and some carried drug-resistant strains of the bug including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA.
However the increasing use of antibiotics has encouraged the evolution of drug-resistant strains of bacteria.
There is now even a livestock-associated strain of MRSA a bacterial strain that in humans can cause debilitating sometimes deadly infections
and is known for spreading among hospital patients. 6 Superbugs to Watch out For About one-third of people in the general population carry the human-associated strain of Staphylococcus aureus in their noses at any given time according to the Centers for Disease Control
Antibiotic-resistant strains of staph such as MRSA can be the most damaging because they can be very difficult to treat.
these strains were found either in all or all but one of their nasal samples over the 14-day study.
Recent studies have suggested that this parasite may actually contribute to human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder as well as other brain pathologies they added.#
Rajaram s varieties are high-yielding yet resistant to diseases and stresses which allows them to thrive in a range of environments.
which maintain their yield under environmental and biological stresses. This will be the key to safeguarding our wheat crop in the years ahead.
However some strains of TB may have already been lurking in South america a new study finds.
In fact these strains may have been brought to The americas by seals and sea lions researchers say. A new analysis of three ancient Peruvian human skeletons that date to between A d. 1028 and 1280 well before Europeans landed on American shores shows evidence of tuberculosis including skeletal lesions
However when the researchers reconstructed the genomes of the tuberculosis samples they found the strains didn't fit into any branches of the disease that are associated commonly with human infection.
Instead it was branching with the animals'strains of TB Bos told Live Science. The new study also suggests that the common ancestor of the M. tuberculosis complex is just 6000 years old
These dates are worked out by measuring the amount of genetic diversity among all known strains of TB bacteria
But with only three human skeletons it's unclear whether the seal strains of tuberculosis infected many people or just an isolated few.
whether the strains transmitted from seals and sea lions were widespread in the early Americas experts agreed.
Regardless of their age the marine tuberculosis strains appear to have been replaced completely by European strains following contact Bos said.
and researchers understand their effects on the body then they could be put in clinical trials for use in cancer multiple sclerosis diabetes glaucoma
Public health researchers have said studying rates of injuries accidents mental illness and teen use in the wake of the new laws will lead to a better understanding of marijuana's public health effects.
Protein supplements of any kind may cause additional strain on the kidneys if a person has a kidney condition.
and didn't want to cause fear or anxiety in their patients. Some physicians also said they wanted to focus on a patient's more-urgent and chronic medical concerns.
and plants that can resist climate stresses. Farmers have done much of this for millennia but now they have to do more
In the study researchers in Spain isolated 11 strains of bacteria from wine including strains of Lactobacillus
or even better than the survival of several strains of bacteria known to be beneficial to human health.
In particular one strain of bacteria found in wine called P. pentosaceus CIAL-86 had an excellent ability to stick to the intestinal wall
Interestingly the common names of some of these plants refer to madness to evil spirits to harmful effects
when there are research companies around the world spending millions to create products containing patented strains of probiotic bacteria for targeting specific ailments.
What s more some strains may not possess the robustness to transit through to the colon (the large intestine) because of the bile salts
or when a child is under stress. Episodes last for about four seconds and happen approximately six times per hour during the night Kids may grind their teeth for different reasons including improper alignment of jaws as a response to pain such as teething
If teeth grinding is the result of stress try talking with the child about his feelings regularly
Facet's applications are incredibly far-reaching from treating children with autism to play-testing video games.
Recognizing other people's emotions based on their facial expressions is a challenge for many people who have an autism spectrum disorder particularly children.
As a research professor at the University of California San diego's Machine Perception Lab Bartlett has been studying the use of facial recognition software to help people with autism for several years. 5 Controversial Mental health Treatments
This game helps children with autism recognize other people's emotions through their facial expressions as well as teaches them how to make facial expressions that express their own feelings.
Low magnesium levels have been linked to osteoporosis anxiety irritability depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD.
Some people with certain chronic conditions including diabetes multiple sclerosis fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome use magnesium supplements to control symptoms.
whether magnesium supplements could help anxiety ADHD hay fever Lyme disease or multiple sclerosis according to the NIH. Studies are less promising on magnesium's ability to boost athletic performance.
which are produced exclusively in the fall in response to stress. These pigments act like sunscreen for leaves blocking out damaging radiation and providing protection from excess light.
Stress Sweet potatoes contain magnesium the go-to mineral for de-stressing. It promotes relaxation calm
so she should wait until then to avoid anxiety over a false negative test and to keep from wasting money.
Those in hot, arid regions may be losing trees because of drought stress. Even if rainfall is stable,
and his team captured may be symptoms of climatic stress that make the forests more liable to such catastrophes.
These changes in mortality rates are really an indication of overall system stress, and when trees are stressed,
yet had no effect on the 25 people that it infected unlike three of the four other strains of Ebola,
he noticed that it was more resistant to rust infection than strains with normal protein content.
Ma stresses, however, that myriad approaches needs to work in parallel to make fundamental changes in the situation-including sufficient financial backup, policies with clear incentives and sanctions, law enforcement,
Nature Newsa new strain of swine flu-influenza A (H1n1)- is spreading around the globe. This timeline will be updated continually with key dates, drawing on authoritative information from the World health organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other sources.
Argentinian authorities report that a pig at a pig farm in Buenos aires province has tested positive for the novel H1n1 strain,
and pigs, making it more likely to reassort into a deadlier strain, they say. Pig surveillance is largely the remit of animal health organizations, agriculture ministries and the farming industry.
and his colleagues concluded that the lack of systematic swine surveillance allowed for the undetected persistence and evolution of this potentially pandemic strain for many years.
The virus originated from a mixture of swine flu strains, and pigs are an obvious part of the epidemiology of the new virus,
the three most common endemic strains are H1n1, H1n2 and H3n2. Most expected that any new pandemic would involve the introduction of a viral subtype not previously seen in humans,
Capua showed that serum samples from people vaccinated against seasonal flu strains showed little or no cross reactivity against H1,
Will increasing production put greater stress on the environment? No. If you doubled yields in Africa from one tonne to two tonnes per hectare, you would only need half the land
ultimately giving rise to the dangerous assortment of genes carried by the 1918 virus. This work suggests that the generation of pandemic strains
is key to identifying possible pandemic strains and their future evolution. Yi Guan of the University of Hong kong, Robert Webster of St jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee,
The results run counter to previous hypotheses that the human 1918 flu strain had evolved directly from a bird flu virus2.
Instead, the new findings suggest that an avian strain entered pig and human populations, and then swapped genes with mammalian flu viruses before becoming a pandemic.
Results from 1918 and 1957 pandemic flu suggest that public-health authorities should track the sequences of all influenza virus genes in emerging strains
The researchers are now testing this strain to tease that apart. But the full utility of the fungus genome might only be realized after other related species are sequenced also,
and environmental-stress tolerance that were conserved in B73 and Palomero, but that were absent from teosinte,
The conservation of the metal-detoxification and stress-tolerance genes in the derived strains strongly suggests that environmental changes caused by volcanic activity represented an important driving force that acted early in maize domestication,
1998) that began the scare over a purported link between autism and the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
for example, research on how to increase the productivity of stress-tolerant rice in Asia, and to identify the management
whether one fast-spreading strain of the bacteria is causing human cases of the disease.
Previous analyses of 12 strains of C. burnetii found on infected Dutch dairy farms revealed one
With the Dutch Institute for Public health and the Environment, Roest's team is carrying out genome sequencing and comparisons of different strains.
comparing all Dutch C. burnetii strains to see if Cbnl01 is the most virulent. For researchers from outside The netherlands, the meeting presented an incredibly wonderful opportunity to learn from the Dutch,
These strains pose an even greater threat to wheat than other types of Ug99 because they are more virulent
The week ahead 20-22 may Mouse models of autism are one of the items on the agenda at the international meeting for autism research
Pennsylvania. www. autism-insar. org 22 may This year's International Day for Biological Diversity (as proclaimed by the United nations) has been allotted the theme of poverty
Wu stresses, however, that pest control must keep sight of the whole ecosystem. The impact of genetically modified crops must be assessed on the landscape level,
The UK Medical Research Council has called for greater investment to address the huge mismatch between the social and economic burden of mental illness and the relatively slow progress in research in the field.
This is research that will contribute to the xenophobia that is already running amok in our country today.
said that countries were generally not reporting out-of-season outbreaks of the flu strain,
How stress shapes ecosystems: Nature Newsyou are tense and wary, alert to every rustle and snapped twig.
an ecologist at Yale university in New haven, Connecticut, has been teasing out the ecological ramifications of this predation stress in meadows.
whether the physiological effects of stress on grasshoppers scale up to plants, soil, bacteria and onwards,
Six of the eight GM banana strains developed with the green pepper gene showed 100%resistance to BXW in the lab1.
There is an anxiety, which must be alleviated, he says.
Chemists help archaeologists to probe biblical history: Nature News TEL MEGIDDO Fabled as a site of biblical battles and spectacular palaces,
The H5n1 strain of influenza which raged through Southeast asia a decade ago and has killed hundreds of people to date remains a problem in some developing countries,
The birds carry a genetic tweak that diverts an enzyme crucial for transmitting the H5n1 strain.
One stresses economic growth but gives low priority to the environment, whereas the other emphasizes feeding the world while preserving ecosystems.
Other blockbusters due to come off patent include Sanofi-aventis's anti-clotting drug Plavix (clopidogrel) and Eli lilly's schizophrenia drug Zyprexa (olanzapine.
aims to create plants that can withstand strains of the evolving stem-rust pathogen Ug99.
People Research fraud Prosecutors in the United states are seeking to extradite a Danish scientist researching the relationship between autism and vaccines, who,
who are suspected widely of carrying in the strain (which matches cholera strains circulating in Nepal).
The outbreak 墉 the first in Haiti in nearly a century 墉 had killed by Mid-april almost 4,
they are now being monitored for stress and other adverse affects. Employees were evacuated safely from the centre.
'One of the many unusual characteristics of strain O104: H4 is that it has resistance genes to multiple classes of antibiotics.
and new pathogenic bacterial strains emerge. Shiga toxins have been causing diarrhoeal disease in humans for centuries the bacterial genus Shigella
including many strains of E coli. We are seeing more and more Shiga-toxin-producing strains says Alison Weiss, microbiologist at the University of Cincinnati in Ohio.
How have Shiga-toxin-producing phage spread so widely in just a few decades? Allison says they have unusual characteristics that make them very successful.
Not only are more E coli strains being infected with Shiga toxin, but it seems to be moving into different classes of bacteria.
The genome of strain O104: H4 has been sequenced, and it shares many genes with enteroaggerative E coli (EAEC) strains.
EAEC strains are associated not typically with zoonotic infections, and EAEC and Shiga toxin is a very unusual combination,
says Caprioli. This increased movement of Shiga-toxin-producing phage means that even more unusual and dangerous strains could be on the horizon.
Sustainable management of tropical forests has a long way to go: Nature Newsless than 10%of permanent tropical forests are under a sustainable management plan,
Nature Newsthe bacterium responsible for the current outbreak of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections in Germany is a strain that has never before been isolated in humans.
and have found clues as to how this strain which has infected so far more than 1, 500 people and killed 18 is making so many people ill.
This strain has never been found in any animal, so it is possible that it could have come from straight from the environment into humans.
Some strains of bacteria may have evolved resistance to tellurium during its historical medical use, or after its use in the mining and electronics industries increased its presence in the environment.
According to Wieler, the strain's resistance characteristics could point towards an environmental source, such as water or soil.
The ongoing genetic characterization of the strain might also reveal why the bacteria is mostly infecting adults,
But he suspects that the strain might have biological characteristics that make adults more susceptible to the infection.
One telltale sign is that the strain does not contain the eae gene, which codes for a protein called intimin,
Gad Frankel, a microbiologist at Imperial College London, suspects that the genome of this strain will reveal more information about the adherence mechanisms of E coli.
It is possible that the strain has evolved a combination of adhesion proteins that makes it particularly hard to remove from food,
This outbreak has shown we need to be prepared to deal with emerging strains with properties that give them enhanced virulence
and asked one in each pair to eat twice-daily servings of a popular yoghurt brand containing five strains of bacteria.
Mcnulty also fed the five bacterial strains from the yoghurt to'gnotobiotic'mice animals raised
One of the five yoghurt strains Bifidobacterium animalis lactis also showed a similar boost in its ability to metabolize carbohydrates.
Antibody offers hope for multiple sclerosis treatment: Nature Newsthe first drug to show signs of not just halting multiple sclerosis (MS),
but actually reversing the nerve damage caused by the condition, has taken a significant step towards clinical approval.
The results of a phase III trial, presented on 22 october at the 5th Joint Triennial Congress of the European and Americas Committees for Treatment and Research in Multiple sclerosis,
and the UK chief investigator of the Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif Efficacy in Multiple sclerosis (CARE-MS) I trial.
Arag £o hopes that the strain will not only boost yields, but also enable planting on as much as 200,
if the virus escaped from the lab. For the scientists who have created the mutated strains of the H5n1 virus,
39 flu researchers declared a 60-day pause in the creation of lab mutant strains of the H5n1 avian flu virus. The hiatus,
Scientists contacted By nature say that basic research on such mutated strains may eventually yield insight relevant to developing pandemic countermeasures such as drugs and vaccines.
) Wakefield's work posited a now-discredited link between autism and the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine;
because overuse of the drugs is"likely to contribute to cephalosporin-resistant strains of certain bacterial pathogens.
such as spotting changes that might herald dangerous strains. Many years can pass between the collection
they can be infected co with both human and avian flu strains, which means that they provide ample opportunity for gene swapping and, thereby,
the emergence of pandemic strains such as the 2009 H1n1 pandemic virus. The world is home to some 1 billion domestic pigs, almost half
and selects human strains to be included in vaccines for seasonal flu. Monitoring animals falls to the FAO,
which meant that its social stress increased, as it experienced more bullying and found it harder to get resources.
Plant breeders are also working to improve the performance of maize under environmental stress using both conventional breeding and genetic modification.
Swine-flu alert The number of reported cases in an outbreak of H3n2v virus a variant strain of swine flu that can pass from pigs to humans took a sudden spike last week.
because it contains a gene from the H1n1 pandemic strain that may increase transmissibility among humans.
Elan itself will keep ownership of assets such as its stake in multiple-sclerosis drug Tysabri (natalizumab.
Rinderpest vaccine strains, which are stocked in many countries and consist of live attenuated virus, are also a concern.
vaccine strains will need probably to be maintained in high-security labs in several regions so that they can be shipped swiftly to any outbreak,
reminded us of the need to monitor animals such as pigs that can host the development of dangerous viral strains.
and his colleagues have isolated a new strain of H1n2 influenza from Korean pigs that kills infected ferrets the model animal of choice for influenza work
Like that responsible for the 2009 pandemic, the new strain, known as Sw/1204, is a'triple-reassortant'virus that is, one with genes from avian, swine and human flu.
Choi wanted to assess the pandemic potential of Korean strains. His team tested two H1n2
and growing in human lung tissues and airway cells than the parental strain, and could still thrive
but not transmissibility, in the pandemic H1n1 strain. NA315N has also been found before, but its role is less clear.
By introducing the two mutations individually into the original Sw/1204 strains the team showed that both contribute to the greater virulence and transmissibility of the virus. Malik Peiris,
When Choi added them to another H1n2 strain, they did not increase transmissibility or virulence to the same degree, suggesting that other genetic features of Sw/1204 also play a part.
For Van Eenennaam, a geneticist at the University of California, Davis, the scientifically unfounded assertions that transgenic foods are increased responsible for incidence of autism,
early knowledge about the pig genome led to the discovery in 1991 of a gene involved in porcine stress syndrome, in
which the stress of overheating, being moved or even having sex causes the animals to die suddenly4.
a genome researcher from Wageningen University in The netherlands, has resequenced the genomes of scores of different strains of wild and domestic pigs,
The main task now is to identify resistant strains of ash a challenge that European scientists are already trying to tackle
a species endemic to Europe that they thought had developed into a new, more virulent strain.
and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (DSM-5) has passed the final hurdle before it heads to the presses.
which includes controversial changes to the definitions of autism and major depression (see Nature 482,14-15;
Vaccinations dipped to as low as 79%after authors led by Andrew Wakefield published a now-retracted paper in The Lancet suggesting a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.
from sequencing its genome to crossbreeding coffee plants with resistant strains. Caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix,
that the government has supported research into developing resistant strains of coffee through crossbreeding. The introduction of resistant strains, together with improved weather monitoring to help predict rust outbreaks,
has meant that fewer than 10%of plants now need to be treated with fungicide, down from 60%four years ago,
and to find molecular markers that distinguish between different strains of the pathogen and that could be used to develop tailored strategies for its control.
"There is very little specific information on the source of this particular virus strain, its ecology or reservoir,
which occurs when different virus strains infect a host at the same time and swap genes with each other.
and modern strains, including many disease genes that were missing from the famine strains. Their work also suggests that P. infestans may have been exported to Europe more than once during the famine."
They found it to be 99.4%identical to a Chinese strain of PEDV. On the basis of that sequence
or variations in the number of copies of a repeated sequence that are unique to the various strains of wheat."
The most dangerous stocks are of live field strains of virus, estimated to be kept in at least 16 labs in 14 countries,
A vaccine that protects piglets from one common influenza virus also makes them more vulnerable to a rarer flu strain,
but the make-up of its cap and stem vary between strains. In the study, a vaccine for H1n2 spurred pigs to produce antibodies that bound the cap and the stem of that virus s haemagglutinin.
Although there is no evidence that this H7n7 strain will infect humans, the authors of a study published today in Nature1 say that their finding reinforces the idea that H7 avian viruses are constantly mixing
and compared them to other bird-flu strains, they found H7n9 and H7n7 to be hybrids of wild Eurasian waterfowl strains, such as H7n3 and H11n9.
The scientists think that those viruses swapped genes in domestic ducks before spreading to chickens, where they traded genes with a common chicken virus, H9n2.
it would take another 40  years to breed a resistant strain conventionally, says Henk  Schouten, a plant scientist at Wageningen University in The netherlands.
GM rice delivers antibodies against deadly rotavirusa strain of rice genetically engineered to protect against diarrhoeal disease could offer a cost-effective way to protect children in developing countries,
The MRSA strains found in those samples are commonly found in humans. Researchers did not find any evidence of bacteria belonging to clonal complex 398 (CC398
a MRSA strain classically associated with livestock and found in farms and farmworkers in many previous studies.
whether the MRSA strains carried in pig manure are the same as the MRSA strains found in nearby human infections.
They found that bacterial strains infecting humans were largely distinct from those found in local cattle,
but had close ties to strains that had been isolated in other countries. The results suggest that mass epidemics may spark from a complicated intermingling of bacteria between animals and humans and from exchanges between different countries
the team used whole-genome sequencing to trace the tiny evolutionary steps of the collected bacterial strains.
mostly cows, then compared them with 111 strains collected from people and animals in other countries.
The team found that strains infecting Scottish patients were different from those in local livestock.
which strains isolated from local livestock had spread to humans. But they also found that strains could spread from humans to animals."
"It s occurring at a low frequency, but in both directions, explains lead author Alison Mather, an epidemiologist at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute near Cambridge, UK.
When they looked at the strains'antimicrobial resistance, the researchers found that bacteria from humans had more diverse collections of resistance genes than those in local livestock.
This indicates that local livestock cannot be the sole source of the resistance genes found in the strains found in humans.
foreign strains carried by other humans and in imported food probably entered the country and infected animals and humans separately,
Several highly virulent strains of fungi have emerged in recent years around the world, and the oomycete Phytophthora infestans remains a persistent problem even 168 years after causing the great Irish potato famine4.
The known high incidence of tumours in the Sprague-Dawley strain of rat cannot be excluded as the cause of the higher mortality
Schierhorn estimates that some 10 million hectares could be recultivated without excess stress on water resources and soils."
The disease is caused by strains of a soil fungus called Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc.
A strain of Foc previously wiped out the Gros Michel cultivar, which was exported the main banana variety from the nineteenth century until the 1950s.
which is resistant to that Foc strain. But Cavendish is susceptible to the new Foc Tropical Race  4 (Foc-TR4) strain,
and could meet the same fate as Gros Michel if the fungus reaches Latin america, the world s leading banana exporter, says Rony  Swennen of the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium,
Although Foc strains spread slowly, they are almost impossible to eliminate from soil. Foc-TR4 was detected first in Asia in the 1990s,
Dale is trying to engineer Gros Michel bananas for resistance to the original Foc strain.
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