Ultimately, Miller and Duren envisage a trio of geostationary satellites that would allow constant surveillance of greenhouse-gas emissions not just over Los angeles,
The attacks are a protest at the suicide of Aaron Swartz, an Internet activist who killed himself earlier this month.
Stem-cell reforms California s US$3-billion stem-cell agency the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) in San francisco is to reform its governance structure to minimize conflicts of interest,
Global Fund boost Germany has announced a donation of  1  billion (US$1. 3  billion) to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS
Other nations are also stepping up the fight. Last week the Nicaraguan government reportedly declared that it would include coffee rust on a list of special research projects designed to safeguard the country s agriculture.
ratios of oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in the core show that some 6, 000 Â years after the onset of the Eemian,
000 kilograms-force per square centimeter), the boron nitride pellets formed round lumps about two millimeters across that were"colorless and totally transparent,
The data in the new study only show how the nano-twinned boron nitride responded to indentation loads with up to seven newtons of force."
The company says that it intends to resolve the dispute and is working separately to settle the USDA s previous complaint by 31 january.
the high court ended a 3. 5-year legal battle in which two researchers working with adult stem cells challenged the legality of the National institutes of health (NIH) funding the work,
The company is embroiled in intellectual-property disputes with two other firms in a prenatal genetic testing market potentially worth billions (see Nature 486
"They haven t really done anything to resolve this ongoing dispute
Alert over South korea toxic leaksby Mid-december, the chill winter winds had stripped South korea s trees bare.
Surveillance-camera footage seen By nature shows two workers attempting to connect a hose to a valve on top of a HF tank.
and self-contained breathing apparatus because they did not initially understand the threat posed by HF. Almost a day passed before they began using calcium hydroxide to neutralize the acid,
there may be more immediate threats to forests in the next 20 to 30 years from extreme weather events.
"The take-home message is that social learning learning from others rather than through individual trial and error is a more potent force in shaping wild animals behaviour than has been recognized so far,
midway between Shanghai and Beijing the first case from Shandong province (not shown on map.
well-established avian flu virus H5n1 may help to target H7n9 surveillance and control efforts. The map shows human cases of H7n9 (blue circles) superimposed on a risk map developed for H5n1,
and health officials to target their surveillance and control efforts. For H5n1, researchers integrate large data sets that combine information on many potentially important factors, such as poultry trade routes,
and as well as positive H5n1 results from active surveillance in markets. Marius Gilbert, a co-author of one such study published in PLOS Pathogens in 20111,
risk modelling and mapping were discussed as one means to devise targeted surveillance. Such information could also be used to help to modify farming and trade practices to reduce the risk of human exposure to the virus. As more is learned about H7n9,
and Republican senator Roger Wicker (Mississippi) was charged with threatening injury and death by the Federal bureau of investigation on 18 april.
and tell public health workers where the public health threat lies. But with H7n9, it is only the appearance of new human cases that shows where the silent spread in birds
But despite intensive surveillance of poultry, wild birds, pigs and other animals, the animal reservoirs remain largely unknown.
to discuss the surveillance and other measures needed to try to prevent the introduction of the virus. Nailing down the transmission routes of the virus in China alone is a huge challenge;
Martin will convene a meeting of international experts to be at the FAO in Rome to help draw up surveillance guidelines for China and the wider region.
 It's too soon to say how big a threat H7n9 poses because we don't know how many animals
It would be next to impossible to detect H7n9 through routine surveillance for sick poultry among China s 6 Â billion domestic birds."
29 march 4 april 2013uk open access Rules making publicly funded research in the United kingdom free to read came into force on 1 Â April.
and improved aerial and ground surveillance to monitor the threat. Bird flu deaths Two men have died after being infected with a type of bird flu never before seen in humans
GM crop deal Two agricultural biotechnology giants agreed on 26 Â March to settle a lengthy legal battle over patent rights to next-generation genetically modified (GM) soya beans.
Scientists stress that it is much too early to do a full risk assessment of the potential pandemic threat.
or maybe because of shortcomings in surveillance or reporting. A key requirement now, Peiris says, is to track down which birds
These findings, published online today in Nature1, could help scientists to design insect repellents to combat malaria, dengue and agricultural pests.
or emigrate and helped catalyse the country s bloody war of independence from Great britain. Working from 150-year-old dried leaves, two competing teams have sequenced now the genome of the single-celled organism that wreaked havoc on The irish potato crop.
eventually resulting in The irish War of Independence in 1919. Long before it hit Europe, P. infestans probably circulated in the Toluca Valley in central Mexico,
Weigel s team also found nothing in the nuclear genomes of the famine strains to explain their ferocity.
An online media surveillance tool can track concerns and rumours about vaccines as they occur in real time.
with scientific discussions including threats from the avian influenza viruses H7n9 and H5n1. gm. asm. org21-23 may The Pasteur institute in Paris hosts an international symposium on HIV research,
Nuclei are held together by the strong nuclear force, which acts against the electrostatic repulsion that pushes protons apart.
But calculating the interplay of these forces from first principles is complex, and theorists have devised instead several competing models to describe the structure of nuclei,
which describes the strong and weak nuclear forces and the electromagnetic force, leaves several basic questions unanswered.
and that the costs of such cases could force people to keep quiet in the face of legal threats.
US$60-million battle to bring the first genetically modified (GM) animal to US dinner tables   a struggle that may be nearing its end.
the fish pose no significant environmental threat to the United states when grown in landlocked tanks,
Environmental groups are preparing to take the battle to consumers by fighting the sale of the fish in grocery stores across the country.
Yet even with regulatory approval, the battle over Aquabounty s salmon will be far from over.
Aquabounty s long struggle has discouraged other US companies from producing GM animals for food. Mark Walton, chief marketing officer at Recombinetics, an animal-biotechnology company in St paul, Minnesota, says that his company will focus initially on medical applications   using modified farm animals as disease models
Considering pesticides along with other known threats to biodiversity may be crucial for halting species declines, she says.
but not revolutionary, he says. Although no wine presses have been found at Massalia, Dietler thinks that it is only a matter of time before one turns up.
Turing is regarded as a hero of the Second world war for helping to break the German Enigma code.
28 july-1 august Scientists discuss conflicts between humans and wildlife at the 50th annual conference of the Animal Behavior Society in Boulder,
The virus poses no health threat to humans. The US Department of agriculture (USDA) had tried to keep PEDV and other diseases out of the country by restricting imports of pigs and pork products from certain nations, such as China.
US Department of agriculture"It s a real threat, says Lisa  Becton, a veterinary surgeon and director of swine health information at the National Pork Board, an industry group in Des Â
The threat of cordgrass is especially acute on Chongming Island, home on its eastern end to the 24,000-hectare Shanghai Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve declared a region of international ecological importance by the Ramsar Convention, a global wetland-conservation treaty.
But in 2012, its makers, BASF Plant science in Limburgerhof, Germany, announced that, because of hostility to GM products in Europe,
as well as in conflict-ridden regions such as Pakistan and Sudan. Ehsan Dulloo, head of conservation at Bioversity International, an agricultural-research organization in Rome, says that securing samples for placement in gene banks is important to protect species from destruction by natural calamities or war, for example.
Khoury notes, for instance, that wild relatives of the faba bean, found only in war-torn Syria,
owes more to simple physical forces than to the skill of bees, according to a new study.
which some have suggested could be activist sabotage.""We may never know who actually released it,
He says that any saboteur would have been taking a gamble that the GM wheat would be found.
The battle does not end there: the main parliament will vote on the issue in September,
This raises the threat that H7n7 will reassort and become able to spread to humans.
Better surveillance of Chinese bird populations is needed to monitor the emergence of dangerous viruses such as H7n9,
David Morens, an influenza researcher and senior adviser at the US National institutes of health in Bethesda, Maryland, says that the evolutionary pathway that the viruses followed suggests that more surveillance
an epidemiologist at Columbia University in New york city, says that surveillance is not a foolproof solution.
Ample horns are a ram s ticket to reproductive success. During the breeding season, males fight for access to females,
but the authors say that the country does not have adequate surveillance in place to determine
Among the biggest threats are fungi and oomycetes, similar but distinct groups of microbes, which cause plant diseases.
and to avoid conflict zones in the war-torn country. It is a daunting task that has required more than two years of planning."
The effort, funded by the US National Science Foundation and the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, might also help to resolve a simmering dispute.
the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology today fulfilled its threat to retract a controversial paper claiming that a genetically modified (GM) maize causes serious disease in rats,
Alleged conflicts of interest are at the centre of the latest round of controversy. Lepage called for the resignation of  Anne Glover, who was appointed chief scientific adviser to the European commission two years ago and
Conflicts of interest with the European Food safety Authority (EFSA) in Parma, Italy, which is responsible for assessing the risks of GMOS,
because we are recording actual gunshots. We helped to expose, for example, that there was a lot more illegal hunting going on in Loango National park in Gabon than had been thought,
Ask the guys patrolling areas that are much too large for the size of their force
Using sound to combat elephant poacherssome positive outcomes from the CITES meeting are already being seen on the ground,
for example, is now prosecuting more people for ivory offences than in the past. And the United states which in a show of intent earlier this month publicly crushed 6 Â tonnes of ivory seized at its borders since 1989,
because we weren t looking for conflict. We did all the risk assessments; we did all the things you have to do to get permission to go outside.
The two world wars, the Great depression and a 1987 international treaty on ozone-depleting chemicals put a surprising dent in the rate at
as they recovered after the Second world war. But Estrada and his colleagues found that it folllowed a reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions associated with economic downturns
Significant drops in emissions occurred during the First world war, the Great depression of the 1930s and the Second world war."
"When the wars end and you have large economic growth, the emissions of CO2 rise fast
and you have the onset of modern climate change, says Estrada. For the 1940-70 period, the way the paper shows how economic factors drove emissions down is"very nice,
"It s a careful examination and offers some strength to the argument that the change in accumulation rates of radiative forces in the atmosphere do influence temperature,
China and northern Australia (see Fruit threat). The outbreak in Jordan, reported on 29 Â October (F. Â A. Â Garcia et al.
but the fungus poses less of a threat to the bulk of the bananas that provide a staple for some 400 Â million people worldwide.
and markets endophyte-hosting turf varieties that repel pest attacks without being toxic to animals.
saying that the government has estimated under  the threat that climate change poses to the bears food supply,
The blast at Mitsubishi Materials in Yokkaichi, about 300 Â kilometres west of Tokyo, occurred
But some researchers who study firearms violence have called for better safeguards against gun ownership by those who are mentally ill (see Nature 496,412-415;
Turing s work in the Second world war helped to break the German Enigma cipher, and his concept of a universal Turing machine, a programmable system that stores and processes information, is considered a cornerstone of computer science (see Nature 482,441;
whose cameras will hitch a ride on the International Space station (see'Earth goes under video surveillance').
The US Department of defense needs to evaluate the psychological help it provides to veterans to ensure that its services are effective
It is expected to include a request for a US$1 â billion fund to fight climate change. 5-7 march The Wellcome Trust biomedical charity hosts the Genomic Disorders 2014 conference in Cambridge, UK.
But the surge in H7n9 flu cases highlights the continuing public-health and possibly pandemic threat that it poses.
and its geographical expansion is a reminder of the threat beyond China. Furthermore, although case numbers have shown signs of dropping in the past two weeks,
H7n9 surveillance is difficult in part because the virus causes only mild disease in poultry and thus spreads silently, with human cases typically the first warning of a poultry outbreak.
The difficulty of surveillance and of sampling China s huge poultry industry it produces 6 billion birds annually means that this is unlikely to be the full picture
Photoshotpoliticians vow to get tough on poaching A major political meeting in London has agreed to ramp up the fight against illegal wildlife trafficking
and Prevention and the Department of defense announced on 13 Â February that they will team up with 26 Â countries,
the poachers are armed better â Â We re seeing increasing levels of violence, he said.
there was a sense at the meeting that the attention now being given to the subject might bring changes that will make a difference to animals currently under threat."
since the global ban on ivory came into force in 1989.""We are resolved to continue the fight against trafficking
and to remove any temptation to recover the seized ivory for black-market sales, said French environment minister Philippe Martin. UK animal research The british government says that it is committed still to cutting the number of animals used in research,
and a pack develops into a predation force. He fears that a decade without significant moose predation would leave the fir trees devastated.
Dangerous research Animal-rights extremists are increasingly making their attacks personal. A 12 march report by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology says that since 2000
nearly 50%of attacks by extremists have targeted individuals rather than institutions, compared to 9%over 1990-99.
Undefined illness The US Institute of Medicine cannot define Gulf war illness, which plagues veterans of the 1990-91 war with symptoms of fatigue, pain, memory loss and gastrointestinal disorders.
The diversity of symptoms and the lack of a diagnostic test prevented a single definition,
which follows bitter international battles over water rights, will mark the first time that the United states and Mexico have put water back into the parched riverbed for environmental purposes.
Cellulosic ethanol fights for lifeon the flat plains of Kansas, a stack of gleaming steel towers and pipes stretches 16 storeys into the sky.
market forces and government policies could choke its progress.""This is going to be a very critical year,
He and others see more promise in a different approach to breaking up cellulose a brute-force combination of temperature, pressure and chemistry.
Would you stand in the way of a gunshot to its midsection in favor of wrapping a baggie around its head?
We know that wolf attacks are extremely rare yet you comment that It's really more surprising that nobody has ever been attacked before now.
Black bears are much more prevalent in Minnesota yet bear attacks are also extremely rare. The dearth of evidence (low incidence of attack) seems to suggest that wolves foxes coyotes
and bears are all pretty good at avoiding human beings. Then again I'm not as expertly trained on the subject as you are.@
Don't pay any attention to the reports that coyote attacks are steadily increasing (pets and even small children.
The attack was unusual--wolves pretty much leave humans alone--especially single wolves. So there's a pretty good chance that there was a problem with the animal.
Unprovoked attacks on humans by large predators like this is a major safety concern. Trapping is needed necessary and highly effective.
The attack IS CONFIRMED by the Minnesota DNR. Historically there are records of fatal and non fatal attacks on humans by wolves in North america.
However due to present day standards for verifying attacks those that happened one hundred plus years ago don't count by today's standards.
History repeats itself. Why is the lower 48 states so important? Do our U s. citizens in the upper 1 state not count nor our friendly Canadian neighbors to the north eh?
Investigators found no evidence in any of the wolves of contributing factors to the attack such as rabies disease defense of food or habituation to human food.
This type of attacks has happened in increasing frequency in the northern sector of Minnesota because wolves have killed its prey base!
and thought out attack. We fought for about 30 seconds before I killed him. he bit
and seems to have been involved in a completely unprovoked attack. Trapping and killing this wolf was an obvious necessity.
or trapping the fact that they caught this wolf in the same campground within 3 days of the attack would provide ample evidence to proceed
but only if they managed to do so immediately after an attack before it ate something else
or know the struggles many rural folks are facing today with everything from livestock/pet depredations loss of hunter opportunity to human safety.
The Open source Beehives project is a collaborative response to the threat faced by bee populations in industrialised nations around the world.
As they so dutifully recorded the average number of digital thrusts required (performed at an approximate rate of one to two per second) before the onset of vaginal muscle contractions:
@Wollf Laacrenbut in the grim darkness of the far future there is only war! I think an avatar scenario would be (a little?
A self-driving car near Google's headquarters rear-ended another Prius with enough force to push it forward
The attack came from Chrysler the smallest of Detroit's Big Three automakers in the form of a television commercial for the new Dodge Charger.
'âÂ# The other fight is the legal one. It too is filled with catch-22's. Hall described a Powerpoint presentation containing the automaker's analysis of self-driving-car technology.
The first wave of the attack of the machines will be these autonomous cars running people down(:
It is a form of duel mode transportation which is powered by electricity from the road bed in 2 protected automated lanes and an access and exit lane
According to John Tarduno professor of geophysics at the University of Rochester a strong magnetic field helps protect Earth from blasts of radiation from the sun. Coronal mass ejections (CMES) occasionally occur on the Sun
The magnetic poles are where all the lines of force of Earth's magnetic field are drawn together. It does not coincide with the geographic poles the axis on
In the midst of a particularly brutal civil war international attention focused on the Syrian government's use of chemical weapons against civilians.
The first chemical weapons used in World war i were released gases from canisters. Today chemical weapons are carried typically liquids in bombs or shells.
World war i saw the first major use of chemical weapons with 124000 metric tons of chemical agent unleashed by nations including the UK Germany and France.'
'Before WORLD WAR II Italy used chemical weapons in Ethiopia and during WORLD WAR II Japan used them in China.
Throughout the Cold war both the Soviet union and the United states developed and stockpiled chemical weapons. While the United states never used them in war a declassified CIA document alleges Soviet use during their invasion and occupation of Afghanistan.
Egypt was the first country to use chemical weapons in war after WORLD WAR II. Egypt joined a civil war in Yemen in 1963 where the Egyptian militarty dropped sulfur mustard bombs on enemy troops sheltering in mountain caves.
Iraq's dictator Saddam Hussein used sulfur mustards and the nerve agent Tabun against Iran in the 1980s during the Iran-iraq war and against the Kurdish people in northern Iraq in 1988.
Chemical weapons appear to have been used against civilians in the ongoing Syrian Civil war between the dictatorial regime of Bashar al Assad and a loose collection of rebel groups.
Syria's chemical weapons stockpile predates the recent conflict. Following a series of military defeats in war against Israel the Syrian government began amassing sulfur mustards sarin and VX (a nerve agent.
Syria could have acquired its first chemical weapons as early as 1973 and publicly admitted to a stockpile in 2012;
a foreign ministry spokesman said the weapons would only be used against foreign intervention. There is! In fact there have been several.
The first treaty banning chemical weapons actually predates their use. At the 1899 Hague Convention signatories agreed to not use Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases.
Agent orange a herbicide and defoliant used by the United states in the Vietnam war does not count as a chemical weapon under the rules of the treaty
however that this dispersal was one of the many factors behind Gulf war Syndrome an illness seen in veterans of the Persian gulf war.
and Russia owing to their massive Cold war chemical weapons stockpiles. According to Mauroni Russia had 40000 tons at its peak
Weapons of War-Poison gas Considered uncivilised prior to World war One the development and use of poison gas was necessitated by the requirement of wartime armies to find new ways of overcoming the stalemate of unexpected trench warfare.
In the first month of the war August 1914 they fired tear-gas grenades (xylyl bromide) against the Germans.
Introduction of Poison gas The debut of the first poison gas however-in this instance chlorine-came on 22 april 1915 at the start of the Second battle of ypres.
At this stage of the war the famed Ypres Salient held by The british Canadians and French ran for some 10 miles
During the morning of 22 april the Germans poured a heavy bombardment around Ypres but the line fell silent as the afternoon grew.
Towards evening at around 5 pm the bombardment began afresh-except that sentries posted among The french
and ordered their men to'stand to'that is to mount the trench fire step in readiness for probable attack.
The cloud did not mask an infantry attack however; at least not yet. It signalled in fact the first use of chlorine gas on the battlefield.
Ironically its use ought not to have been a surprise to the Allied troops for captured German soldiers had revealed the imminent use of gas on the Western Front.
Within seconds of inhaling its vapour it destroyed the victim's respiratory organs bringing on choking attacks.
and British troops to their right the ensuing fighting was difficult. Although the Germans succeeded in seizing control of a significant portion of the salient the Allies
and certainly damaged German relations with the neutral powers including the U s. The gas attacks were placed to rapid propaganda use by The british
The attack had one clear benefit at home however for it brought to an end German hesitancy (and disagreement) over its use.
and the use of poison gas continued to escalate for the remainder of the war. Allied Retaliation Once the Allies had recovered from the initial shock of the Germans'practical application of poison gas warfare a determination existed to exact retaliatory revenge at the earliest opportunity.
Raising Special Gas companies in the wake of the Germans'April attack (of approximately 1400 men) operating under the command of Lieutenant-colonel Charles Foulkes instructions were given to prepare for a gas attack at Loos in September 1915.
British Setback at Loos The retaliatory attack began the following morning at 5. 20 am.
If the war had continued into 1919 both sides had planned on inserting poison gases into 30%-50%of manufactured shells.
The German army ended the war as the heaviest user of gas. It is suggested that German use reached 68000 tons;
It has been estimated that among British forces the number of gas casualties from May 1915 amounted to some 9 per cent of the total
Gas never turned out to be the weapon that turned the tide of the war as was predicted often.
By 1918 soldiers on both sides were prepared far better to meet the ever-present threat of a gas attack.
and disgust at the wartime use of poison gases that its use was outlawed in 1925-a ban that is at least nominally still in force today...
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011