on to our children then it's important to preserve not only the cradles of new species the neoendemics but also the refuges of rare and threatened species the paleoendemics;
Early results from California already have pinpointed regions--such as the upper Sacramento Valley near Lake Shasta the coastal redwood belt and the San francisco bay Area's unique serpentine soil areas--as hotbeds of endemic
Use the Entire Tree of Lifemishler's model basically takes a yardstick to the limbs branches
and twigs of the tree of life the branching diagram that illustrates the relationship of one species to another.
The tree was initially a metaphor for the relatedness of all species. Charles darwin referred to the tree of life in his seminal 1859 book On the Origin of Species
If we look only at the diversity of species--the twigs on the tree of life--we aren't taking advantage of all this branch information he said.
The new paper takes as an example a small subset of Australia's flora its acacia trees.
#Transplanting gene into injured hearts creates biological pacemakerscardiologists at the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute have developed a minimally invasive gene transplant procedure that changes unspecialized heart cells into biological pacemaker cells
n MD Phd director of the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute who led the research team.
but to actually turn one kind of cell into another type said Shlomo Melmed dean of the Cedars-Sinai faculty and the Helene A. and Philip E. Hixson Distinguished Chair in Investigative Medicine.
The above story is provided based on materials by Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Recent findings published in Food Control journal online suggest Cinnamomum cassia oil can work effectively as a natural antibacterial agent in the food industry.
The cinnamon cassia oil is effective in low concentrations she said--about 10 drops diluted in a liter of water killed the bacteria within 24 hours.
Cassia cinnamon is produced primarily in Indonesia and has a stronger smell than the other common cinnamon variety Ceylon.
In addition to Cinnamomum cassia oil Sheng plans to take a look at another natural source to kill bacteria. She and her coworkers will study the potential of dandelions to inhibit bacteria related to bovine mastitis an infection in the mammary glands of dairy cows.
#Transplanting gene into injured hearts creates biological pacemakerscardiologists at the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute have developed a minimally invasive gene transplant procedure that changes unspecialized heart cells into biological pacemaker cells
n MD Phd director of the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute who led the research team.
but to actually turn one kind of cell into another type said Shlomo Melmed dean of the Cedars-Sinai faculty and the Helene A. and Philip E. Hixson Distinguished Chair in Investigative Medicine.
The above story is provided based on materials by Cedars-Sinai Medical center. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Dating technique more than 30 years in the makingthe researchers used a technique developed by Fisher over the past 30-plus years that involves counting daily growth layers inside the teeth a bit like counting the annual growth rings on a tree to determine its age.
#Study of noninvasive retinal imaging device presented at Alzheimers conferencea noninvasive optical imaging device developed at Cedars-Sinai can provide early detection of changes that later occur in the brain
Keith Black MD professor and chair of Cedars-Sinai's Department of Neurosurgery director of the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute and the Ruth and Lawrence Harvey Chair in Neuroscience said the accumulation
A few years ago we discovered at Cedars-Sinai that the plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease occur not only in the brain but also in the retina.
The retinal beta-amyloid plaque findings and optical imaging technology began at Cedars-Sinai with studies in live rodents
It further demonstrates significant correlation with brain amyloid burden thereby predicting accumulation of plaques in the brain through the retina said Koronyo-Hamaoui a faculty principal investigator and head of the Neuroimmunology and Retinal Imaging Laboratory at Cedars-Sinai.
The above story is provided based on materials by Cedars-Sinai Medical center. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length h
Crape myrtle a tree adored for its bright flowers that scream summer carefree maintenance and even its colorful bark now has a disease problem--although so far only in the commercial nursery setting.
Bacterial leaf spot doesn't kill the ornamental tree but creates spots on its leaves that eventually turn yellow and drop.
It's an iconic tree he said mostly because it's little work for a big payoff.
The growing demand for vegetable oil has led already to the conversion of Southeast Asian forest into oil palm plantations bringing trouble for orangutans in particular.
Oil palm concessions that have already been given to companies for production in Africa show almost 60%overlap with the distribution of great ape species the new analysis finds.
Of the area suitable for growing oil palm in Africa there is a 42%overlap with great ape habitat.
Palm oil is found in a large number of products from popcorn to candy to soap to cosmetics making growth of the tropical trees a very lucrative industry.
But at least for Wich the downsides associated with oil palm demand have been particularly apparent. Working in Indonesia during the past two decades has given
me firsthand experience of the extremely rapid oil palm development for which large areas of forest have been cleared he says.
The new analysis shows that the oil palm industry presents a significant threat to apes all across Africa.
In each of those nations approximately 80%of the area suitable for oil palm growth overlaps with ape habitat.
There is an urgent need to develop guidelines for the expansion of oil palm in Africa to minimize the negative effects on apes
The general public should try to push the companies they buy goods from to use sustainable oil palm Wich says noting that some products now carry a Greenpalm logo.
#Invasion of yellow crazy ant in a Seychelles UNESCO palm forest: Threats and solutionsthe yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes is ranked amongst the top 100 worst global invasive species
and dangers of the introduction of the yellow crazy ant to the uniqueendemic ecosystem of the mature palm forest of the Vallã e de Mai a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the Seychelles.
The palm forest of Vallã e de Mai is a unique ecosystem containing many endemic species including the iconic coco de mer palm Lodoicea maldivica.
Although the impacts and ecology of A. gracilipes have been documented well in degraded habitats in the Seychelles little is known about this ant's invasion potential in endemic palm forest ecosystems.
Praslin the second largest granitic island of the archipelago is home to Seychelles'native mature palm forest.
According to the new study in the palm forest Anoplolepis gracilipes was confined to the north-east of the Vallã e de Mai
and researching resistance of the palm forest by creating and maintaining conditions which restrict A. gracilipes populations such as the removal of introduced broadleaf trees
which host high numbers of introduced hemipterans and targeted control of ant nests in the most disturbed habitats.
and visual landmarks (trees hedges forest boundaries) that they have memorised during their past foraging experiences.
A dense network of trees and hedges (bocage) thus became a veritable maze for these bees who had become less able to recognise their landmarks.
Produced by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies (FIRS) the position statement will be presented on July 9th 2014 at a meeting hosted by FIRS and the NCD Noncommunicable Disease Alliance Shared Drivers Shared Solutions:
FIRS established in 2001 is composed an organization of the world's leading international respiratory societies working together to improve lung health globally including the American Thoracic Society (ATS) the Asociaciã n Latinoamericana del Thorax
The goal of FIRS is to unify and enhance efforts to improve lung health through the combined work of its more than 70000 members globally.
The position of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies (FIRS) on electronic nicotine delivery devices includes:
A research team led by Michael Jenkins associate professor of forest ecology found that a 17-yearlong Indiana Department of Natural resources policy of organizing hunts in state parks has spurred successfully the regrowth of native tree seedlings herbs
Oak and ash tree seedlings gave way to highly deer-resistant or unpalatable trees such as pawpaw.
Tree seedlings jumped from about 2 percent to about 13 percent of total plant cover a finding that suggests
when older trees die out there will be younger trees to replace them Jenkins said. With heavy populations of deer tree seedlings often don't have a chance to survive he said.
In those situations the forest could lose its ability to reproduce itself and eventually cease to be healthy.
or dying trees that may be infested the dispersal of invasive insects via recreational travel has not been studied well.
but much rather the remains of a tiny tree-climbing animal that could glide say American researchers Stephen Czerkas of the Dinosaur Museum in Blanding Utah and Alan Feduccia of the University of North carolina.
The Scansoriopteryx should rather be seen as an early bird whose ancestors are to be found among tree-climbing archosaurs that lived in a time well before dinosaurs.
and claws that make tree climbing possible. The researchers specifically note the primitive elongated feathers on the forelimbs and hind limbs.
or gliding from trees. Their findings validate predictions first made in the early 1900's that the ancestors of birds were small tree-dwelling archosaurs
which enhanced their incipient ability to fly with feathers that enabled them to at least glide. This trees down view is in contrast with the ground up view embraced by many palaeontologists in recent decades that birds derived from terrestrial theropod dinosaurs.
The identification of Scansoriopteryx as a non-dinosaurian bird enables a reevaluation in the understanding of the relationship between dinosaurs and birds.
Chinese cinnamon (Cinnamonum cassia) and original Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamonum verum) are two major types of cinnamon that are available in the US. â#oealthough both types of cinnamon are metabolized into sodium benzoate by mass
spectrometric analysis we have seen that Ceylon cinnamon is much more pure than Chinese cinnamon as the latter contains coumarin a hepatotoxic moleculeâ#said Pahan. â#oeunderstanding how the disease works is important to developing effective drugs that protect the brain
and probably had a climate similar to that of Portland Oregon located roughly 700 miles to the south Driftwood Canyon is a window into a lost world--an evolutionary experiment where palms grew beneath spruce trees
We collected data from more than 70000 trees and took more than 5000 samples of soil dead wood and other components of
#Researchers study flight pattern of red palm weevil in order to set more efficient control measureswhat is the average distance that the red palm weevil covers?
Does the insect's sex age and body size have an influence on its flight potential?
The results allow them to learn more about the flight pattern of this insect which is threatening palm trees all over the world in order to set new preventive and curative measures against the pest.
when an insect is detected all the palm trees within 500 metres run the risk of being infested weevil says Antonia Soto researcher at the Mediterranean Agroforestal Institute of the UPV.
For example in a newly detected source of palm trees with red palm weevil now we know up to what distance we must apply control measures
Or we know the safety perimeter that must be applied in an area with red palm weevil presence adds Juan Antonio à valos researcher at the Mediterranean Agroforestal Institute of the UPV.
#A case study of manta rays and lagoonsdouglas Mccauley a new assistant professor in UC Santa barbara's Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology does fieldwork in one of the most isolated places in the world--Palmyra Atoll.
whose captain discovered it in 1802 Palmyra contains a 12-square-kilometer national wildlife refuge part of the larger Pacific Remote Islands Marine National monument established in 2009.
Mccauley's team decided to focus on how mantas use Palmyra's lagoons. Lagoons are known to be ecologically important to a variety of mobile species including manta rays sharks turtles and dolphins.
and go from Palmyra's lagoons. Very heavily used by mobile animals as breeding grounds and as places to feed lagoons are highly sensitive to human disturbance.
Although there is no evidence that Palmyra ever supported permanent indigenous settlements its habitats were affected dramatically during WORLD WAR II
Palmyra's lagoons and the mantas that use them are protected. However lagoons elsewhere have been compromised. Fishing boat traffic and habitat degradation all may negatively affect mantas in less remote lagoons.
or planting new trees so as to make the areas more wildlife-friendly and biodiversity-rich â#but each comes at a cost Putz said.
For example if degraded natural forests are replaced by plantations of invasive exotic trees or low water-use efficiency trees biodiversity will diminish wildlife could suffer
and soil erosion could render streams unusable by local villagers. â#oewhen you save a forest from deforestation itâ##s great
and Agricultural organization of the United nations describes it as an area of more than 0. 5 hectares or a little more than an acre with trees taller than about 16 feet and more than 10 percent canopy cover.
Under that designation for example tree plantations qualify as forests. Although plantations can supply services to society such as slope stabilization firewood
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