This is known as food pollen syndrome cross-reacting allergens found in both pollen and raw fruits vegetables and some tree nuts.
Comparing restored undisturbed grasslandswinkler compared tracts of restored grasslands to undisturbed ones at three sites in eastern South dakota--Sioux Prairie in Minnehaha County Oak Lake Field Station
while the undisturbed area at Sioux Prairie is managed by the Nature Conservancy Oak Lake by SDSU and Spirit Mound by the S d. Game fish and Parks Department.
and compared the genome sequences of ten diverse citrus varieties including sweet and sour orange along with several important mandarin and pummelo cultivars.
One of these wild species gave rise to cultivated pummelo the largest citrus fruit that can often range from two to four pounds.
Surprisingly the small easily peeled mandarins were in contrast found to be genetic mixtures of a second species and pummelo.
and pummelo presumably accounting for its unique qualities. Seville or sour orange commonly used in marmalade was found to be unrelated an interspecific hybrid.
Since citrus varieties are reproduced asexually by vegetative propagation trees producing a specific type of fruit are typically genetically identical.
if one tree is susceptible to disease they all are. By inferring the past hybridization events that gave rise to these common citrus varieties
The genomes presented in the published study included pummelos oranges and mandarins. One of the sequences was the high-quality reference genome of Clementine mandarin sequenced by an international consortium including Genoscope in France the Institute for Genomic Applications in Italy the DOE JGI and the Hudsonalpha Institute for Biotechnology with contributions
from researchers in Spain and Brazil. Another was the sweet orange genome produced jointly by researchers at the DOE JGI the University of Florida and 454 Life sciences a Roche company.
while pummelos represent a single citrus species (Citrus maxima) the same cannot be said of cultivated mandarins even those long held as not having intermixed with other varieties.
and the Mediterranean cultivar Willowleaf with mandarins known to be developed hybrids indicated that all contain segments of the pummelo genome.
#Saving trees in tropics could cut emissions by one-fifth, study showsreducing deforestation in the tropics would significantly cut the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere--by as much as one-fifth--research shows.
and the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions created by loss of trees as a result of human activity. They found that tropical forests absorb almost two billion tonnes of carbon each year equivalent to one-fifth of the world's carbon emissions by storing it in their bark leaves and soil.
and trees giving off more CO2. Global temperatures are forecast to rise by two degrees by the year 2099 which is predicted to increase annual carbon emissions from the forest by three-quarters of a billion tonnes.
and allows forests to store more carbon dioxideevery spring as the weather warms trees in forests up and down the east coast explode in a bright green display of life as leaves fill their branches
They distributed 160 blocks of pine tree wood across five sub-regions of temperate forest in the eastern U s.--from Connecticut to northern Florida
Ancient forests recovered much like current ones with plants like alder birch and sassafras present in early stages
and sequoia and ginkgo present in mature forests. We were looking at the direct result of a 66-million-year old forest fire preserved in stone says Emily Bamforth of the Royal Saskatchewan Museum and the study's first author.
and release massive quantities of carbon dioxide stored in the trees and soils said report author Doug Boucher director of UCS's Tropical forest and Climate Initiative.
For the past 35 years a team of Brazilian and international researchers has studied how diverse communities of trees
Lots of trees have died while vines which favor disturbed forests proliferate rapidly said Jose Luis Camargo of Brazil's National Institute for Amazonian Research.
Trees there grew and died faster and the vines also multiplied. These changes might be driven by increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere said Thomas Lovejoy of George Mason University In virginia USA who initiated the long-term study.
#Tree hugging helps koalas keep their coolaustralia's koalas cope with extreme heat by resting against cooler tree trunks new research has revealed.
Thermal imaging uncovered the koalas'cool plan confirming that they choose to hug trees that can be more than 5â°C cooler than the air during hot weather.
Access to these trees can save about half the water a koala would need to keep cool on a hot day lead researcher Dr Natalie Briscoe from the University of Melbourne said.
When we took the heat imagery it dramatically confirmed our idea that'tree hugging'was an important cooling behavior in extreme heat Dr Michael Kearney said.
Cool tree trunks are likely to be an important microhabitat during hot weather for other tree dwelling species including primates leopards birds and invertebrates.
The availability of cooler trees should be considered when assessing habitat suitability under current and future climate scenarios.
These findings underscore the importance of trees to koalas especially in the context of climate extremes he said.
In this study the coolest trees were acacias. They're not a koala food tree but clearly they can be important
when it comes to coping with the heat. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by James Cook University.
The team sprayed greenhouse tree shoots separately with one of the three biochemicals and were successful in stopping the bacteriaâ##s spread particularly with benzbromarone which halted the bacteria in 80 percent of the infected treesâ##shoots.
which disrupts a cell wall remodeling process critical for the greening bacteriumâ##s survival inside a citrus tree. â#oeas a consequence of the chemical treatment several genes were expressed not
Citrus greening first enters the tree via a tiny bug the Asian citrus psyllid which sucks on leaf sap
The bacteria then move through the tree via the phloem. The disease starves the tree of nutrients damages its roots
and the tree produces fruits that are green and misshapen unsuitable for sale as fresh fruit or for juice.
Most infected trees die within a few years. The disease has affected already millions of citrus trees in North america
and could wipe out the industry in the next decade if a viable treatment is not found.
UF/IFAS researchers have attempted everything from trying to eradicate the psyllid to breeding citrus rootstock that shows better greening resistance.
and destroying infected trees. Florida growers say they desperate for a treatment that will work. â#oeevery grower
when forest material was removed and an increase in the area of protected forests and retained trees.
The study published in the Journal of Animal Ecology shows that tree bumblebees have rapidly spread
Researchers collected tree bumblebee queens from the wild checked them for parasites and then monitored colony development in a laboratory
Scientists believe the spread of tree bumblebees could have both positive and negative impacts on native bees.
Since its arrival to the UK the tree bumblebee has been rapidly spreading despite high levels of this castrating parasite said researcher Catherine Jones from the School of Biological sciences at Royal Holloway.
The arrival of tree bumblebees could be hugely beneficial to us by absorbing parasite pressure from our native species as well as helping to pollinate wild plants and crops.
To better assess the importance of those local effects the researchers distributed 160 blocks of pine tree wood across five sub-regions of temperate forest in the eastern United states--from Connecticut to northern Florida
The researchers then classified trees in each area based on the amount of fire damage they had sustained using measures like crown scorch
Native grasslands forests and wetlands may be converted into croplands tree plantations residential areas and commercial developments. Those conversions can in turn diminish the health of natural ecosystems
The jumping plant louse Diaphorina citri hones in on the odor methyl salicylate that is released by damaged young leaves of citrus trees
which infects citrus trees hijacks its odor production and forces it to release methyl salicylate to mimic an attack by plant lice.
This is a trick that forces the lice to quickly seek out another tree again this time with the bacterium hitching a ride on their body.
In this way the bacterium can infect new citrus trees where it causes the incurable and deadly disease huã¡
or to a control odor such as limonene another compound produced by citrus trees. The wasps were attracted strongly to the smell of both bacteria-infected and louse-infested citrus plants and also to pure methyl salicylate.
This proves that the wasp finds its prey by eavesdropping on the odor signal exchanged between bacteria citrus trees and plant lice.
In one extraordinary case a study found that the nearest possible paternal sire of an individual fig tree was 85 km away!
which are generally more drought-tolerant than trees are increasing in abundance even in rainforests that have not experienced apparent changes in weather patterns.
Lianas climb trees to reach the forest canopy where their leaves blot out the sunlight required for tree growth.
After collecting eight years of data comparing liana-free plots with naturally liana-filled plots in the same forest they quantified the extent to which lianas limited tree growth hence carbon uptake.
In gaps created by fallen trees lianas were shown to reduce tree biomass accumulation by nearly 300 percent.
which is not the case for tropical trees. Arid conditions in gaps are similar to recently reforested areas.
and young forests may dramatically reduce tropical tree regeneration --and nearly all of the aboveground carbon is stored in trees said Schnitzer.
Lianas have been shown to consistently hinder the recruitment of small trees and limit the growth fecundity and survival of established trees.
Scientists have assumed that the battle for carbon is a zero-sum game in which the loss of carbon from one plant is balanced by the gain of carbon by another.
because lianas prevent trees from accumulating vast amounts of carbon but lianas cannot compensate in terms of carbon accumulation said Schnitzer.
The results we obtained by matching chill accumulation to tree phenology showed that cherry-producing regions in Australia will experience sufficient chill to support the production of the variety'Sweetheart'with an increase in mean winter temperature of 1 Â
'The authors said their study demonstrates the complexity of quantifying chill in line with tree phenology
They noted that additional strategies for ensuring cherry trees meet specific chill requirements are needed for marginal areas.
They also contribute to acid rain ozone damage to trees and crops and the accumulation of toxic mercury in fish added Driscoll.
Wood packaging sanitation yields US $11. 7 billion net benefitthe emerald ash borer (Agrilus plantipenis) a recent insect immigrant to North america carried in with the wooden
The emerald ash borer is established already throughout much of Michigan and areas of Illinois Indiana Ohio Pennsylvania and Ontario Canada.
and unlike the emerald ash borer many introduced species do not cause substantial damages. But there is an economic net benefit to preventing
or delaying the introduction of the emerald ash borer to parts of the US that do not yet harbor it.
or worse than the emerald ash borer said lead author Brian Leung an ecologist at Mcgill University in Montreal Canada.
The emerald ash borer a native of Southeast asia and Eastern Russia lacks predators in North america
and has spread quickly killing millions of ash trees since its discovery near Detroit Mich. Emerald ash borer larvae feed on the cells of the tree's nutrient
and water transport systems. Eventually water and nutrients no longer flow to the tips of the branches and the tree dies.
For their risk analysis Leung and colleagues drew on a study of the Effectiveness of the International Phytosanitary Standard ISPM No. 15 on reducing wood borer infestation rates in wood packaging material entering
or ecological values of the trees so the benefits are even greater than our calculations said Leung.
and replacing dead trees mostly falls on homeowners and local governments. The people who experience the majority of the damages of invasive pests are not generally the people who benefit the most from the imports said Leung.
Ash trees (Fraxinus spp. line city streets and fill agricultural windbreaks throughout much of North america--38 million landscape trees in the 25 states surrounding Detroit according to US Forest Service estimate.
Ash species are important constituents of native forest ecosystems particularly the hardwood forests of the east
and ash wood is popular for bows baseball bats firewood and electric guitar bodies. Sometimes you don't have a choice to manage pests once they're here.
You can't leave a dead tree to fall on someone's house said Leung.
So even though preventative treatment is expensive and doesn't keep out 100%of wood borers when you incorporate all the data this preventative policy is still worth it.
which may avoid the cost of another emerald ash borer for a generation. Story Source:
A new view of forest fungithe so-called symbiotic relationship between trees and the fungus that grow on their roots may actually work more like a capitalist market relationship between buyers
that the fungi or mycorrhizae that grow on tree roots work with trees in a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial for both the fungi and the trees providing needed nutrients to both parties.
In the recent experiments researchers found that rather than alleviating nutrient limitations in soil the root fungi maintain that limitation by transferring less nitrogen to the trees
The competition among trees makes them export excessive amounts of carbon to the fungi which seize a lot of soil nutrients.
Although doing business with fungi is a good deal from each tree's own point of view it traps the whole forest in nutrient limitation he says.
As more carbon becomes available to the trees the limitation of nitrogen generated by mycorrhizae becomes even more important possibly eliminating
and belowground carbon loss from selective logging and ground level forest fires in the tropics based on data from 70000 sampled trees and thousands of soil litter and dead wood samples from 225 sites
The forest degradation often starts with logging of prized trees such as mahogany and ipe. The felling and removal of these large trees often damages dozens of neighbouring trees.
Once the forest has been logged the many gaps in the canopy means it becomes much drier due to exposure to the wind
The combination of selective logging and wildfires damages turns primary forests into a thick scrub full of smaller trees and vines which stores 40%less carbon than undisturbed forests.
#Composting program with used coffee groundsan interdisciplinary Kansas State university research group is turning garbage into gourmet food.
The coffee composting program coincides with the university's One Stop Drop push for single-stream recycling
#Top ten new species for 2014an appealing carnivorous mammal a 12-meter-tall tree that has been hiding in plain sight
One species of mammal and one tree species confirm that the species waiting to be discovered are not only on the microscopic scale.
A New Carnivore Hidden in Trees Bassaricyon neblina Location: Ecuador The appealing olinguito resembling a cross between a slinky cat
and trees as it waits for prey. Surveys of similar habitat near the area where this species was found did not reveal additional populations so this may be a rare species. The gecko was discovered on rocky terrain in isolated rain forests of the Melville Range of eastern Australia.
which spanned two types of forest--northern hardwood and oak. We wanted to find out what the well pads roads pipelines
#Transplant programs produce high one-year survival ratesin the latest national report on organ transplant outcomes patients receiving a new liver at the Cedars-Sinai Comprehensive Transplant Center had the best one-year
and researchers at Cedars-Sinai said Andrew S. Klein MD MBA the Esther and Mark Schulman Chair in Surgery and Transplantation Medicine.
and donor procurement agencies across the nation to evaluate the scientific and clinical state of transplantation in the United states. The lung transplant program at Cedars-Sinai is one of the few medical centers in Southern California with Medicare certification
and researchers here so we can offer patients in critical need of a lung transplant the highest level of care with the expectation of the best possible outcomes for them said Paul Noble MD director of the Women's Guild Lung Institute at Cedars
Cedars-Sinai leads the nation in the number of adult heart transplants done annually and nearly 90 percent of those patients are alive
The above story is provided based on materials by Cedars-Sinai Medical center. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length h
and nut trees--has declined dramatically over the past three decades raising a red flag for the state's multibillion dollar agricultural industry according to researchers at UC Berkeley.
The trees need this dormant time to rest so that they can later develop buds flowers
can trees that sprouted 30 or 40 years ago adapt in place to a rapidly changing climate?
This is a concern for foresters--trees live a long time but will they die if the climate rug is pulled out from under them?
and charcoal trapped in lake sediments historic land surveys and tree rings. All reveal the change of conditions through time
which tracks the changing abundances of plants and trees around the lake. We're pollen whisperers says Simon Goring a postdoctoral fellow in geography who notes that pollen records can extend back tens of thousands of years
The pre-European settlement forest was much more mature with hickory walnut oak and beech says Goring compared to modern upper Midwestern forests
which look like young forests that follow fire or other disturbance with more poplar and white birch.
The ultimate goal is to flesh out a deeper history of the effects of climate variability on forests which are essential for the ecosystem models that explore the feedbacks between forest ecosystems
Those strategies coupled with increased tree trimming to reduce the chance of fallen lines has led to some success:
Each mature tree after all needs sufficient space and nutrition for its development and will therefore be able to survive only at an appropriate distance to its neighbour.
and to what extent deforestation patterns affect the trees'vulnerability. His team consists of senior scientist Mark Cochrane a wildfire expert;
Analyzing fragmentation of forestthe prolonged drought in 2005 caused a lot of tree mortality Numata explained adding the subsequent drought in 2010 was far more severe and extensive.
Trees near the edge of forest fragments are subjected to more solar radiation lower humidity and stronger winds.
This then causes thinning of the tree canopy death of trees and plants and significant changes in the species the forest can support.
and fragmented Numata hypothesizes that these forest edges are more vulnerable to drought than trees in the interior forest.
and ash from Northern hemisphere forest fires combined to cause large-scale surface melting of the Greenland ice sheet in 1889 and 2012.
The study did not focus on analyzing the ash to determine the source of the fires
but the presence of a high concentration of ammonium concurrent with the black carbon indicates the ash's source was large boreal forest fires during the summer in Siberia and North america in June and July 2012.
which forest fires deposited ash onto the ice sheet that summer. The researchers also used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change data to project the frequency of widespread surface melting into the year 2100.
#Several new apple varieties recommended for growers'Fuji'apples have become increasingly popular among consumers
The poor and inconsistent peel color of'Fuji'apple strains has limited the apple's marketability.
The authors of a new study say that the introduction of new'Fuji'strains could increase the apple's popularity
The team studied the long-term effects of five'Fuji'strains('Autumn Rose''Desert rose''Myra''September Wonder'and'Top Export'on RN 29 rootstock) on fruit yield and harvest time quality.
This experiment was designed to determine differences among'Fuji'strains in southwestern Idaho which has similar climate conditions as those of the Intermountain West region of the United states
The researchers found that fruit of'September Wonder Fuji'trees were larger than those of other strains in 5 of the 6 years that the experiments took place.'
The authors deemed'Desert rose'a good choice for a late-maturing'Fuji'strain based on the apple's excellent color great storability and shape.'
'Myra'was particularly desirable for its attractive pink color resembling bagged'Fuji'without the expensive cost of labor associated with bagging Fallahi said.
Paul W. Noble MD chair of the Department of Medicine at Cedars-Sinai and director of the Women's Guild Lung Institute is the senior author of the multicenter study that found that the investigational drug pirfenidone
Cedars-Sinai will be participating in this program under the direction of Dr. Jeremy Falk and the Advanced Lung Disease Program.
Cedars--Sinai was not among the medical centers participating in this multicenter study of the drug's efficacy in treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
and Drug Administration specifically targeted for treating this fatal disease said Shlomo Melmed MD senior vice president and dean at Cedars-Sinai and the Helene A. and Philip E. Hixon Chair in Investigative Medicine.
The above story is provided based on materials by Cedars-Sinai Medical center. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
or solid particles that come from hundreds of sources including trees volcanoes cars trucks and wood fires.
In research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2012 Donahue and colleagues showed conclusively that organic molecules given off by pine trees called alpha-pinene are transformed chemically multiple times in the highly oxidizing environment of the atmosphere.
Looking at areas relatively close to NJIT that might be suitable as research sites Devan found that Morristown national historical park at Jockey Hollow has a substantial bee community--including cavity-nesting bees that forage among various flowering trees as well the understory plants beneath the trees.
Unlike social bee species such as honey bees cavity-nesting bees lead solitary lives in the wild pollinating many types of flowering trees as they search for food.
In some parts of the country orchard owners provide a hospitable nesting environment to encourage pollinating visits to almond apple cherry and other types of fruit trees.
and the trees leaf Out in addition Morristown is part of the Northeast Temperate Network (NETN) established by the U s. National park service to monitor ecological conditions in 12 parks located in seven northeastern states as well as six
. and recent arrivals such as the Asian longhorned beetle and the emerald ash borer have killed millions of trees and altered urban landscapes in the Northeast and Midwest.
Together with a student team she analysed the favourite trees of several orchid bee species in Costa rica.
Orchids eucalyptus and fecesorchid bees live in Central and South america and live up to three months on average. Members of different species are interested in different scents.
but eucalyptus-scented eucalyptol also frequently contributes to the blend. However it's not just substances that have a pleasant smell to humans that find their way into the pockets;
It's called the selection silviculture system a method of using partial harvests done to a strict formula to sustainably manage the trees.
and thinning to grow trees valuable for lumber or veneer. It could also involve tending natural stands to accelerate the development of old-growth character
It can be producing the smaller pole trees that provide wood for the pulp and paper industry.
The selection silviculture system is a particular method for tending forests where repeated partial harvests are used to manage the trees.
Usually a specific structure (amount of trees by size and arrangement) is desired and trees are removed to produce this structure.
One critical factor is that to be selection silviculture one of the goals must be providing for the regeneration of new trees
(i e. to create conditions where new seedlings establish). ) In 1957 a research forester named Carl Arbogast wrote a guide for the selection system for managing northern hardwoods.
They measured the trees in 10 randomly located circular plots under all three kinds of ownership
Only 22 of 96 stands of trees studied were harvested in compliance with the guidelines that have been shown to create a balanced and sustainable structure that assures the future productive potential of the forests.
The tree has moved around the world as an ornamental plant and has become invasive in several states
In general the trees take over space where native plants should be. Animals such as white-tailed deer the Florida panther and migratory birds that depend on native vegetation such as mangrove for food
and shelter are deprived of that habitat. â#oethis can have cascading effects through the food chainâ#said Bill Overholt an entomology professor at UFÂ##s Indian River Research and Education Center in Fort
but researchers are looking for environmentally friendlier biological agents to permanently suppress growth and reproduction of the tree.
Although scientists have not come up with a specific cost for Brazilian peppertree eradication efforts the South Florida Water Management District estimates it spends $1. 7 million per year to control the invasive tree.
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