Nations fight back on ivoryit has been a bad year for Africa s elephants. Thousands have been killed as poachers rush to cash in on soaring ivory prices,
Official numbers for elephant killings in 2013 are still being prepared, but researchers told Nature that it is likely to be a near-record year.
And figures for ivory hauls in media reports collected each month by conservation group Save the Elephants,
chair of the elephant specialist group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
He estimates that around 50,000 elephants were killed in 2011, given the amount of ivory seized,
Figures from TRAFFIC and Save the Elephants suggest that between 25,000 and 35,000 of the animals are killed each year.
traffic/Elephant Trade Info system/cites"Those numbers may be off by some margin. But based on the number of recent seizures, the elephants are being killed at their highest rate yet,
says Wasser, who estimates from news reports that 38 Â tonnes of ivory have been seized this year.
Using sound to combat elephant poacherssome positive outcomes from the CITES meeting are already being seen on the ground,
and Wildlife Service will destroy its stockpile of contraband elephant ivory on 14 Â November, officials announced last week.
"Phylogenetically, it s really the equivalent of the duck-billed platypus and monotremes, says Claude depamphilis, a plant evolutionary biologist at Pennsylvania State university in University Park, who co-led researchers on the Amborella Genome Project.
Just as the platypus genome yielded insights into the emergence of mammals, Amborella s gives a glimpse at changes that helped flowering plants,
occupy level 2. Foxes, which eat herbivores, sit at trophic level 3. Cod, a fish that eats other fish, claims level 4. Polar bears and orcas,
which have few or no predators and eat other mammals with gusto, hold the top positions levels up to 5. 5. The study,
led by Sylvain Bonhommeau, a fisheries scientist at The french Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea in S Â te,
Nicole Dutrariver dolphin found A new species of river dolphin, found in Brazil s Araguaia River basin,
Yellowstone grizzlies face losing protected statusfor the US government, the grizzly bears of Yellowstone national park in Wyoming embody a stunning success story:
More than 700 bears now roam the region, up from 136 in 1975, when the grizzly (Ursos arctos horribilis) was listed as threatened after decades of deadly clashes with ranchers, hunters and park visitors.
But the US Fish and Wildlife Service is expected now to lift the legal safeguards, after a government advisory panel of wildlife officials endorsed delisting the bear last month.
Conservation groups have pushed back, saying that the government has estimated under  the threat that climate change poses to the bears food supply,
especially stands of whitebark pine. As the Yellowstone region has warmed, mountain pine beetles and blister rust fungus once thwarted by the cold,
depriving grizzlies of energy-rich pine nuts. Moreover, say conservationists, invasive fish have crowded out native cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake at the heart of the park,
reducing another important food source for the bears.""We have unprecedented an situation with deteriorating foods,
The centre was one of several groups that sued the US government in 2007, following an earlier attempt to delist the bear.
After two years, a district-court judge restored protection, citing concerns about the declining whitebark pine and its effect on the bears diet.
A report delivered in November by the US Geological Survey s Interagency Grizzly bear Study Team describes a resilient and healthy bear population that has adapted to the loss of pine nuts by eating more elk and bison
keeping fat stores at levels that allow the bears to survive and reproduce. For Christopher Servheen, a biologist who oversees grizzly-bear recovery efforts at the Fish and Wildlife Service in Missoula, Montana, that is not surprising."
"Bears are flexible, he says.""It s easier to say what they don t eat than
what they do eat. Source: IGBSTBUT other researchers suspect that the change carries a steep price."
A reliance on meat heightens the risk that adult bears will come into contact with humans,
including livestock owners and hunters seeking elk, he says. For young bears, it may increase the frequency of potentially deadly interactions with aggressive adult male bears and wolves.
Critics also argue that the government is basing its decisions on flawed population estimates. A study published last July suggests that the government s figure of 741 Â bears is inflated (D. Â F. Â Doak and K. Â Cutler Conserv.
Lett. http://doi. org/q3d; 2013). ) The number of survey flights used to count bears has tripled since the mid-1990s,
but, the study argues, the model used to extrapolate population figures from the flights tallies does not account for increased observation time.
because the model assumes that female bears will reproduce consistently throughout their 30-year lives, with no decrease in fertilityas they age.
Mattson says that population estimates have jumped in the past by more than 100 Â bears when the statistical method has shifted."
but so has the grizzly bears range (see Home on the range), which cancels out any observer bias from increased search hours.
And although the govern  ment s official estimate of the population did jump from 629 to 741 bears this year,
That is in part because the revision takes into account a 2011 demographic study of bear survival rates based on radio-collar tracking data the first such study
But even that is unlikely to be the last word on the grizzlies: conservation groups are already gearing up to sue.
Perhaps the only point on which the US government and its opponents agree is that there will be more legal wrangling over the Yellowstone bears future."
showing the country s intention to thwart a worrying rise in elephant poaching (see Nature 503,452;
Other items include a sabre-toothed cat skull and dinosaur eggs. Rolater has agreed also to pay a $25,
Landsat, NASA s Earth-observation workhorse, for example, has a resolution of 15-100 Â metres depending on the spectral frequency, with 30 Â metres in the visible-light range.
Examples of primer pheromones are rare in mammals; the male effect in goats and sheep,
and a similar effect in mice and rats, where the presence of males can speed up puberty in females,
It has long been thought that pheromones have pivotal roles in reproductive success in mammals but the mechanisms are known scarcely,
Peter Brennan, a physiologist at the University of Bristol, UK, says that the work will be useful in husbandry in goats and other ruminants, such as sheep,
On 11 Â February, the United states also announced a domestic ban on selling African elephant ivory.
More than 20,000 elephants and 1, 000 Â rhinoceroses were poached in the past year in Africa. See go. nature. com/qjupqc for more.
Worobey and his colleagues analysed more than 80,000 gene sequences from flu viruses isolated from humans, birds, horses,
but there is evidence that the influenza virus evolves at different rates in different hosts faster in birds than in horses, for example.
The analysis also reveals a shared ancestor for almost all avian flu strains and an H7n7 virus that struck down horses and mules throughout North america in 1872.
"Transmission between horses and humans seems to have been key to some epidemics when horses were an intimate part of our lives,
says Richard Lenski, an evolutionary biologist at Michigan State university in East Lansing.""We now have this idea that the source for a lot of influenza virus we see now worldwide is potentially equine,
whereas the dogma has been for so long that its avian, says Pybus.""It s a fascinating study,
With more than 20,000 elephants and 1, 000 rhinos poached in the past year in Africa, and an estimated global illegal trade in wildlife products of US$20 billion a year a figure that does not include timber
pledged to strengthen their legislation to ensure that the trade of wildlife is regarded as a serious crime a technical definition under United nations rules that should ensure tougher penalties for those convicted of dealing in elephant ivory, rhino horn and other animal products.
and to support an existing ban on international trade in elephant ivory. At a press conference, UK foreign secretary William Hague said that the meeting"will turn out to have been a historic conference and a turning point.
The country has pushed previously to allow one-off legal sales of elephant ivory something that many scientists believe could further fuel demand and hence poaching.
The surge in elephant and rhino poaching in the past few years is believed widely to have been driven by the growing economies in the far east, especially China,
which two men were caught with around half a million euros'(US$680, 000) worth of rhino horn, yet each received fines of just  500.
Wolf plan flawed The US government s proposal to weaken protection for grey wolves (Canis lupus) is not based on good science,
The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) says that wolves in the lower 48 Â states no longer face extinction (see Nature 501,143-144;
ecologists have watched wolf and moose populations on Isle Royale in Lake superior wax and wane in response to each other, disease and the weather.
But for the longest predator-prey study in the world, the wolf is now at the door.
Devastated by inbreeding, the wolf population has dropped from 30 individuals a decade ago to just 10 Â spotted in field counts so far this year,
leading the US National park service to consider importing new animals for a genetic rescue. Now, nature is intervening
and could either save the landmark project without the need for tranquillizer darts and wolf crates,
The 24-kilometre ice bridge could let wolves from the Canadian mainland cross to the US island,
bringing an influx of genes (see Wolf island). But project scientists say that the opposite is more likely:
the last wolves could leave the island in search of mates. Â That would put an end to a study that has provided textbook ecology lessons for generations.
when wolf numbers plummet, moose populations tend to soar (see Ecosystem in flux. And it has offered insights into wolf behaviour, moose physiology,
the life cycle of moose ticks and how wolves might be driven to form packs to ward off scavengers such as ravens, rather than for any hunting advantage.
 Through the decades, the search for cause and effect in the ecosystem has been rendered much easier by isolation from the mainland s human and animal populations.
The very first wolves came to Isle Royale over an ice bridge in the early 1940s, some 30 years after the first moose.
when a wolf that biologists called the old grey guy came to the island. He sired 34 Â pups
 Whether any wolves have crossed this year s ice bridge will not be clear immediately. The scientists are conducting their annual population survey,
but snow fills wolf tracks very quickly. If new wolves do arrive their presence will probably be confirmed in the coming months,
when DNA is extracted from faeces samples. Source: John Vucetich/Rolf Petersonjohn Vucetich, co-leader of the project and an ecologist at Michigan Technological University in Houghton, says that the need for an influx of genes is becoming urgent.
In the past two decades, wolf skeletons have displayed spinal deformities that can painfully pinch nerves and affect gait and generally reduce fitness.
this might explain why the number of moose needed to support a given number of wolves has increased:
Moose eat balsam fir trees. When the moose population expands, unchecked by predation, fewer fir seedlings can grow large enough to escape into the canopy above the reach of moose
and reproduce. There is already a missing generation of trees from between about 1910, when the moose arrived on the island,
and 1940, when the wolves came. Most of Isle Royale s balsam firs are thus either older than 100 years and near the end of their lives
or young and short enough to be browsed to death. If the trees do not achieve escape in the next decade
or so, says Vucetich, "large portions of Isle Royale are not going to generate balsam fir, which is a really basic component of a boreal forest ecosystem."
caused the wolf population to fall from around 50 to 14 in the early 1980s.
And in 2012, three wolves were found dead in an abandoned mining pit. Given this history of human influence,
the argument that leaving the wolves alone would be allowing nature to take its course does not sway most ecologists.
a US Geological Survey wolf biologist based in St paul, Minnesota, argues in favour of"watchful waiting.
inbred populations of endangered species. He is convinced not that the wolves will die out; they have hit low numbers before
new wolves can be brought in quickly. But Vucetich says that it could be five years before the last wolf dies
and scientists confirm its demise, and another five before federal bureaucracies approve a genetic rescue
He fears that a decade without significant moose predation would leave the fir trees devastated. Phyllis Green, superintendent of the Isle royale national park, is considering three alternatives:
On 14 Â March, the RIKEN institute in Tokyo announced the preliminary findings of an investigation into work led by Haruko Obokata that describes a method for reprogramming differentiated mouse cells into a pluripotent embryonic-like state
#'A normal healthy wolf would not have done what happened here.''I'm predicting quite a blowback in the comments for this article...
I wonder if you had a child who was bitten allegedly by a wolf would you okay the rabies test you cite that could be reliable
and perhaps infected with the always fatal rabies disease would you opine about the population of wolves DNR practices of wolf management and the ethical treatment of animals?
We know that wolf attacks are extremely rare yet you comment that It's really more surprising that nobody has ever been attacked before now.
Where is your research that suggests it's surprising wolves don't attack more often? Black bears are much more prevalent in Minnesota yet bear attacks are also extremely rare.
The dearth of evidence (low incidence of attack) seems to suggest that wolves foxes coyotes
and bears are all pretty good at avoiding human beings. Then again I'm not as expertly trained on the subject as you are.@
@streakygopher...wolves don't pass on rabies. The killed wolf was sent to the University of Minnesota for testing both DNA testing to see
if it was the same wolf that attacked the teen camper and rabies testing. Wolves are not reservoirs of rabies meaning they can't pass it on
but they do sometimes catch it from other animals like foxes.)Mt guess is the testing for rabies is to try to gain an understanding of why the wolf behaved in such a way
if it is even the same animal. There was no reason to kill the first wolf they ran across.
Wolves are endangered. Pure politics took it off the list. Negative cheers. As a veterinarian and advocate for increased protection for wolves in Minnesota I was glad to see an article that decries the state of wolf conservation and management here.
However the author states that wolves cannot pass on rabies. I'm not sure what exactly he's referring to but
I have not seen any evidence that a wolf cannot get infected with rabies via a bite
and subsequently infect another animal by biting it. While they are not reservoirs in the same way that bats skunks
or raccoons are in areas around the country they can certainly present a hazard to human (and other mammalian) health if infected.
If I knew a person had been bitten by a wolf I would absolutely recommend that they take steps to get treatment for potential rabies infection.
Streakygopher: Well you even said allegedly when talking about the wolf that was shot. As there was no DNA evidence to ascertain
if it was even a wolf or some other animal that bit this boy. What if the wolf they shot was not the one that allegedly bit the kid shall they kill all of the wolves in say a 20 mile radius
and them proceed to DNA test every one of them to see if they were the villain?
It makes more sense to start rabies shots rather than wait for something that may never happen.
It may not have even been a wolf at all that bit the kid. Besides rabies shots are not
what they used to be decades ago with a series of very painful shots. So it makes more sense to start the shots as a precaution. 5 shots in a 14 day time span.
For those who have spread and believed the lies about wolves attacking people since time began they are just lies or falsehoods.
There has NEVER been a legitimate report of a HEALTHY wolf ever attacking a human.
And if you say what about that woman in Alaska who was jogging? It has been suggested she first was attacked
and killed by a bear and not killed by a wolf however wolves as many other animals are scavengers
and will eat the kill that any other species left when they were done with it.
Not meaning to sound harsh but that is just facts. wolves are usually very shy and avoid human.
So before these DNR officers go and kill every wolf they see lets hope they wait for the DNA tests so they will have a better idea just
what they are looking for and to see if they killed an innocent wolf. Yep we're pretty bloodthirsty in minnie.
Don't pay any attention to the reports that coyote attacks are steadily increasing (pets and even small children.
And ignore the fact that minnie's efforts have contributed mightily to the reestablishment of the wolf population.
The attack was unusual--wolves pretty much leave humans alone--especially single wolves. So there's a pretty good chance that there was a problem with the animal.
Authorities killed the one that was hanging around to see if there was a danger from rabies.
Maybe they thought that human suffering was of some import. Can a wolf pass on rabies or not?
A definitive answer please. Thanks cheers. To Dan No-wits The wolf was trapped and killed for human safety precautions.
Unprovoked attacks on humans by large predators like this is a major safety concern. Trapping is needed necessary and highly effective.
Did you know that New york has animal control agencies? Yep. They are paid professionals who go
Everything from bats to raccoons (which carry rabies. Oh but those traps are okay right
Really who would wait around for the wolf to attack again? The next victim could've been a 5 year old girl who obviously wouldn't have fared as well.
Perhaps those who value wolves over human life would take that chance but most logical sane people wouldn't. Your first sentence below the title of this biased article reads A wolf--maybe--has bitten a teenaged camper in Minnesota in
what could be the first wolf attack ever recorded in the lower 48 states. MAYBE?
The attack IS CONFIRMED by the Minnesota DNR. Historically there are records of fatal and non fatal attacks on humans by wolves in North america.
However due to present day standards for verifying attacks those that happened one hundred plus years ago don't count by today's standards.
In 2007 Kenton Carnegie was killed by wolves in Saskatchewan and sadly was documented the first case in North america of a healthy wolf killing a human.
www. cbc. ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/story/2007/11/01/wolf-verdict. html) Tragically Candice Berner was killed by wolves in Alaska in 2010.
ADF&G performed necropsies and collected samples for disease testing and DNA analyses...Investigators found no evidence in any of the wolves of contributing factors to the attack such as rabies disease defense of food or habituation to human food.
www. adfg. alaska. gov/index. cfm? adfg=pressreleases. pr12062011) Your closing paragraph states: Yes this wolf attacked a person but...
BUT WHAT? are allowed we no longer to go camping or sleep under the stars on the ground in the middle of a popular National Forest campground in a place known to be trafficked highly by humans as well as wildlife?
Its time to stop making excuses for wolves. Wolves are not reservoirs of rabies...YES THEY ARE!
Where do you get your information? Perhaps No-Wits you could tone down the keyboard thumping
When It Rainslol its obvious to all this Dan Not-A-Clue has never been in Minnesota Never been around the wolf problem
and generally is a raving NAZI wolf cultist! The location Dan Know Nothing was several hundred miles west of the prime habitat and major location of the Minnesota Timber wolf.
Secondly Dan of No-Facts falsely represents this federal camp ground as a primitive wilderness experience.
And finally Dan of LITTLE THINKING the wolf was taken out quickly by federal trappers as evidently this area has been experiencing trouble with this wolf in the past.
The Wolf population in northern Minnesota is out of control and this violent vile vermin have started killing the Moose to extinction
and the White tail deer are soon following. Dan of NO-POSSIBLE-THOUGHT! Check out your facts start writing the truth
and forget your Walt Disney fairy tale lies. This type of attacks has happened in increasing frequency in the northern sector of Minnesota
because wolves have killed its prey base! I realize DAN of NO SENSE loves L. David Mech;
and anyone who has a different view on how wolves are managed is a wildlife hating maniac.
Dan please stop writing articles about wolves on Popsci this really isn't the forum for your personal unreasonable and unscientific rants.
This is not the first time a wolf has attacked a person. The fact is not many people would report it.
The secondnight the wolves came back. I did the same thing as the night before tried to scare them off.
I look up and in the candle light I see the little scrawny wolf standing at the entrance.
I dragged his body out of the cave and in a rage deboweled him in front of the other six wolves before cutting off his tail.
just as the wolves bolted out of the trees. I don't know how but my car started after sitting four days in minus 20 degees or colder weather and
and walk with a limp today so don't even try to tell me that wolves are so cute and cuddly.
All the wolves you've ever seen were either in a zoo or a sanctuary or domesticated PETS.
So unless you've seen a wolf out in the wild in its habitat you don't know a thing about them.
I hate wolves more than anything. I respect them immensely but I hate them nonetheless. There seems to be a lot of emotional reasoning in these comments.
Wolves are no where near endangered hence the USFWS's scientifically backed and logical reasoning for delisting them!
People need to quit with the whole oh the poor wolves are endangered and the sky is falling bovine feces.
Opal Wolf-For those who have spread and believed the lies about wolves attacking people
since time began they are just lies or falsehoods. There has NEVER been a legitimate report of a HEALTHY wolf ever attacking a human.
Well here's your report Opal Wolf when I was young (I was in grade 6)
I was attacked almost and killed by a pack of timber wolves. They were running at
me and came within 15 feet of me before I managed to escape therefore please don't say that wolves would never attack a human.
While it's a rare thing if a winter has been very tough and food scarce they are preditors
Instead you only manage to perpetuate the tiresome stereotype that out-of-touch urbanites with no real contact with wolves are the only ones who care deeply about wolf conservation.
As a wildlife biologist working to ensure wolves remain on the landscape I find it disheartening
While I believe that we may ultimately want the same things for wolves I feel like you havenã¢Â#Â#t really thought about how to achieve those things.
and irrational sides of the wolf debate would consider actual science and use some reason when debating
Both sides need to recognize that wolves are just animals like deer fish rats dogs cats
I have seen wolves begging for food in campgrounds and chasing people on bicycles. I have sat also with a rancher
and watched as a pack of wolves calmly traveled through the middle of his heard without the slightest bit of trouble.
and eating an elk calf in a manner that also turned my stomach as it would of any other compassionate person.
Wolves are just wolves. They live and they die and make their mark on the world like everything else.
By attempting to fit wolves into the false and arbitrary constructs of our own personal philosophies we strip them of their most enduring quality;
Consider that if a dog had attacked a kid in a similar manner it would face a similar fate.
if it were a bear a lion a tiger or the last snow leopard. Human safety has always been
This kid was doing nothing âÂ# wrongã¢Â#Â#in wolf country and seems to have been involved in a completely unprovoked attack.
Trapping and killing this wolf was an obvious necessity. If you knew anything at all about wolf biology
or trapping the fact that they caught this wolf in the same campground within 3 days of the attack would provide ample evidence to proceed
and kill this individual wolf for rabies and DNA testing. If it is the wrong wolf then that honestly is too bad
but an abundance of caution is needed when human lives are at risk. What would you propose they do?
Chain it up for a week while the lab tried to extract the wolfã¢Â#Â#s DNA from his wounds?
If you meant to imply that they might be able pull the kids DNA from a drugged wolf then you might be on a âÂ# more correctã¢Â#Â#line of thought
Your description and general interpretation of wolf trapping was actually quite funny. Itã¢Â#Â#s almost like you didn't know that âÂ#Âoecatch
and releaseã¢Â# wolf trapping using leg hold traps has likely been the single most important tool for wolf researchers and conservationists for over 50 years.
and GPS collars responsible for all of the research extolling the benefits of wolves got on those animals?
How do you think the Mexican wolves that were reintroduced into Arizona and New mexico got into the trucks they were brought in on?
so I will let you know that they used traps the only kind that work for wolves leg hold traps.
There are an estimated 2200 wolves in Minnesota right now that is more than all of the wolves in Montana Idaho Wyoming Oregon and Washington combined.
Squeeze those into the northern 2/3s of the state and you have one of the most robust populations of wolves in North america.
The loss of this 1 wolf to that population is so biologically insignificant that I have a hard time understanding what you mean
when you write âÂ#Âoewhen the animal in question is as at risk as the gray wolfã¢Â# âÂ#Â
You might not remember that wolves have been listed federally de in the Great lakes and Rocky mountain Regions for a few years now.
Wolf recovery in the lower 48 is probably the greatest success story in the history of the endangered species act yet many people refuse to recognize success for what it is.
and push to keep wolves on the endangered species list then they must admit that the act is simply a place where threatened species go to die out
but the last thing that wolf conservation needs is misinformed one more extremist publicly spouting off on something they obviously know very little about.
If you honestly care about wolf conservation and want to talk about wolves in a meaningful way then step out of your bubble
and go out in the field with a biologist. Talk to them about what they do
@Firedup Yes I can acknowledge that the grey wolf population as a whole is in decent standing
but there are certain subspecies in the lower 48 (for example the Mexican Grey Wolf) that are threatened more than ever.
I would recommend contacting some agencies such as wolf centers that are dedicated to the subspecies'reintroduction into their natural habitat.
I believe the International Wolf Center is a great resource for things like this as well as the California Wolf Center.
In addition to the above post-bigtexcaly-you might want to know that there were no wolves in Colorado
These comments are just another example of anti-wolf hatred that goes back for generations.
We nearly made the wolf extinct in the lower 48 because of misinformation and hatred. Wolves have made barely a comeback (in the lower 48)
and the killing them off out of a misguided fear has begun already. The dropping them off the endangered list (in the lower 48)
Some people will not be happy until every wolf is killed because there is such a danger as
I see the human carnage by wolves everyday in the news . But of course the liberal press covers up that too.
Why couldn't the trapped wolf have been trapped humanely and euthanized? Honestly when our natural resources have to be protected from agencies that purport to protect our natural resources we are in deep trouble.@
when it comes to wolves in general but more specifically to their recovery ecology history population status and more.
and against wolves but I'd like to add there are many (like me) who are demanding wolves be managed responsibly (like all other species) to be able to defend ourselves
and livelihoods legally if need be and to not be chastised by out-of-state urbanites who wouldn't know a wolf from a coyote!
Pro-wolf'management'that which adheres to science consistent with today's circumstances not one hundred plus years ago should be promoted versus the pro-wolf/anti-wolf stances.
Social perspective on wildlife management policies must be taken into consideration but my question is how can we responsibly manage wildlife
if wolf biologists and wildlife officials construct a documentary aired on PBS Animal Planet Discovery
and the like telling the TRUTH about wolves conservation and current issues pertaining to wolves. The majority of wolf advocates do not live even remotely close to wild wolves
or know the struggles many rural folks are facing today with everything from livestock/pet depredations loss of hunter opportunity to human safety.
They only see the hype on TV and read articles like this or receive Defenders of Wildlife
or Sierra Club mailings asking for money to protect the beautiful endangered wolves. Wolf admirers believe the blatant lies from activist groups who scream that hunting wolves will drive them into extinction.
Has an animal rights/environmentalist group ever disclosed factual wolf management policies and hunting regulations to those they seek monetary support from?
Probably not. But they zero in on trapping and completely misconstrue information making it out to be a horrid tool of wildlife management
and usage of'magic'when explaining the use of trapping in wolf management.)On the other hand offensive photos of trapping and/or trappers go viral
and then killing the closest wolf seems like a knee-jerk reaction especially seeing that a wolf having bit the boy is in question.
The trapping of wolves in known wolf territory is apt to trap a wolf and doesn't seem too unusual.
This may be the wolf in question seeing how it was not healthy and was in the area
so killing the wolf serves no purpose except for some misguided vengeance or revenge. We humans are not a part of the natural state of the wilderness any longer.
You say so killing the wolf serves no purpose except for some misguided vengeance or revenge.
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