The Pine Barrens gentian species (Gentiana autumnalis) thrives after its ecosystem has experienced disturbance as one of the earliest species to begin re-inhabiting empty spaces--a phase known as early succession.
This island is way out in the North Atlantic where the sun doesn't shine much she said.
One of the biggest moves in agriculture Vierstra says is to be able to grow plants at higher density allowing producers to plant more crops in a given area thus saving space and other resources.
Plants in full sun absorb red light while shaded plants receive only the leftover far-red light. The type of light the phytochrome sees tells the plant
Photoconversion between the active and inactive states of phytochromes is arguably the most important twitch on this planet as it tells plants to become photosynthetic
By mutating the phytochromes we created plants that think they're in full sun even when they're not Vierstra says.
and crop sciences professor Keith Paustian is implementing the new web-based tool COMET-Farm in conjunction with the report.
COMET-Farm is unique in that it allows non-experts to use very advanced methods databases and models for greenhouse gas inventory via a fully spatial user-friendly interface.
The lead software engineer on COMET-Farm CSU computer science alumnus Kevin Brown is the lead software engineer on COMET-Farm
Carbon particles floating around in the spaces between the droplets also absorb scattered sunlight converting it to heat.
and conclusively demonstrating the evolutionary relationships of the most popular insects on the planet Rubinoff said.
The study also suggests butterflies are the ancestral group to the tens of thousands of moth species on the planet
when bats'spread across the planet as a means of escaping these and other nocturnal predators Kawahara said.
The ranches'physical geography including open spaces and the proximity of wooded areas in which the cats can hide
and coupled them with publicly available satellite imagery to scale carbon inventories up to the national level.
and travel and created sacred spaces. They were aware of the succession so they staggered burns by 5 to 10 years to create mosaics of forest in different stages
Soil respiration releases carbonthe planet's soil releases about 60 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year which is far more than that released by burning fossil fuels.
We hope that soon we will be able to examine agricultural practices in even greater detail--with the launch of the European space agency's Sentinel satellites which will provide regular data at even higher spatial resolution.
and outside factors such as the sun pesticides and other pollutants Dalaly explained. If left to roam free these free radicals can attack DNA proteins
and net radiation--defined as the amount of energy from the sun that is absorbed by the land minus the amount reflected back into the atmosphere by Earth's surface.
The team also had to correct the data for errors due to changes in instruments or satellites
Celebrating its 10th anniversary this week NASA's Aura satellite and its four onboard instruments measure some of the climate agents in the atmosphere including greenhouse gases clouds
Measuring Greenhouse Gaseswhen the sun shines On earth some of the light reaches and warms the surface.
and how they change over time said Bryan Duncan an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt Maryland.
along with data records from previous satellites going back to 1985 to show that the tropical cirrus cloud distribution has been steady giving scientists information about the interplay among water vapor ice and the life cycle of these clouds.
Aerosols reflect radiation from the sun back into space; this tends to cool Earth's surface. Aerosols such as dust and smoke also absorb radiation
http://mls. jpl. nasa. gov/index-eos-mls. phpnasa monitors Earth's vital signs from land air and space with a fleet of satellites and ambitious airborne
and computer analysis tools to better see how our planet is changing. The agency shares this unique knowledge with the global community
and protecting our home planet. For more information about NASA's Earth science activities in 2014 visit:
and distribution of plants and animals around the globe big data has yet to make a mark on conservation efforts to preserve the planet's biodiversity.
The values calculated were compared with monitoring data from many different wells and data from the GRACE satellites.
These satellites measure changes in Earth's gravity field. DÃ ll has come to the conclusion that the rate at
and by critically reviewing the findings from 17 different pieces of research has found that outdoor spaces can offer environments that promote relaxation encourage activity
) the systematic review also found that gardens could offer welcome spaces for interactions with visitors helping to stimulate memories for dementia patients
and ensuring staff have time to let residents enjoy an outdoor space to its full potential.
and setting influences its ability to affect wellbeing yet it's clear that these spaces need to offer a range of ways of interacting--to suit different people's preferences and needs.
and can pack far more information into less space. For example manufacturers have announced plans for RRAM prototype chips that will be capable of storing about one terabyte of data on a device the size of a postage stamp--more than 50 times the data density of current flash memory technology.
Bocage which becomes a mazeto return to the hive bees navigate according to the position of the sun
#Cosmic grains of dust formed in supernova explosionthere are billions of stars and planets in the universe.
A star is glowing sphere of gas while planets like Earth are made up of solids.
The planets are formed in dust clouds that swirled around a newly formed star. Dust grains are composed of elements like carbon silicon oxygen iron and magnesium.
But where does the cosmic dust come from? New research from the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen and Aarhus University shows that not only can grains of dust form in gigantic supernova explosions they can also survive the subsequent shockwaves they are exposed to.
The results are published in the scientific journal Nature. How the cosmic dust is formed has long been a mystery to astronomers.
The elements themselves are formed out of the glowing hydrogen gas in stars. The hydrogen atoms fuse together into heavier and heavier elements
and in the fusion process the star emits radiation in the form of light that is energy.
and giant clouds of gas are slung out into space where they are recycled into new stars in a vast cosmic cycle.
which are massive stars that die in a gigantic explosion. But how do the elements grow into'larger clumps'like cosmic dust grains?
even though dust grains composed of heavy elements would form in supernovae the supernova explosion is so violent that the grains of dust may not survive.
This is extremely important when observing phenomena in the distant universe. Jens Hjorth explains that first they had to wait for the right luminous supernova to explode.
They were lucky and when it happened they initiated an observing campaign. This was a very bright supernova 10 times brighter than the average supernova.
The exploding star itself had been very massive more than 40 times the mass of the Sun. Researchers from the Dark Cosmology Centre at the Niels Bohr Institute Aarhus University
and NASA among others followed the explosion right from the start and the following 2â years and analysed the light from the very bright supernova.
Dust formed through shock interaction Dust absorbs light and from our data we could calculate a curve that told us the about the amount of dust the composition of the dust and the size of the dust grains.
which the star expels material containing hydrogen helium and carbon. This gas cloud resides as a shell around the star.
There are more of these outbursts and the shell around the star gets denser. Finally the star explodes
and the dense gas cloud take centre stage. When the star explodes the shockwave hits the dense gas cloud like a brick wall.
It is all in gas form and incredibly hot but when the eruption hits the'wall'the gas gets compressed
and cools down to about 2000 degrees. At this temperature and density elements can nucleate
but may be from sol for sun or from solamen for consolation comforting or quieting. Some of them are permanently quieting
Researchers are continuing that tradition by designing robots to work in a deep-space habitat tending gardens and growing food for astronaut explorers.
and use it in future space missions said Tracy Gill NASA's technology strategy manager at the Kennedy space center in Florida.
Plants Growing in Free Habitat Spaces. Instead of an area set aside just for vegetation the approach calls for plants to be distributed in any available space in a deep-space habitat.
The X-Hab challenge is a university-level project designed to engage and retain students in science technology engineering and math or STEM.
and manufacture of functional prototype subsystems that could be used in extraterrestrial habitats and during deep-space exploration missions.
It is a concept for producing edible plants during long-term missions to destinations such as Mars. Heather Hava who is working on a doctorate in aerospace engineering sciences explains that the goal is to have robots do much of the monotonous tasks saving time
and takes advantage of unutilized space in the habitat. In their new system a Remotely Operated Gardening Rover or ROGR travels around the habitat tending to a fleet of Smartpots or SPOTS
which would be distributed throughout the deep-space habitat's living space. The SPOTS facilitate plants growing in a small custom-designed hydroponic growth chamber with computerized systems to monitor the vegetation's progress.
We envision dozens of SPOTS on a space habitat said Dane Larsen who is working on a master's degree on computer science.
While living in a space habitat is basically residing in a mechanized environment Hava says humans by their makeup still need to be around nature.
Now I have an opportunity to bridge Earth farming systems to space. Hava noted that the team has benefited from support from former NASA astronaut Joe Tanner who now is a senior instructor of aerospace engineering sciences at the University of Colorado and Nikolaus Correll assistant professor of computer science at the university.
NASA and the National Space Grant Foundation selected seven projects from six universities for the 2013-2014 X-Hab Academic Innovation Challenge.
and concepts that could be used in future deep-space habitats. In doing so they worked in close cooperation with members of the NASA Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Program's Deep-space Habitat Project team.
The challenge encourages multidisciplinary approaches outreach efforts and partnerships with experts and industry. Participants are required to explore NASA's work on development of deep-space habitats
and help the agency gather new ideas to complement its current research and development. The University of Colorado Boulder also is among five universities selected by NASA for the 2015 X-Hab Academic Innovation Challenge.
The team's project will focus on designing a Deployable Greenhouse for Food Production for deep-space missions.
Hava says she would like to have an opportunity to apply her research on a deep-space mission.
While the research is said exciting she I would love to go to Mars and explore. I see myself as potentially being the first Mars space gardener.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by NASA. The original article was written by By Bob Granath NASA's Kennedy space center Florida.
Mission 5 of the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP) is scheduled to launch to the space station on July 11.
The provision of food in space proved popular the focus of four studies. Students from Riebli Elementary and Mark West Charter School in California examine
The Cottage Lane students hope to determine how long the plant takes to germinate in microgravity while the Florida group looks at the frequency of lettuce seed germination in space.
which could be used as antiseptics or in food production in space. A study by Murray Hill Middle school in Maryland investigates the effects of microgravity on microencapsulation a process that could be used to help control the rate at
Sixth graders at North Attleborough Middle school in Massachusetts want to know the answer which could eventually be put to use healing wounds in space and On earth.
whether calcium sulfate crystals grown in space differ in size from those On earth. Crystal formation may cause jellyfish born in microgravity to lose their sense of direction
which would come in handy up in space. Eighth graders at Pennsauken Phifer Middle school in New jersey will examine the growth rate in microgravity of penicillium which future astronauts could grow as an antibiotic to treat infections.
Two teams are interested in rust in space St peter's School students in Kansas city Missouri want to determine how microgravity affects oxidation
which is part of the National Center for Earth and Space science Education (NCESSE) in the U s. and the Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Space Education internationally.
A strategic partnership with Nanoracks LLC working with NASA under a Space Act Agreement makes the space station available as a student laboratory.
Participation by nine of the Mission 5 communities was possible in part thanks to a grant to NCESSE from the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) a National Partner on SSEP.
Whether or not any of them continue conducting science investigations in space when they grow up the astronauts of the future will be grateful for their hard work now.
which are one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. Caribbean reefs spanning a total of 38 countries are vital to the region's economy.
#Locusts harness the sun to get their optimum dietif you are a locust the most nutritious plant to eat depends on the ambient temperature.
#Rosettas comet target releases plentiful watercomet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is releasing the Earthly equivalent of two glasses of water into space every second.
not only for cometary science but also for mission planning as the Rosetta team prepares the spacecraft to become the first ever to orbit a comet (planned for August)
We always knew we would see water vapor outgassing from the comet but we were surprised at how early we detected it said Sam Gulkis principal investigator of the MIRO instrument at NASA's Jet propulsion laboratory in Pasadena California.
At this production rate comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko would fill an Olympic-size swimming pool in about 100 days.
But as the comet gets closer to the sun the gas production rate will increase.
MIRO first detected water vapor from the comet when the Rosetta spacecraft was about 217000 miles (350000 kilometers) away from it.
At the time comet 67p/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was 363 million miles (583 million kilometers) from the sun. After the initial June 6 discovery water vapor was detected also every time the MIRO instrument was pointed toward the comet.
and to determine the global gas production rate as a function of its distance from the sun. The gas production rate that MIRO determined provides scientists a measure of the evolution of the comet as it moves both toward
and then away from the sun. The gas production rate is also important to the Rosetta navigation team controlling the spacecraft as this flowing gas can alter the trajectory of spacecraft.
Our comet is coming out of its deep-space slumber and beginning to put on a show for Rosetta's science instruments said Matt Taylor Rosetta's project scientist from the European space agency's Science and Technology Centre in Noordwijk The netherlands.
when we are operating in close proximity to the comet's nucleus. Rosetta is currently about halfway between Mars
and Jupiter 261 million miles (420 million kilometers) from Earth and 354 million miles (569 million kilometers) from the sun. Comets are time capsules containing primitive material left over
from the epoch when the sun and its planets formed. By studying the gas dust
and organic materials associated with the comet via both remote and in-situ observations the Rosetta mission should be a key to unlocking the history and evolution of our solar system as well as answering questions regarding the origin of Earth's water and perhaps even life.
Rosetta will be the first mission in history to rendezvous with a comet escort it as it orbits the sun
MIRO is a small and lightweight spectrometer instrument the first of its kind launched into deep space.
Resembling a miniaturized ground-based radio telescope it was designed to study the composition velocity and temperature of gases on or near the comet's surface and measure the temperature of the nucleus down to a depth of several inches or centimeters.
and evolution of the coma and tail provides information on how the comet evolves as it approaches
and leaves the vicinity of the sun and addresses questions about why that happens. During Rosetta flybys of the asteroids (2867) Steins and (21) Lutetia in 2008 and 2010 respectively the instrument measured thermal emission from these asteroids and searched for water vapor.
MIRO is one of three U s. instruments aboard the Rosetta spacecraft. The other two are an ultraviolet spectrometer called Alice and the Ion and Electron Sensor (IES.
NASA's Deep space Network is supporting ESA's Ground Station Network for spacecraft tracking and navigation.
Hardware subsystems for MIRO were provided by the Max-Planck Institute for Solar system Research and the Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matiere en Astrophysique of the Observatoire de Paris. The consortium also includes the Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales ed
Max Planck Institute for Solar system Research Go? ttingen; French National Space agency Paris; and the Italian Space agency Rome.
which is heating up at about twice the rate of the rest of the planet due to increasing greenhouse gases said CU-Boulder geological sciences Associate professor Jaelyn Eberle a study co-author.
and satellites Ozden said. We were investigating possible applications for carbon nanotubes in space when we got this result.
The effect was confirmed through molecular simulations. They showed that when multiwalled tubes impact the target the outer tube flattens hitting the inside tubes
and blue holiday to the fullest the American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) offers some star-spangled tips.
#Green spaces in cities may increase erosion of building materials such as stone, concrete and steelgreen spaces in towns
Local authorities have been encouraged to invest in green spaces which can reduce greenhouse gases cut down exposure to pollution
In the future city planners should look into the species of vegetation they plant in green spaces says Dr Tiwary.
#Green planning needed to maintain city buildingsgreen spaces in towns and cities need extra consideration as they may be damaging buildings in the area according to new research from the Universities of Southampton and Surrey.
Local authorities have been encouraged to invest in green spaces which can reduce greenhouse gases cut down exposure to pollution
In the future city planners should look into the species of vegetation they plant in green spaces says Dr Tiwary.
which animals are particularly sensitive how to prevent sun damage to the skin and how to treat a sunburned animal.
or no pigmentation is very sensitive to the sun in general. Hairless pets or pets with very short or thin fur can also be vulnerable.
For dogs and cats this applies in particular to those parts of the skin that are exposed regularly to the sun. These include the ears the bridge of the nose the skin around the eyes
and the back. â#oesome animals particularly enjoy lying on their backs to bask in the sun. This exposes the skin on their bellies
which is often hairless to the rays of the sun increasing the risk of sunburnâ#reports veterinary dermatologist Christa Horvath-Ungerbã ck.
Hairless dogs and cats are naturally more sensitive to the sun since they lack the natural sun protection fur affords.
Here too though skin pigmentation plays a role and darker animals are less vulnerable to UV rays.
Owners of vulnerable breeds should take particular care to protect their animals from the sun. Sun protection for animalsâ#oeas a rule animals should have a shady place to lie in.
Especially at midday when the sun is at its strongest and presents the greatest risk not just for the skin
Particularly sensitive animals require sun protection in the form of a waterproof sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30
â#oenot every white dog or white cat needs sunscreen or clothing to protect it from the sun
. If sun damage has occurred already though or if an animal is highly sensitive it is up to us to protect it from further damage. â#Treating sunburn in animalsif sunburn is reddened visible as warm
The affected animal will need to be protected well from the sun in future to prevent permanent damage.
 In some cases exposure to the sun can worsen an existing condition. Animals with autoimmune skin diseases must be protected carefully from the sun for example.
And areas of the skin that were covered by fur but are exposed suddenly due to hair loss such as scar tissue after an operation
and shielded as needed Damage caused by sun exposurein animals sunburn results in an acute inflammation of the skin that can cause itching
or even actual skin tumours. â#oewe sometimes see squamous cell carcinoma on the heads of white outdoor cats as the result of chronic sun exposure.
and threatening the sustainability of life on planet Earth. In Brazil the demand for alternative energy sources has led to an increase in biofuel crops.
and continuous-space reaction diffusion model for fitness-dependent dispersal where the species moves upward along its fitness gradient.
and more radiation can be reflected back into space says first author Edouard Davin. However this effect is only short term and local--perhaps at the most regional but never trans-regional.
Overall says Seneviratne no-till farming makes more sense in regions where summers are regularly very hot due to high levels of sun exposure e g. in areas around the Mediterranean.
A model allows you to explore a space you're not fully able to reach experimentally said Tarnita who uses math to understand the outcome of interactions between organisms.
In that early developmental gestational period the brain is developing synapses the spaces between neurons where electrical impulses are turned into neurotransmitting chemicals that leap from one neuron to another to pass messages along.
If the soil ends up in reservoir it limits the space for water and has to be removed by a very expensive process called dredging.
Their work is especially valuable in light of the fact that a 2006 study showed that as the planet warms poison ivy is predicted to grow faster bigger
and her colleagues have been using data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite to track changes in land use in Mato grosso.
And while 5000-6000 IU may initially seem high it is important to remember how much the sun produces for us.
A single 15 minute whole body exposure to sun at midday in summer produces well over 10000 IU.
Most of us living in temperate latitudes got a lot more sun exposure than we do today
When you look at the patterns across both space and time and year-to-year at individual sites and when you look across different species the same patterns hold upâ#that gives us confidence that there's something going on.
and locking on to GPS satellites to establish the drone's home position. If launched properly by allowing the flight control system to orient itself with the satellites the Phantom drone will return to within 1 meter of its home position
when the operator turns the transmitter off. The Parrot drone which cost about $250 can be controlled with a smartphone
study findsforget about positioning giant mirrors in space to reduce the amount of sunlight being trapped in Earth's atmosphere
or putting reflectors in outer space ranked as the study's second least viable approach. While cloud seeding is cheap
By exploiting new molecular and genetic insights the research done in collaboration with Pierre de Wit from Wageningen Agricultural University in The netherlands provides a better understanding of the defense system of crop plants against the damaging pathogens that grow in the spaces between plant cells.
and describes a new concept describing how plants protect themselves against the pathogens that grow in the space outside plant cells (the apoplast)--a new concept called effector-triggered defense or ETD.
--i e. those foliar fungal pathogens that get into the leaf of the plant to exploit the space between its cells known as the apoplast to retrieve nutrients from the plant.
Billups and Yanqiu Sun a former postdoctoral researcher in his lab witnessed the interesting effect
and sun increasing the risk of wildfires spreading inside the forest. The combination of selective logging and wildfires damages turns primary forests into a thick scrub full of smaller trees and vines which stores 40%less carbon than undisturbed forests.
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