into the roots to control the number of bacteria-holding nodules in the roots. This collaborative study was conducted by researchers from the National Institute for Basic Biology the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) and the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science in Japan.
they develop a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia allowing the bacteria to infect them within special structures known as nodules that are located along their roots.
and that somehow the leaves transmit the information to the roots using an unknown chemical mechanism to signal that the plant should develop
The upward signal from root to shoot is known to be done by peptides called CLE-RS1
--which is passed into the roots through a network of tissues called the phloem. Cytokinins are known important plant hormones to regulate many aspects of plant growth
Then rhizobial infection of the roots triggers the production of certain peptides in the roots
and the perception of this signal by the receptor kinase HAR1 in shoots it is presumed induces the production of an unidentified shoot-derived inhibitor that translocates to the roots and blocks further nodule development.
Now our study with Lotus japonicus has given us the first convincing evidence of a shoot-to-root signal function of cytokinin.
Along the west coast of North america winds lift deep nutrient-rich water into sunlit surface layers fueling vast phytoplankton blooms that ultimately support fish seabirds and marine mammals.
#Fall foliage season may be later, but longer on warmer Earththe fall foliage season that prompts millions of Americans to undertake jaunts into the countryside each year could come much later
and possibly last a little longer within a century according to new research. Climate change could postpone fall leaf peeping in some areas of the United states as summer temperatures linger later into the year Princeton university researchers report in the journal Global Ecology and Biogeography.
For instance the paper birch--a popular foliage tree that is the state tree of New hampshire--could change color one to three weeks later by the end of the century the researchers found.
Although some trees will be less susceptible to the ongoing heat than the paper birch the more southern the region the more likely there is to be a greater overall delay in leaf coloration the researchers found.
Trees need daily temperatures to be low enough and daylight hours to be short enough to produce the vivid vistas of fall explained senior author David Medvigy an assistant professor of geosciences and associated faculty member at the Princeton Environmental Institute.
not only be used to predict the timing of leaf coloration but that the influence of these factors depends on the individual tree species and the specific geographic area.
Aside from fall foliage and its economic importance to many areas the research has broad implications for predicting growing seasons agricultural productivity
Mark D. Schwartz a distinguished professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee explained that fall leaf coloration marks the end of the growing season in temperate climates
and light level--for determining leaf coloration that still allow for regional differences Schwartz said. When you get at the growing season you can relate this to a huge number of things.
They collected data on leaf-change dates for several tree species both in Alaska using the USA National Phenology Network a free online database of seasonal-change observations recorded by scientists
The researchers also found that the timing of leaf change is more sensitive to temperature in warmer areas than in colder regions.
Alaska's foliage season is in September and is unlikely to change in the next 100 years.
But Massachusetts'foliage season will likely occur in November instead of October as it does said now he.
Now that Medvigy knows what information is needed to predict what the future holds for leaf coloration he plans to again collaborate with his colleagues at GFDL to do more sophisticated modeling based on the study results he said.
and leaf color are related he said. This understanding will help us make better forecasts for climate as well as for the basic dynamics of forests.
Last summer they also measured the amount of grass both in terms of the density of stalks as well as above-and belowground biomass of samples.
The fossilized leaf samples span the last 1400000 years of the Cretaceous and the first 800000 of the Paleogene.
We measured the mass of a given leaf in relation to its area which tells us whether the leaf was a chunky expensive one to make for the plant
or whether it was a more flimsy cheap one Blonder explained. In other words how much carbon the plant had invested in the leaf.
In addition the researchers measured the density of the leaves'vein networks a measure of the amount of water a plant can transpire and the rate at
Some bacteria were very abundant and present on every leaf in the forest while others were rare and only found on the leaves of a single host species Kembel said.
Smithsonian scientists and colleagues working on Panama's Barro Colorado Island discovered that small leaf samples from a single tree were home to more than 400 different kinds of bacteria.
Many bacteria were associated with certain functional traits such as leaf thickness wood density or leaf nitrogen content characteristics that directly impact tree growth survival and reproduction.
Our ability to use molecular techniques like 16s RIBOSOMAL RNA gene sequencing to characterize nearly all of the bacteria on a leaf is going to make it possible to see how very different members of forest communities interact said Wright.
Without this gene it would be more like sugar cane where it is a mess in the nucleus
This gene would not allow rye chromosomes to pair with wheat said Gill. We cannot get a single gene transfer into wheat
and make rye and other chromosomes pair with wheat and transfer genes by a natural method into wheat without calling it GMO Gill said.
Plant parasitic nematodes are microorganisms that feed on the nutrients absorbed by the roots of plants;
or ten tubers an infected plant generates only four or five and of a smaller size than usual.
When studying the case we saw that in the mountainous area of â#ofre de Perote wild tubers are present
or stayed in the tubers making the damages greater relates the scientist at INECOL. From the laboratory phase spent we went to the countryside where fungi were were tested until we found one that worked and
and intensive farmlands consisting of single crops such as sugar cane or pineapple with no adjoining forest areas.
and other plants in tropical landscapes and then in dispersing their seeds. Having just sparrows in an ecosystem is like investing only in technology stocks:
The larvae of G. permixtana have been reported so far to feed on the seeds and flowers of plant species such as water-plantain eyebright lousewort bitter root
and European yellow-rattle which are weeds commonly present across Europe and Asia. A new study of the populations in northern Iran however has revealed a new host--Sagittaria trifolia commonly known as arrowhead.
and seeds of the problematic weed can lead to a dramatic decrease of its germination potential.
which is used on strawberries pome fruit and vine to protect against and treat fungal infestation.
Nearly one-fifth (17%)of Brazilian beef 75%of Brazilian soy and 70-80%of the palm oil and plantation wood and pulp from Indonesia were destined for foreign markets.
#Combining antibodies, iron nanoparticles and magnets steers stem cells to injured organsresearchers at the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute infused antibody-studded iron nanoparticles into the bloodstream to treat
The combined nanoparticle enabled precise localization of the body's own stem cells to the injured heart muscle.
The study addresses a central challenge in stem cell therapeutics: how to achieve targeted interactions between stem cells and injured cells.
Although stem cells can be a potent weapon in the fight against certain diseases simply infusing a patient with stem cells is no guarantee the stem cells will be able to travel to the injured area and work collaboratively with the cells already there.
Infusing stem cells into arteries in order to regenerate injured heart muscle can be said inefficient Eduardo Marbã¡n MD Phd director of the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute who led the research team.
Because the heart is continuously pumping the stem cells can be pushed out of the heart chamber before they even get a chance to begin to heal the injury.
In an attempt to target healing stem cells to the site of the injury researchers coated iron nanoparticles with two kinds of antibodies proteins that recognize
and bind specifically to stem cells and to injured cells in the body. After the nanoparticles were infused into the bloodstream they successfully tracked to the injured area and initiated healing.
The Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute has been at the forefront of developing investigational stem cell treatments for heart attack patients.
which a patient's own heart tissue was used to grow specialized heart stem cells. The specialized cells were injected then back into the patient's heart in an effort to repair
Results published in The Lancet in 2012 showed that one year after receiving the stem cell treatment heart attack patients demonstrated a significant reduction in the size of the scar left on the heart muscle.
which heart attack patients are being infused with allogeneic stem cells which are derived from donor-quality hearts.
The process to grow cardiac-derived stem cells was developed by Dr. Marbã¡n when he was on the faculty of Johns hopkins university.
and vascular disease patients with appropriate stem cell clinical trials being conducted at Cedars-Sinai and other institutions.
and believe it stems from random spatial processes including seed dispersal by animals. The stochastic spatial processes interfere with the classic ecological theory of predictable dependence resulting in de facto independence.
or vertical profile when a pulse interacts with leafy tree tops versus woody branches and trunks or the ground.
and maintain 28 globally important crops including rice wheat soybean sorghum banana apple citrus fruits grape stone fruits
Saccharum arundinaceum is a relative of sugar cane and can survive very low temperatures and Prunus ferganensis the crop wild relative of peach is tolerant to drought conditions.
A single plant can produce 25000 seeds and completes its life cycle in six to eight weeks said Wondi Mersie a Virginia State university professor and principal investigator of the Virginia Tech-led project.
As a second step scientists are poised to release a stem-boring weevil that will join Zygogramma.
because seeds have a lot of genetic variability and you don't know if a seed will produce the same fruit as the tree that produced it.
It's a gamble. If they simply started grafting it would guarantee the orchard would have the peaches they wanted.
thus with no genome duplication at its root it appears to break the mold of a genome duplication link to high biodiversity Denoeud said.
and leaf hoppers that are not available on the ground said Grant Connette a biologist who helped carry out the study while a graduate student in the Division of Biological sciences at MU.
The main component of smog ozone at ground level can cause leaf damage that stifles plant growth injuring and killing vegetation.
when polluted runoff from a rapidly developing watershed overwhelmed the Bay's waters with nutrients causing algae blooms that blocked out much-needed sunlight for underwater plants.
and exchanging crop seeds for harvesting the farmers in each ethnic group maintain varieties which are unique to them.
and exchanging seeds from one harvest to another the importance of the market in such trading etc.
In addition local seed varieties are transmitted traditionally in a very compartmentalized way within the same ethnic group.
and get what we call commercial seed which is the growth of the fungus spores on some wheat or sorghum.
The product obtained is spread on the substrate (contained in plastic bag) and held two to three weeks in the dark with controlled humidity and temperature then exposing them to a light phase he describes.
Evapotranspiration is the combination of water evaporation from land and the loss of water through plant-leaf transpiration.
and colleagues used leaf vein density a trait visible on leaf compression fossils to document the occurrence of stratified forests with a canopy dominated by flowering plants.
Using a 40-meter-tall canopy crane equipped with a gondola they were able to collect leaves from the very top of trees in Panama and the United states. They measured leaf vein density in 132 species from two
The team also compared the leaf vein values of canopy-top and forest-bottom leaves
(i e. leaf litter on the forest floor). The authors show that venation density like plant metabolism
three species of tropical root knot nematode whose larvae infect the roots of thousands of different plant species;
When the bacterium first contacts a root hair the hair curls around the bacterium trapping it.
--but the growing tube inside the root hair that accepts the bacteria requires something else and nobody knew what.
which gives the bacterial colony a way to push against the root. In many respects this symbiosis parallels the older one between plants
To address that question Youngsteadt examined more than 300 museum specimens of red maple branches collected between 1895 and 2011 in rural areas of North carolina South carolina
analysis showsa new analysis suggests the planet can produce much more land-plant biomass--the total material in leaves stems roots fruits grains
and other terrestrial plant parts--than previously thought. The study reported in Environmental science and Technology recalculates the theoretical limit of terrestrial plant productivity
but our study showed that a lack of boron actually causes a problem in the meristems
or the stem cells of the plant said Paula Mcsteen associate professor in the Division of Biological sciences and a researcher in the Bond Life sciences Center at MU.
Meristems comprise the growing points for each plant and every organ in the plant is developed from these specialized stem cells.
Insufficient boron causes these growing points to disintegrate affecting corn tassels and kernels adversely. When tassels are stunted crop yields are reduced Mcsteen said.
Amanda Durbak a post-doctoral fellow in the College of Arts and Science at MU also helped prove boron's usefulness to meristems.
Further testing revealed that at the cellular level the affected plants'meristems had altered pectin which is strengthened with boron
Without the pectin plant meristems disintegrate. By using various techniques and expertise at MU including genomics translational experiments with frog eggs research in the field cellular testing
#Creating pomegranate drug to stem Alzheimers, Parkinsonsdr Olumayokun Olajide's research will look to produce compound derivatives of punicalagin for a drug that would treat neuro-inflammation
because this fungal pathogen will be able to grow reproduce disperse spores and serve as a source of ongoing infections Springer said.
and a large chunk of leaves collapses to one leaf and you end up with maybe 10 leaves instead of a million leaves Agha-mohammadi says.
Without enough water in the soil seeds can't sprout roots leaves can't perform photosynthesis
Researchers at the University of California Davis have developed Easy Leaf Area--a free software written in an open-source programming language--to allow users to accurately measure leaf area from digital images in seconds.
It has always been a challenge to measure leaf surface area without damaging the plants or spending long hours in the lab so
I decided to attempt to write software to automatically measure leaf and scale area from smartphone images explains Hsien Ming Easlon a researcher at UC Davis and one of the developers of Easy Leaf Area.
Leaf area measurements are essential for estimating crop yields water usage nutrient absorption plant competition and many other aspects of growth.
The digital images he uses are taken with the Apple IPHONE 4 but any current smartphone camera or digital camera will do.
Once the images are uploaded to a computer Easy Leaf Area can process hundreds of images and save the results to a spreadsheet-ready CSV file.
Easlon and his team developed Easy Leaf Area using Arabidopsis plants and also tested Easy Leaf Area on photographs of field-grown tomatoes and wheat and photographs and scans of detached leaves
so that leaf area measurements can be made on the fly without a PC. He also plans to add handwriting recognition
and nutrients out of the host plants dodder uses an appendage called a haustorium to penetrate the plant.
In moist areas trees can allocate less to building roots Givnish says. Other things being equal having lower overhead should allow them to achieve greater height.
The latter is distilled from the foliage and applied precisely in the part of the beer fermentation prepared with two hops yeast
and the number of seeds they set the next year. When Snakes Meet the New jersey Highwayroads are a challenge for northern pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) in the New jersey Pine Barrens based on the findings that Ward will present at the ESA meeting on Aug 15.
Wood decay and the recycling of other biological matter like leaf litter is driven by fungi
Because of its dense evergreen foliage eastern hemlock plays an important role in the water cycle of southern Appalachian forests regulating stream flow year round.
Since hemlock woolly adelgid was detected first in 2003 all the eastern hemlock trees in both watersheds died resulting in a loss of 26 percent of forest basal area (that area occupied by tree trunks
and stems) in the riparian area of the first watershed compared to a 4 percent loss in the reference watershed riparian forest.
either with corn barley wheat soybeans rice beans acai seed brown sugar or starch syrup she says.
Wood twigs sticks parchment husks whole coffee berries or even clumps of earth that are almost the same color as coffee have been found.
or prolific seed production may have higher risk. The researchers believe that the white list provides producers with clearly identified low-invasion risk options
and leaf wetness and tells growers when to spray fungicide to ward off diseases. Growers can use the system by logging onto www. agroclimate. org/tools/strawberry
Therefore researchers at the Tepic Institute of technology (ITT) set out to use the pulp in applications different from consumption analyzing it they found the presence of acetogenins substances with chemotherapeutic properties.
however most studies are focused mainly on the leaves roots seeds and shell not considering the fruit.
The ITT was given the task of studying the fruit's pulp fresh and stored frozen for a year the first results show that the unprocessed and frozen pulp maintains the presence of compounds called acetogenins.
With these data researchers propose to contribute knowledge about the types of these compounds found
and seeds becoming long and leggy as they reach for the sky. That process begins with the phytochrome
The time frame stems from research conducted more than 40 years ago. Burning in the Flint Hills has been a scientific and political issue for at least 80 years Craine said.
Two are still alive in cultivation saved in part because of their beautiful showy blossoms. Several were known only from a single wild tree.
which means they may be able to tell just from the colour of the petals which flowers are worth visiting.
*This study received funding from the International Tree Nut Council Nutrition Research and Education Foundation and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Gluten a protein is found in grains such as wheat barley rye and triticale a cross between wheat and rye.
--which consists of 20%mango pulp and 50%mas cotek--has the potential to be developed as a new health drink.
Mature trees remained for the acorn harvest but burning also made way for the next generation of trees to ensure a consistent future crop.
and maximize the next acorn crop. Lake thinks that understanding tribal use of these forest environments has context for and relevance to contemporary management and restoration of endangered ecosystems and tribal cultures.
The tubers with yellow flesh contain compounds that are antioxidants and that appeals to the health-conscious consumer Miller said.
Senior Research Scientist Dr Alan Little and team have discovered the composition of special growths on the cell walls of barley plants that block the penetration of the fungus into the leaf.
The fungus spore lands on the leaf and sends out a tubelike structure which punches its way through cell walls penetrating the cells and taking the nutrients from the plant.
Specifically the researchers found that higher temperatures increase stress on red maples by making it harder for them get water from their roots to their leaves.
This enormous release of carbon is balanced by carbon coming into the soil system from falling leaves and other plant matter as well as by the underground activities of plant roots.
The team revealed that higher temperatures increased the amount of leaf litter falling onto the soil as well as other underground sources of carbon such as roots.
in addition to increasing the leaf area and biomass of the plant said Carlos Alberto Martinez project coordinator and first author of the study.
In addition there was a 32%increase in the leaf area index and a 16%increase in aboveground biomass production compared with plants grown at normal temperature according to Martinez The increase in temperature during the period of the experiment was favorable for the development of the biochemical and biophysical processes involved in plant growth he stated.
According to Martinez some possible explanations for the increase in photosynthetic activity in addition to the leaf area index and biomass production from samples of Stylosanthes capitata that experienced temperature increases were the plant's thermal and photosynthetic acclimatization.
The researchers found that there was less partitioning of biomass to the leaves relative to the stem of plants cultivated under these conditions.
in the production of stems and a decrease in biomass in the leaves of the plant.
The ice crystals that form during freezing disrupt the structure of the plant tissue making the anthocyanins more available.
and silt fines and 5%pine bark; a soil-based substrate (soil) composed of 50%sandy loam soil and 50%pine bark;
and a slate-based substrate (slate) composed of 80%expanded slate and 20%pine bark.
The substrates differed in infiltration and drainage rates as well as chemical composition. Diverse plant species that included trees shrubs herbaceous perennials a grass and a rush were selected to allow the researchers to evaluate the performance of a wide range of evergreen deciduous woody and herbaceous plants.
#LEDS shine in bedding plant production studygrowers of annual bedding plant seedlings or plugs work to produce compact fully rooted transplants with a large stem diameter
and high root dry mass--qualities that make seedlings less susceptible to damage during shipping and transplant.
or high-pressure sodium lamps has a positive influence on seedling root dry mass height and stem caliper leading to high-quality bedding plant seedlings
when solar light is limited Lopez and Randall noted. A light ratio of 85:15 red: blue light could be a good combination for greenhouse LED supplemental lighting of bedding plant plugs.
Other possible places to get microbes include leaf surfaces the soil or feces that woodrats collect from other animals.
The terminal buds of each twig are today's living species and the nearness of twigs represents how closely species are related.
The tree was initially a metaphor for the relatedness of all species. Charles darwin referred to the tree of life in his seminal 1859 book On the Origin of Species
. But genetic comparisons and molecular dating have in the past several decades provided exact lengths in years for most of these branches indicating how long ago a species had a common ancestor.
If we look only at the diversity of species--the twigs on the tree of life--we aren't taking advantage of all this branch information he said.
The new method starts with the branches connecting the species in a specific area so-called phylogenetic diversity
but then gives more weight to those branches that are restricted endemic--that is in range. This relative phylogenetic endemism is a better measure of diversity
and count not only the species (twigs) in each area but also the phylogenetic distance between species (the branch length between twigs) measuring down the branch to the nearest junction then back up to the other twig.
Diversity weighted by a branch's endemism yields a unique map of areas of endemism.
when it comes time for seeds to germinate. Though they have been in the United states--particularly the Southeast
A bee collects pollen on its body as it laps sugar-rich nectar from within the cupped interior of the flower's petals
and extends its tongue into the corolla of the flower dipping and retracting it to lap up the nectar.
whose mutation affects plant stem growth a finding that could lead to the development of improved soybean cultivars for the northern United states. Purdue agronomy professor Jianxin Ma (pronounced Jen-SHIN'Ma)
or more pods than current northern cultivars but do not grow as tall. Their reduced height makes them more resistant to lodging a bending or breaking of the main plant stem.
This gene could help us improve the yield potential and adaptability of soybeans for specific growing areas Ma said.
indeterminate--tall plants whose main stem continues to grow after flowering--and determinate--shorter bushier plants
whose main stem halts growth when blossoms begin to form. Determinate soybean plants thrive in the longer growing season of the south
This provides breeders with a perfect genetic marker for identifying semideterminancy in soybean seeds and seedlings he said.
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