#Virtual fencing promises radical transformation by removing the mile upon mile of barbed wire stretched across the landscape.
The crisis is attributed generally to a mixture of disease, parasites, and pesticides. Other scientists are pursuing a different tack:
nervous because it may increase human exposure to salmonella and other foodborne illnesses. More on that tomorrow.
Are there any bacteria growing on the leaves? These are some of the questions we ll be looking at.
using the E coli bacteria as a reference model, but say the tags can be reconfigured to use for other refrigerated foods, like salad dressing or yogurt.
#How a breast milk antibody plays an important role in infant gut development Breastfeeding is an important strategy to ensure a healthy balance of good bacteria in an infant s gut.
Babies have legions of microbes that set up shop in their guts, skin, and more right from birth.
These microbes are vital. They help the growing human to digest its food, and to keep harmful microbes away.
They are so important that newborns temporarily suppress their own immune system to give their microbial partners a chance to establish themselves.
Her vaginal secretions provide her child with a starter pack of microbes. And her breast milk contains special sugars that seem to selectively nourish the gut bacteria that infants need.
Now, Eric Rogier from the University of Kentucky has found a milk antibody called SIGA also helps to set up the right community of gut microbes.
Without it, young mice face long-lasting consequences, including several signs of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
They harboured with different communities of gut bacteria and had more of certain groups that are seen in the guts of IBD patients.
And some of these microbes ended up in unexpected places. As a mouse grows up,
its gut microbes interact with its own gut cells to create a sealed barrier that keeps foreign material out of the deeper intestinal tissue.
and bacteria pass into the underlying lymph nodes. These lymph nodes should be absolutely sterile says Kaetzel.
you ll find no bacteria. When we took lymph nodes from offspring who didn t get SIGA in their milk,
they were loaded with bacteria. The most abundant species was Ochrobactrum anthropian opportunistic bacterium that s been linked to a growing number of infections in hospital patients.
It also depends on oxygen, which is odd since most gut bacteria shun the stuff or,
at most, tolerate it. You typically see overgrowth of aerobic bacteria when you have inflammation, says Kaetzel.
Beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract are crucial but you don t necessarily want them around too much,
like overgrowing in the lymph nodes, says Katie Hinde from Harvard university. This study shows that ingested SIGA is instrumental for limiting bacterial invasion beyond the gut wall.
These early changes persisted into adulthood and left the mice permanently susceptible to inflammation, even if they could eventually make SIGA for themselves.
the host s own biology, their microbes, and environmental factors like food-borne illnesses that can trigger inflammation.
For example, it contains its own microbes. Lisa Funkhouser and Seth Bordenstein have speculated that the lymphatic system conveys bacteria from a mother s guts into her mammary glands,
where they can be taken up by suckling infants. If pups that don t get SIGA from their mothers have weird bacteria in their lymph nodes,
could they then pass on different microbes to their own offspring, when the time comes for them to produce milk?
There could be some really exciting transgenerational consequences from not ingesting siga in mother s milk, says Hinde.
whether a pesticide or parasite. Researchers suspect that some pesticides may interfere with bees ability to orient themselves as they fly and forage.
</p><p></p><p>The human body is full of friendly bacteria with organisms on our skin
<a href=http://www. livescience. com/25984-breast-milk-bacteria. html>Breast milk</a>alone can have up to 700 species of bacteria according to a study released in January 2013.</
Compounds in cranberries called proanthocyanidins prevent E coli bacteria which are a common cause of UTIS from adhering to the urinary tract according to a 2001 in the journal Urology as well as a 2000 study in the journal Nutrition.
Images of Things That Make Us Sick 2. Promoting oral and gastrointestinal health The same anti-adhesion ability that works against E coli to help prevent urinary tract infections may also be effective against H. pylori a type of bacteria
Teachers parents of teenagers and anyone attending classes themselves have to worry about those dreaded back-to-school germs.
Top 7 Germs in Food that Make You Sick 1. Review hygiene basics. Kids are sometimes in such a rush to play that they forget to wash their hands.
Refined carbs and sugars feed the bad bacteria in the gut and contribute to inflammation.
including environmental stressors bacterial infections and viruses — work together to build up and steadily threaten a population before rearing back smacking down and taking an actual toll in
</p><p>Shrimp off the coast of Georgia and South carolina have suffered a mass die off over several months in 2013 from black gill disease induced by a parasite that lives inside shrimp gills
if a bacterial infection virus or some combination of infections are to blame and are currently working to figure this out.</
which ultimately provides fewer benefits for humans. 2. Preserve the rainforests Rainforests are vital reservoirs of plants animals and microbes.
The bacteria in feces provide a sampling of an animal's gut flora and fauna which determine its health.
For example poop transplants can be an effective means of treating intractable gut infections by reestablishing a healthy bacterial equilibrium.
which yeast or bacteria convert sugars to acids gases or alcohol. Fermentation scientists or zymologists study how these microorganisms can be used in fermentation processes such as beer brewing.
Louis Pasteur was the first zymologist discovering that yeast led to fermentation. Some universities even have programs now where students can major in fermentation sciences.
</p><p>The back of the tongue is a popular hangout for bacteria and other germs that can give you bad breath.</
</p><p>So after you' ve cleaned your choppers gently brush the surface of your tongue from back to front.
Doing this at least once a day helps to remove plaque-causing bacteria and food particles trapped in the tongue
and can also easily spread germs around. Covering up also prevents<a href=http://www. livescience. com/3686-gross-science-cough-sneeze. html>germ-laden droplets from getting launched</a>into the air where they can land on frequently touched surfaces
and infect others.</</p><p>This simple technique is not only good advice for adults and kids to remember during cold and flu season but it'
</p><p>The toilet seat may seem like the most germ-ridden item in the home
It beats out other germ-laden locations such as the kitchen sink pet bowl and shower drain.</
and spills as well as its moist and porous texture make it a perfect breeding ground for food-borne bacteria mold and mildew.</
</p><p>To stop the spread of germs and sanitize your sponge make sure it'
#Amazon river'Breathes'Carbon dioxide from Rain forest Bacteria living in the Amazon river can digest woody materials shed by the surrounding rain forest by turning these pieces of tree bark
Researchers at the University of Washington found that bacteria in the Amazon river can break down almost all of the tree
if or how river bacteria could break down such tough materials the researchers said. People thought this was one of the components that just got dumped into the ocean Nick Ward a doctoral student in oceanography at the University of Washington
But rather than flowing into oceans and settling on the seafloor for centuries or millennia bacteria in the Amazon river can break lignin down within two weeks the new study found.
From their analysis the researchers determined that about 40 percent of the Amazon's lignin breaks down in soils 55 percent is digested by bacteria in the river system
but it's also taking with it the bacterial community that's really good at eating the lignin.
and fought microbes due to its antiseptic properties. Pollen grains were numerous with about 1400 grains per gram seen in the tablets.
Research shows that people who work with livestock like Kremer are moreâ likely to carry antibiotic resistant bacteria on
Two million Americans are sickened by antibiotic-resistant bacteria every year and 23000 die from these infections according to a landmark U s. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report published last week.
Their Own Honey Honey contains chemicals that could help bees ward off parasites and protect them from pesticide damage new research suggests.
Though no one knows exactly what causes the dramatic die-off scientists think a range of factors including parasites
and her colleagues identified several chemicals in honey that could play a role in helping bees fight parasites and pesticides.
Bee immunity The bees that ate the honey chemicals showed activation in genes that are known to help bees fight parasites
or bacteria-like and thrived on CO2. But photosynthesizing bacteria used up CO2 and produced poisonous O2 that eventually filled the atmosphere.
To make matters worse the drop in atmospheric CO2 plunged the earth into a massive deep freeze that has come to be called the<a href=http://www. livescience. com/27684-snowball-earth-ocean-mixing. html target=blank>Snowball Earth
By inserting a gene from bioluminescent marine bacteria researchers at Bioglow Inc. developed a tobacco plant with faintly glowing green leaves.
#Breast Milk Bought Online May have High Levels of Bacteria Breast milk sold online may be contaminated with disease-causing bacteria researchers have found.
We found three quarters of the milk that we studied was contaminated either with high levels of bacteria
or certain disease-causing bacteria like the kind found in human waste said study author Sarah Keim researcher at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus Ohio.
The breast milk was contaminated frequently with coliform bacteria which are used commonly as indicators of the sanitary quality of food and staphylococcus bacteria
which grow in improperly stored foods. Three samples were contaminated with Salmonella according to the study published today (Oct 21) in the journal Pediatrics.
 Top 7 Germs in Food that Make You Sick Some of these bacteria come from mother's skin
and are usually harmless at normal levels. But coliform and salmonella could be coming from elsewhere Keim said.
We know from another study that about two-thirds of women who use a breast pump never wash its parts she said.
or bacteria from other foods in the freezer where milk is stored she said. While certain bacteria are natural components of breast milkâ
and are healthy for the baby abnormal levels of some types of bacteria and contamination with disease-causing bacteria could be dangerous to infants especially those who were born premature
or have weak immune systems the researchers said. A previous study showed about 20 percent of people looking online for breast milk mention they have a baby who was born premature
or has a health condition. The U s. Food and Drug Administration warns against feeding babies breast milk obtained online as the donor is unlikely to have been tested for infectious disease
and found higher overall bacterial counts in the Internet samples. Sixty-four percent of the Internet samples tested positive for staphylococcous compared to 25 percent of milk bank samples.
 The results also showed that each additional transit day was associated with an increase in total bacteria count in milk purchased online.
#Breast Milk Contains Over 700 Bacteria species Humans carry around loads of living bacteria that are crucial for good health
and through breast-feeding infants make some of their first contact with beneficial microorganisms that will colonize their body.
Scientists have discovered that breast milk contains more species of bacteria than originally expected more than 700 varieties.
The bacteria's exact role is still unclear but this microbial diversity could help the baby to digest the milk
The latter samples contained bacteria typically found in the mouth such as Veillonella Leptotrichia and Prevotella the scientists found. 8 Odd Facts About Breasts We are not yet able to determine
if these bacteria colonize the mouth of the baby or whether oral bacteria of the breast-fed baby enter the breast milk
and thus change its composition researchers Marã a Carmen Collado of the Institute of Agrochemistry
and Food technology and Alex Mira of the Higher Public health Research center both in Spain said in a statement.
Among other findings of the study the breast milk of overweight mothers and mothers who had planned caesareans contained a lower diversity of bacteria species compared with that of other moms.
If the breast milk bacteria discovered in this study were important for the development of the immune system its addition to infant formula could decrease the risk of allergies asthma
and it teems with earthworms beneficial insects and microorganisms. The change is due to several key farming practices including cover cropping and no-till farming
and even theâ bacteria in people's gutsâ steal a fraction of food's calories.
-borne illnesses like salmonella. Producers would need to put protective procedures into place at critical points in the production process where problems are likely to arise.
#Cat Poop Parasite Is Dangerously Widespread Be careful next time you change the kitty litter cat poop can carry a nefarious parasite that may be much more widespread than thought researchers say.
Cat dung carries the parasite Toxoplasma gondii a single-celled organism that creates infectious agents called oocysts.
The parasite also infects people with compromised immune systems such as those with HIV/AIDS. After reviewing past studies on the parasite a team of researchers believes the Toxoplasma parasite may be a significant public health problem infecting people who are otherwise healthy.
Other studies have linked even the parasite to schizophrenia depression suicidal behavior and lower school achievement in children.
The 10 Most Diabolical and Disgusting Parasites In the last five years researchers have studied how long the Toxoplasmaoocysts remain viable.
What happens to these oocysts in children's play areas? said study researcher E. Fuller Torrey a psychiatrist at Johns hopkins university Medical center in Chevy Chase Md.
Troubling trend Torrey and his colleagues reviewed studies of the parasite. The number of cats in the United states is growing pet cats increased from 55 million to 80 million from 1989 to 2006
Other animals like sheep and cattle can also acquire the parasite by ingesting the infected cat feces.
It has long been known that the parasite can survive in cat litter where the oocysts become aerosolized after 24 to 48 hours Torrey said.
It's a remarkably complex parasite. It's much more complicated than a virus and has many more genes Torrey said.
The microbe is known famously to infect rats and change their behavior causing them to be less afraid of the smell of cat urine.
This makes it easier for the rats to be eaten by cats returning the parasite to its host.
Parasite prevention Treatments do exist but none are very effective Torrey said. Most people don't have long-term effects
More research is needed to understand the risks posed by the Toxoplasma parasite. Â In the meantime Torrey advocated controlling cat populations especially feral ones.
and food particles that team up with bacteria to form plaque. Plaque produces acid that damages tooth enamel causes cavities and sets the stage for periodontal or gum disease.
and green teas slow the growth of bacteria associated with cavities and gum disease. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that people who rinsed their mouths with black tea for one minute 10 times a day had less plaque buildup on their teeth than people who rinsed their mouths with water.
Tea undermines the ability of some bacteria to clump together with other bacteria the researchers said. 5 Surprising Ways to Banish Bad Breath In a 2010 study published in the Journal of Dental Research Wu
Polyphenols suppress the genes of bacteria that control the production of smelly compounds in the mouth Wu said.
Like a river saliva washes out some of the bacteria in the mouth she said.
Sugar helps bacteria stick to the tooth surface letting them produce plaque Wu said. Raisins are also a source of phytochemicals
which may kill cavity-causing plaque bacteria. Some compounds in raisins also affect the growth of bacteria associated with gum disease Wu has found.
Crunchy foods: It takes serious chewing to break down foods such as carrots apples and cucumbers. But all that crunching isn't in vain.
and settling on teeth bacteria get cleared away. Vitamin-rich foods: Foods containing calcium such as cheese almonds
Chewing boosts saliva secretion clearing away some bacteria Wu said. The keyword here is sugarless.
Bacteria rely on sucrose to produce plaque Wu said. Milk: In a study published in the Journal of the American Dental Association in July Wu
Milk neutralizes some of the acid produced by plaque bacteria Wu said. Adding milk to cereal doesn't have the same benefit however.
By burying dung they regulate parasites and disease disperse seeds and recycle nutrients to promote plant growth.
</p><p></p><p>A new type of microbe has been found at a lake buried under Antarctica's thick ice according to news reports.
</p><p>The bacteria said to be only 86 percent similar to other types known to exist On earth was discovered in a water sample taken from Lake Vostok
<a href=http://www. livescience. com/27737-new-bacteria-found-antarctic-lake. html target=blank>New Type of Bacteria Reportedly Found in Buried Antarctic Lake
</p><p>A sample of Mars drilled from a rock by NASA's Curiosity rover and then studied by onboard instruments shows ancient Mars could have supported living microbes NASA officials announced today (March 12) in a statement and press conference.</
<a href=http://www. livescience. com/27841-ancient-mars-microbes-curiosity-rover. html target=blank>Wow!
#Cranberries Stop Bacteria In Their Tracks (ISNS) For over a century cranberries have been more than a Thanksgiving staple;
 Most research on the cranberry's effect on infections focuses primarily on its ability to prevent bacteria from attaching to a host cell.
If the bacteria can't stick to bladder cells they can't cause infections. But in recent years researchers at Mcgill University in Montreal have uncovered a new weapon that cranberries have against bacteria.
Bacteria on the move A key factor in a bacterium's ability to infect a host cell is its motility
or how well it can move around. For some types of bacteria their motility depends in part on their whiplike appendages known as flagella.
The flagella allow the bacteria to swim around and in some cases actually swarm. The more bacteria can move the more virulent they can become.
This is especially the case in bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. Motility is actually a really important factor in infection said Nathalie Tufenkji a chemical engineer at Mcgill University.
It helps the bacteria spread up the urinary tract. It helps them also infect the cells.
Tufenkji and her colleagues were interested in discovering what the compounds in cranberries did to certain bacteria's gene expression.
They took E coli that had been isolated from the urinary tract and exposed it to different concentrations of cranberry powder.
They saw that when the cranberry powder was present the E coli's ability to swim
and swarm dramatically decreased. When they swim and they swarm what they are using? Well they're using the flagella.
So we said OK it must be affecting somehow the flagellum explained Tufenkji. Then Tufenkji looked at how exposure to the cranberry influences bacteria's gene expression specifically the way the flagella are constructed.
Bacteria that were grown in the presence of cranberries did not produce as many of the genes needed to construct flagella.
Without functional flagella the bacteria's motility was hindered significantly. This research was published in the October 2011 issue of Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
Cranberry meets Proteus mirabilis After observing E coli's impaired motility after exposure to cranberries Tufenkji tested the cranberry's effect on another bacteria common to urinary tract infections:
Proteus mirabilis. This study was published in the June 2013 issue of the Canadian Journal of Microbiology.
Proteus is this really aggressive swarmer commented Tufenkji which makes it particularly virulent in the urinary tract especially in catheterized patients who already have a high risk of infection.
When patients are catheterized any bacterium present on the catheter can easily swim or swarm its way up the urinary tract to infect bladder cells.
When the Proteus bacteria were exposed to high concentrations of cranberry powder the researchers saw two interesting effects.
First just as in E coli the bacteria's ability to swim or swarm across an agar plate embedded with cranberry powder was eliminated almost completely.
Second cranberry powder also appeared to disrupt the bacteria's production of the urease accessory gene
which affects how virulent the bacteria can become. This work is very interesting said Terri A. Camesano a chemical engineer at Worcester Polytechnic institute in Massachusetts.
A lot of the other research is focusing on surface activity of bacteria and there's relatively less on motility
An alternative to antibiotics The two studies show that cranberry powder is able to essentially disable bacteria
but it does not kill the bacteria and that is key said Tufenkji. When antibiotics are used to treat infections most bacteria are killed
but in the process any survivors can become resistant to the antibiotic used against them.
The more often antibiotics are used the more resistant the bacteria can become resulting in dangerous strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Because cranberry powder only disables bacteria the bacteria are given not the chance to grow stronger as they resist antibiotic intervention.
Eventually the disabled bacteria are flushed simply out of the body. As yet it is unclear if the bacteria would eventually develop a resistance to the immobilizing effects of the cranberry
but researchers do know that the bacteria does not mutate in response to the cranberry powder.
 Cranberry-laced catheters The concentrations of cranberry powder that were effective in disabling E coli
and Proteus were higher than what would typically be found in a human body even if a person were intentionally drinking several glasses of cranberry juice daily to prevent
So it is difficult to say that ingesting high volumes of cranberries would have any effect on bacterial motility.
which cranberry compounds interact with bacteria that affects their potential to cause infection said Camesano.
Or more specifically a neurotoxin produced by one type of blue-green algae that can develop in warm standing water.
In warm weather blooms of blue-green algae are not uncommon in farm ponds in temperate regions particularly ponds enriched with fertilizer according to a classic toxicology reference book Casarett and Doull's Toxicology:
Under these conditions one species of alga Anabaena flos-aquae produces a neurotoxin anatoxin-A which depolarizes and blocks acetylcholine receptors causing death in animals that drink the pond water.
Based on circumstantial evidence the most logical explanation for the elk deaths is that on their way back to the forest after feeding in the grassland the elk drank water from a trough containing toxins created by blue-green algae
or cyanobacteria Mower said in a statement from the Department of Game and Fish. The algae-produced neurotoxin is similar to curare the famous toxin found in poison-tipped arrows used by South american indian tribes.
These medications however are recommended not for diarrhea caused by bacterial infection or parasites according to the NIH since organisms will be trapped in the intestines
if the diarrhea ceases before they are excreted completely. The Cleveland Clinic recommends drinking two to three quarts
which contain strains of bacteria similar to those in a healthy intestine they are also good choices.
and contaminated with bacteria researchers say. And pet owners might not even know that the stick is made from an uncooked dried bull penis. In a small study researchers examined a sample of 26 bully sticks also known as pizzle sticks manufactured in the United states and Canada.
Tests for bacteria showed that one of the treats contained Clostridium difficile one was contaminated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and seven contained E coli.
Researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported in 2010 in the journal Pediatrics that an outbreak of salmonella in 79 people between 2006 and 2008 was caused by contaminated dry pet food.
and effects such as bark beetles or parasites on stressed trees were measured not. Different than uncontrolled burns Predicting the effects of climate change on trees is difficult
But according to the study scientists who examined recent research in the field animals from insects to chimpanzees may self-medicate as an innate response to parasites and perhaps for other reasons as well.
or to prevent future parasitic attacks of an animal or its offspring according to the paper published online today (April 11) in the journal Science.
when parasitic wasps are hanging around said Todd Schlenke an Emory researcher who wasn't involved in the review paper.
In the flies increased blood-alcohol content causes the wasp maggot parasites living in their blood to die in a particularly gruesome way by having their internal organs evert outside their bodies through their anuses Schlenke told Livescience.
The 10 Most Diabolical and Disgusting Parasites Whereas the alcohol can have negative effects on the developing flies it also makes infection less likely.
When parasitic wasps are scarce the flies prefer to lay their eggs in less fermented fruit.
And monarch butterflies fight parasites by laying their eggs in toxic milkweed plants. Helping humans Animal medicine can be useful to humans in a variety of ways.
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