and Lina Duan found that not all types of roots are inhibited equally. They discovered that an inner layer of tissue in the branching roots that anchor the plant is sensitive to salt
and activates a stress hormone which stops root growth. The study published in the current issue of The Plant Cell is a boon for understanding the stress response and for developing salt-resistant crops.
Roots are associated intimately with their environment and develop highly intricate branched networks that enable them to explore the soil.
The branching roots grow horizontally off the main root and are important for water and nutrient uptake.
This ability to track root growth in real time led the scientists to observe that branching roots entered a dormant phase of growth as salt was introduced.
To understand how Abscisic acid controls growth the investigators devised a strategy to inhibit the response to this hormone in different tissue layers of the root.
Interestingly the'inner-skin'of the root called the endodermis was most critical for this process.
#For sports fans, the story--not the victor--makes the difference in enjoymenta new study has concluded that sports fans love to root for a hero
Knowing something about the personal lives and personalities of these athletes gives the casual fan a reason to root for
Miscanthus efficiently moved nitrogen from leaves to root and rhizome systems after the growing season where it could be used again the next year David said.
He noted that the collaboration took root when Alexander Slesarev a graduate student in his group and Anna Yu.
which is based on the nitrogen absorption through the root. After assessing the efficiency of leaf nitrogen uptake of the two studied species the researcher team from Universidad de Alcalã¡
--which could be the root of infection to humans said Whittaker. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Cornell University.
which affects roots. In the experiment the effectiveness of other organic fertilizers like the bokashi type compost of Japanese origin will also be tested.
and Penn State researchers uses digital photography to provide a detailed image of roots from mature plants in the field.
The roots are photographed then against a black background using a standard digital camera pointed down from a tripod.
The resulting images are uploaded then to a server running software that analyzes the root systems for more than 30 different parameters--including the diameter of tap roots root density the angles of brace roots and detailed measures
of lateral roots. Scientists working in the field can upload their images at the end of a day and have spreadsheets of results ready for study the next day.
In the future the system could allow scientists to study crop roots over an entire growing season potentially providing new life cycle data.
#Mangroves protecting corals from climate changecertain types of corals invertebrates of the sea that have been On earth for millions of years appear to have found a way to survive some of their most destructive threats by attaching to and growing under mangrove roots.
and brackish water habitats have networks of prop roots that extend down toward the seafloor and corals are growing on and under these roots.
How does it work? Mangroves and their associated habitats and biological processes protect corals in a variety of ways.
#An innovative way to increase flower, seed and fruit productiona scientist from UPM has developed a method to enhance crop yield by the contact of roots aerial parts or even the substratum of the plant fungus'Colletotrichum tofieldiae'.
and bulldozers to remove its roots. More often than not however it returns. In this study we show that sustainable low-cost rotational livestock grazing can suppress the unwanted tall grass
into the roots to control the number of bacteria-holding nodules in the roots. This collaborative study was conducted by researchers from the National Institute for Basic Biology the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) and the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science in Japan.
they develop a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia allowing the bacteria to infect them within special structures known as nodules that are located along their roots.
and that somehow the leaves transmit the information to the roots using an unknown chemical mechanism to signal that the plant should develop
The upward signal from root to shoot is known to be done by peptides called CLE-RS1
--which is passed into the roots through a network of tissues called the phloem. Cytokinins are known important plant hormones to regulate many aspects of plant growth
Then rhizobial infection of the roots triggers the production of certain peptides in the roots
and the perception of this signal by the receptor kinase HAR1 in shoots it is presumed induces the production of an unidentified shoot-derived inhibitor that translocates to the roots and blocks further nodule development.
Now our study with Lotus japonicus has given us the first convincing evidence of a shoot-to-root signal function of cytokinin.
Plant parasitic nematodes are microorganisms that feed on the nutrients absorbed by the roots of plants;
and flowers of plant species such as water-plantain eyebright lousewort bitter root and European yellow-rattle which are weeds commonly present across Europe and Asia.
thus with no genome duplication at its root it appears to break the mold of a genome duplication link to high biodiversity Denoeud said.
three species of tropical root knot nematode whose larvae infect the roots of thousands of different plant species;
When the bacterium first contacts a root hair the hair curls around the bacterium trapping it.
--but the growing tube inside the root hair that accepts the bacteria requires something else and nobody knew what.
which gives the bacterial colony a way to push against the root. In many respects this symbiosis parallels the older one between plants
analysis showsa new analysis suggests the planet can produce much more land-plant biomass--the total material in leaves stems roots fruits grains
Without enough water in the soil seeds can't sprout roots leaves can't perform photosynthesis
In moist areas trees can allocate less to building roots Givnish says. Other things being equal having lower overhead should allow them to achieve greater height.
however most studies are focused mainly on the leaves roots seeds and shell not considering the fruit.
Specifically the researchers found that higher temperatures increase stress on red maples by making it harder for them get water from their roots to their leaves.
This enormous release of carbon is balanced by carbon coming into the soil system from falling leaves and other plant matter as well as by the underground activities of plant roots.
The team revealed that higher temperatures increased the amount of leaf litter falling onto the soil as well as other underground sources of carbon such as roots.
and high root dry mass--qualities that make seedlings less susceptible to damage during shipping and transplant.
or high-pressure sodium lamps has a positive influence on seedling root dry mass height and stem caliper leading to high-quality bedding plant seedlings
The leading explanation is that certain fertilizers approved for use only on conventional farms somehow make cadmium more available to plant roots.
Drip irrigation delivers water directly to plant roots underground instead of sprinkling plants from above. In Leinauer's and Sevostianova's vision a decentralized treatment system at a subdivision would be tailored to generate effluent during the summer that contained 15 parts per million (ppm) of the nutrient nitrate.
The only thing we didn't measure was the carbon stock in the roots she said.
whether radish roots and shoots will grow differently in microgravity. Students from Cottage Lane Elementary in Rockland County New york and Hillsborough County Florida envisioned astronauts growing their own lettuce.
whereas intolerant lines will have stunted roots. Our identification of the genes and their variants responsible for this adaptation to boron toxicity means that we now have molecular markers that can be used in breeding programs to select lines for boron tolerance with 100%accuracy.
When roots cannot take up enough water up from the soil to replace evaporated water plants experience stress said Ingram.
and is involved in signaling iron concentrations â#from leaves to roots â#to regulate how much iron from the soil is needed by the plant.
For example this method is used to play a trick on grape phylloxera a notorious pest of commercial grapevines that attacks the roots of the plants.
The disease starves the tree of nutrients damages its roots and the tree produces fruits that are green and misshapen unsuitable for sale as fresh fruit or for juice.
The next step in the research was to sample the rhizosphere the soil in the region around the roots of rice plants growing in the field to reveal the microbial community living there
A new view of forest fungithe so-called symbiotic relationship between trees and the fungus that grow on their roots may actually work more like a capitalist market relationship between buyers
that the fungi or mycorrhizae that grow on tree roots work with trees in a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial for both the fungi and the trees providing needed nutrients to both parties.
Oilseed crops produce relatively little residueâ#rganic material such as roots that hold the soil together.
It could be assuring that enough seedlings are taking root or it could be preserving the forest as a natural recreation location.
#Citrus greening affects roots before leavesalthough citrus greening enters trees through their leaves University of Florida researchers have discovered that the deadly disease attacks roots long before the leaves show signs of damage--a finding that may help
Johnson said the bacteria travel quickly to the roots where they replicate damage the root system and spread to the rest of the host tree's canopy.
but the team's research found that greening causes a loss of 30 to 50 percent of trees'fibrous roots before symptoms are visible above ground.
Based on the work of Dr. Johnson and his colleagues we now know how important roots are in the development of greening disease said Jackie Burns director of the CREC.
We hope further investigations on the role of roots in this disease will lead to future management solutions that help growers remain productive until a permanent solution can be found.
We are still trying to determine how the bacteria are killing the roots Johnson said.
The new paper digs at the roots not just of crop domestication but of civilization itself says plant agriculture professor Lewis Lukens.
Because the students were most successful in learning to recognize circling roots codominant trunks and attachments of equal sizes the researchers recommended that these three defects should be introduced the first in sixth grade curriculum.
At 112 days after treatment the shoots and roots of treated plants had weights that were 58%and 32%of those of control plants respectively.
Since basal wire coiling in this experiment markedly suppressed root growth presumably by impeding photosynthate translocation through the phloem to the roots we assume that water absorption was decreased also by this treatment Takahata
Analyses showed that high-frequency irrigation resulted in higher root zone soil moisture content relative to low-frequency irrigation despite reduced evaporative demand during part of the growing season.
#Getting at the root of mountain pine beetles rapid habitat expansionthe mountain pine beetle has wreaked havoc in North america across forests from the American Southwest to British columbia
H7 is able to colonise the roots of both spinach and lettuce. Dr Nicola Holden who led the research says:
The plants'roots would also help anchor the soil and their foliage would help reduce the ability of wind to kick up dust Computer simulations of a hypothetical co-location solar farm in Southern California's San bernardino County by Ravi
According to the researcher's estimates the majority of these emissions come from the respiration of the roots and the fall and decay of the semiaquatic vegetation in the flood plains.
and store it in wood and roots making these forests what scientists call carbon sinks.
As the plants within all those chambers grow a camera attached to a robotic arm takes thousands of images of cells seeds roots and shoots.
#Radiation damage at the root of Chernobyls ecosystemsradiological damage to microbes near the site of the Chernobyl disaster has slowed the decomposition of fallen leaves
Arenaria cuttings root easily making it relatively straightforward to propagate large numbers of plants in the UCSC greenhouses.
DCA looks at the genetic roots of proteins to see how amino acids--the beads in the unfolded protein strands--co-evolved to influence the way a protein folds.
and4. the conventional method immersing the roots of maize seedlings in bacteria and planting them in stamp sand.
The usual technique--applying bacteria to seedlings'roots before transplanting--works fine in the lab
but they can penetrate the roots of banana plants by the thousands. Once infected these plants absorb less water
Lesions in the roots also make the plant more susceptible to other diseases. Eventually the roots begin to rot.
In the final stage of the disease the plant topples over its fruit bunch inexorably lost.
Pamela Templer and her co-authors show that soil freezing due to diminishing snowpack damages the roots of sugar maple trees
The wood is composed of xylem porous tissue that conducts sap from a tree's roots to its crown through a system of vessels and pores.
or transport water from distant roots to their leaves so they're a relatively soft and pliable plant containing tiny amounts of woody material such as lignin and cellulose.
Nitrogen is primarily taken up from the soil by the roots and assimilated by the plant to become part of DNA proteins and many other compounds.
tree stump casts calcified roots and fossil leaves. The discovery underscores the importance of forested environments in the evolution of early apes.
Combined with analyses of the roots trunks and even beautifully preserved fossil leaves it's possible to say that the forest was closed a canopy one meaning the arboreal animals like Proconsul could easily move from tree-to-tree without coming to the ground.
which the tree roots grow. In a warmer world this means that tree roots are more likely to grow into the mineral layer of the soil breaking down rock into component parts
which will eventually combine with carbon dioxide. This process called weathering draws carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere
They measured the growth of the tree roots to 30 cm beneath the surface every three months over several years.
and the roots of trees in tropical mountains such as the Andes play a disproportionate role.
bark flowers fruit leaves roots stems etc. Prominent among the nonnative species are many edible fruit
#Exploring the roots of the problem: How a South american tree adapts to volcanic soilssoils of southern South america including Patagonia have endured a high frequency of disturbances from volcanic eruptions earthquakes landslides and erosion.
The greater surface area of cluster roots increases root exudates of organic acids and phosphatases. These exudates enhance plant phosphorus acquisition from unavailable forms in the soil.
Piper designed a field study to better understand the role of cluster roots of E. coccineum across a natural precipitation and phosphorus gradient in its native habitat.
Seedlings were assessed for number and biomass of cluster roots plant size and growth and foliar phosphorus levels.
The number of cluster roots was significantly higher in large seedlings yet biomass investment in cluster roots was greater for small seedlings.
Piper found that cluster roots mediate a decoupling of foliar P from soil P concentrations for small seedlings.
The relative investment in cluster roots was linked directly to both low soil N and leaf P. Seedlings from sites with lower total soil N had more cluster roots regardless of other soil characteristics.
The investment in cluster roots declines after seedling establishment most likely as aerial growth is increasingly important for light competition.
Embothrium coccineum may have an important role in reforestation of Patagonia as an early successional species. Cluster roots have been identified in other plant species including some agronomic crops in the Cucurbitaceae.
and P may lead to advantageous root adaptation in other plants. Piper is already exploring further research to understand how E. coccineum benefits neighbors by providing increased nutrient availability from root exudates
because trees and the fungi associated with their roots break down rocks and minerals in the soil to get nutrients for growth.
and assess how they were broken down and weathered by the fungi associated with the roots of the trees. â#As reported in Biogeosciences the researchers found that low atmospheric CO2Â acts as a â#carbon starvationâ##brake.
because low CO2Â reduces plantsâ##ability to perform photosynthesis meaning less carbon-energy is supplied to the roots and their fungi.
which helpful bacteria that have entered the roots of plants convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into ammonia
and grow deep, healthy roots in loose soil, while better filtering rainwater. Here's an example of a Silva Cell at Vancouver's Olympic Village:
Photo of urban farm in Chicago is from Linda via Wikimedia More urban roots on Smartplanet:
Most of these funds were spent on addressing problems related to the growth of street tree roots,
and roots--it releases a lot of carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere as it thaws.
whose roots have lost their solid support system, lean crazily. Thermokarsts are becoming more common in some regions,
longer growing seasons deeper roots (10 to 12 feet down) hold down topsoil reduce erosion build soil sequester carbon from the air reduce farm equipment maintenance requirements use less herbicide Will perennial grains really be the answer
The practice of modeling structures after those of nearby animals is a time-honored tradition with ancient roots,
Their roots weave across the stone facades, the trunks and branches extending off the top of the structures.
Beyond their utilitarian function, enabling natives to cross distant ridges, the bridges are essentially the roots of a type of rubber tree called ficus elastica.
Left unfettered, the roots expand in more unwieldy pattern (hint: they're definitely not being
Once the roots reach the opposite bank, they form a stable foundation from which to they continue to grow
Living root bridges Related stories: Video: China unveils world s longest sea bridge, but is it?
Plantlab also deploys infra red light, relative humidity, air temperature, root and substrate temperature, and airflow to achieve
That gives you deeper roots, which hold the soil better and help filter out pollutants. Keep fertilizing materials off hard surfaces.
A second copy of ACR3 allows the ladder brake fern to safely transport arsenic from its roots to its fronds,
Salt said rice plants could be modified with the gene to store arsenic in the roots of plants-instead of rice grains-in contaminated paddies.
we can easily imagine air travel returning to its roots as a mode of travel that only the wealthy can afford.
revealing which forests store the most carbonclick to enlarge Forest trees are renowned for their ability to store large amounts of carbon dioxide in their trunk and roots.
but they have good roots growing. If successful, it could be a good model for cities that are struggling with water quantity and food desert issues.
Nicaragua's bamboo boom has given root to what the BBC claims is the world's first bamboo bond,
Their system is a simple network of polyethylene plastic tubing with strategically placed holes that allow just enough water to drip into to the roots of crops.
Concrete sidewalks block the resources that tree roots need to grow and as a result,
the roots grow higher up toward the surface. Eventually, they break through the concrete. This causes obvious problems for the landowner,
and water to percolate down into the tree roots, which in turn grow thinner, less aggressive roots than trees hemmed in by concrete do.
And as roots grow below them the rubber sidewalks rise evenly. Ten years and more than 140 installations later, the company now has three main products.
The original Rubbersidewalk, made from used vehicle tires; Terrewalk, a second-generation version which uses a less energy-consumptive manufacturing process,
In a food forest, everything from the tree canopy to the roots is edible or useful in some way.
The bacteria were able to swim towards roots, become absorbed by the roots, and then release hormones to stimulate growth.
Ed Yong also wrote about the conferenece. He said that synthetic biology is oegrander in scope than most genetic modification
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