Synopsis: Water:

All aspects of the environment-soil rocks weather vegetation water etc. -vary from place to place over the Earth.

Examples include where to apply lime in a field where more water or drainage is needed and

which requires substantially less water and energy to produce. Soy-based proteins are a common pet food ingredient

At high concentrations--levels of 30 to 100 parts per million in water--hydrogen sulfide can be lethal to humans.

or less to water seeds of peas beans and wheat on a weekly basis. Treating the seeds less often reduced the effect

Methane is emitted at a wide range of concentrations from a variety of sources including natural gas systems livestock landfills coal mining manure management wastewater treatment rice cultivation and a few combustion processes.

helping Africans to irrigate cropscould algae that feast on wastewater produce clean biofuels and a healthful supply of fish food?

and maintain a simple centuries-old nonelectric water pump to grow more vegetables? Two Johns Hopkins student teams are working hard to move these green ideas off the drawing board and into the real world.

Their goal is to deploy algae at wastewater treatment facilities to feed on hard-to-remove pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus

Wastewater can contain pathogens and dangerous metals like mercury chromium and arsenic said Pavlo Bohutskyi an environmental engineering doctoral student and leader of this team.

At the same time the pathogens in wastewater such as viruses fungi and bacteria could destroy the algae themselves

and one that is already present in wastewater samples Bohutskyi said. If the team receives one of the additional EPA grants he said the students plan to do further studies to see

or biofuel production is the most economically viable use for algae grown in wastewater. Their faculty advisers are Edward Bouwer professor and chair of the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering and Michael Betenbaugh professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering.

In these areas women and children often spend hours each day hauling heavy containers of water from the local stream for drinking and to water crop-growing sites up to a half-mile away.

Instead they use the kinetic energy of flowing stream water to power the lifting of a fraction of this water to a higher elevation.

The process eliminates hand-carrying water and provides much needed irrigation water for the cultivation of winter vegetables.

In an additional effort aimed at sustaining the benefits from the EWB-USA effort a team of undergraduate

because the water allows the farmers to grow more vegetables during dry seasons for their own use and for sale to others.

This new development opens the door to the potential that food could be created from any plant reducing the need for crops to be grown on valuable land that requires fertilizers pesticides and large amounts of water.

or water containing a low amount of nitrate and had monitored their blood pressure over the next 24 hours.

#Smart solutions to a worsening water crisisinnovative policies and new technologies that reduce water waste are helping countries across the Middle east

and North africa deal with chronic water shortages. Those advances spring from the simple idea that preventing water loss is effectively the same as giving parched countries new sources of water.

This view gained widespread credibility in the wake of an IDRC-supported research program designed to assess how the so-called water demand management approach could ease the region's water crisis. The idea of using water more efficiently is now on the top of the policy agenda in the middle East

says former IDRC program officer Lamia El-Fattal. Our work provided the intellectual backbone that made it possible for people to move with confidence in that direction.

and saltwater desalination plants as the solution to water scarcity. By the mid-1990s the megaproject approach was viewed widely as a poor response to a water crisis worsened by population growth and climate change.

However the demand management alternative to developing new supplies of water--for example reducing the amount of water used wasted

or even needed--remained unproven. Enter Wadimena. Between 2004 and 2009 the IDRC-supported program brought together researchers policymakers farmers

For example Wadimena contributors refined the treatment of wastewater to ensure that greywater--non-sewage waste--could safely be used for certain types of agriculture.

and using technologies such as drip irrigation could reduce agricultural water demand. Efficiency plus equitymany of Wadimena's inquiries focused on the dual concerns of enhancing efficiency

and distributing water more equitably. A delegation of Syrians to Tunisia for instance considered how to replicate the successes of that country's water users associations.

These groups empower small farmers to enforce their own methods of fairer and less wasteful water distribution.

They are based on the idea that the best way to manage water is to give power to the people who are using it says El-Fattal.

Researchers also pondered how fees for water delivery could provide incentives to save water without penalizing the poor.

Cultural taboos against charging for water had meant that the paradox of this region was that water was very scarce

but also cheap explains IDRC program officer and former Wadimena project manager Hammou Laamrani. The solution since adopted in several countries is to have meters on wells that allow some water to be drawn for free ensuring fair access for poor farmers.

At the same time distribution fees are imposed for greater use providing an incentive to conserve water. Influencing policynew ideas have led to policy changes at many levels.

In Jordan for example building codes have been changed to require wastewater recycling to be incorporated into new construction. In Morocco government subsidies for efficient drip irrigation technologies are used also as a lever to encourage farmers to grow value-added crops that make better use of scarce water.

Water demand management concludes El-Fattal has gone from an idea to practical solutions that people are committed to.

-Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by International Development Research Centre (IDRC. The original article was written by Stephen Dale.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length h

#GUMBOS technology promises new drugs, electronic devicesmention a breakthrough involving gumbo technology in New orleans and people think of a new twist on The Local Dish the stew that's the quintessence of southern Louisiana cooking.

Then over a period of time they took 100 200 300 or 400 milligrams (mg) of the extract in a capsule with water.

and trimmers to pump irrigation water and to make fertilizers --and all of these activities emit carbon dioxide.

purificationuniversity of Cincinnati research at the ancient Maya site of Medicinal Trail in northwestern Belize is revealing how populations in more remote areas--the hinterland societies--built reservoirs to conserve water

and turned to nature to purify their water supply. Jeffrey Brewer a doctoral student in the University of Cincinnati's Department of Geography will present his findings on April 11 at the Association of American Geographers'annual meeting in Los angeles. Brewer's research titled Hinterland Hydrology:

and water reservoirs that would have been utilized for farming and water management. Brewer's discovery of artificial reservoirs--topographical depressions that were lined with clay to make a watertight basin--addressed how the Maya conserved water from the heavy rainfall from December to spring

which got them through the region's extreme dry spells that stretched from summer to winter.

The types of lily pads and waterborne plants found within these basins helped naturally purify the water.

and they managed the vegetation by these water sources that were used for six months when there was virtually no rainfall.

and mapping of the region Future research on the project will involve the completion of computerized mapping of up to 2000 points of topography--distances and elevations of the region in relation to water sources population and structures.

Brewer says he also wants to continue exploring the construction and management of these hinterland water systems and if possible gain a better understanding of

An expert on that problem#the infamous Gulf of mexico#oedead Zone##today called for greater awareness of the connections between rainfall and agriculture in the Midwest and the increasingly severe water quality problems in the gulf.

#oethe Dead Zone is a vast expanse of water sometimes as large as the state of Massachusetts that has so little oxygen that fish shellfish

and soybeans grow it stimulates the growth of plants in the water#algae in the Gulf.

and decay removing oxygen from the water. The result is water too oxygen-depleted to support life.#

#An oceanographer and executive director of the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium Rabalais spoke at a special symposium organized by 2012 ACS President Bassam Z. Shakhashiri Ph d. Abstracts of other presentations

#oeshortages in availability of water suitable for drinking agriculture and industry are the common denominator in some of the great global challenges facing society in the 21st century#Shakhashiri said.#

#oemore than 1 billion people already lack access to reliable supplies of clean water. Climate change surging population growth and other factors stand to make matters worse.

and more desolate with lower concentrations of oxygen dissolved in the water. The Gulf also seems to be more sensitive to the nitrogen

Fish and shellfish either leave the oxygen-depleted water or die causing losses to commercial and sports fisheries in the Gulf she noted.

I annually bring water from the Gulf of mexico dead zone to a water ceremony at the Unitarian church in Baton rouge where it is combined with waters from others from all over the world and locally.

Some of the water is retained in the urn for the next year s ceremony. Each year I bring my intent to continue to work for water quality in the Mississippi river watershed and its coastal ocean.

The distances and seeming disconnects are large but surprisingly short for a drop of water from the Gulf of mexico to be transported inland and then flow with other droplets down the river to the ocean.

The imperative science needs for health-related water research and education1. Joan B. Rose1 Phd Michigan State university Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 480 Wilson Road Natural resources Bldg Rm 13 East Lansing MI 48824

United states 517-432-4412 rosejo@msu. edulinking advances in genomics research mathematics and earth sciences as well as novel engineering technologies is imperative

in order to create a future of globally safe water. To address the major challenges in managing the growing amounts of animal and human waste water pollution;

protecting water resources and restoring an economically vital coastline we will need to invest in the characterization of our water microbiological communities and shift the pollution science paradigm toward an understanding of risk and resilience under global change.

Water sustainability in a changing world 1. Jerald L. Schnoor1 Phd The University of Iowa Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa

which is stressed increasingly by multiple demands for water supply agriculture industry recreation and ecosystem needs. Changes in water supply and demands for water are driven by population growth climate

and land use change and our energy choices (such as biofuels oil sands and shale gas). In this talk we discuss the drivers affecting water sustainability

and potential solutions including: adapting to a changing water world direct and indirect potable water reuse resilient water infrastructure and more holistic management of the water cycle.

This paper also describes research at Clear Creek watershed (270 km2) a tributary of the Iowa River in eastern Iowa to create an environmental observing facility

and intelligent digital watershed (IDW) for better water management and prediction. Future of urban water systems:

Technological and institutional challenges1. David Sedlak1 Phd University California Berkeley Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 657 Davis Hall University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 United states

510-643-0256 sedlak@berkeley. eduthe complex infrastructure that cities rely upon for water supply treatment and drainage are struggling to keep up with the combined effects of climate change population growth underinvestment in maintenance

However the success of these next generation technologies will depend upon their integration into the institutions responsible for urban water management.

Emerging opportunities for water disinfection integrated urban water management and risk assessment1. Pedro J. Alvarez1 Phd Rice university Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 6100 Main street MS 519 Houston TX 77005 United states 713-348-5903

and safer wastewater reuse (e g. photocatalytically-enhanced disinfection biofouling-resistant membranes and biofilm-and corrosion-resistant surfaces).

and the development of high performance point-of-use devices that facilitate differential water treatment and reuse.

The convergence of nanotechnology with environmental microbiology could expand the limits of technology enhance global health through safer water reuse

and contribute towards sustainable and integrated water management. This presentation will consider the antibacterial mechanisms of various nanomaterials within the context of environmental implications and applications.

Confronting the water challenge: Dow technologies increase the flow1. William F. Banholzer1 Phd The Dow chemical Company Executive department 2030 Dow Center Midland MI 48674 United states 989-636-0718 mbiehler@dow. comdow

is a leader in purification separation and chemical technology with a longstanding legacy of technology innovation for improving water quality and utilization.

Communities throughout the world depend on Dow reverse osmosis membrane technology for desalination and water reclamation.

Dow has made also investments that are solving the waterborne disease crisis by bringing affordable potable water through deployment of low-cost community-based water systems.

In addition new processes for chemical production have been deployed that dramatically reduce wastewater production helping to preserve freshwater resources.

But a new study by American and Moroccan scientists finds that far from alleviating water woes for the six farm oases in the basin the inflow of imported water has exacerbated problems by dramatically increasing the natural saltiness of their groundwater.

The flow of imported surface water onto farm fields has caused natural salts in the desert soil

and leach into local groundwater supplies said Avner Vengosh professor of geochemistry and water quality at Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment.

The team of Duke and Ibn Zohr scientists was able to know this by identifying the distinctive geochemical and isotopic signatures of different elements in the water such as oxygen strontium and boron.

Elements in low-saline water have different stable isotope signatures or fingerprints than those in high-saline water.

Once we get a water sample's fingerprint we can compare it to the fingerprints of other samples

We can also track the source of low-saline water flowing into a system. The practice of importing freshwater to irrigate crops is widespread throughout much of the world's arid regions Vengosh noted.

Local groundwater may be the best--perhaps only--source of water remaining for many communities. Protecting this vital resource and helping governments in desert areas worldwide find new untapped sources of it is the wiser approach in the long run Vengosh said.

Warner noted that by using the isotopic fingerprinting technologies the researchers discovered a previously overlooked low-saline water source that flows naturally into the Draa Basin from the adjacent Anti-Atlas Jabel Saghro Mountains.

Prior to our study people didn't think this was a major water input into the Draa system Vengosh said.

They analyzed more than 100 water samples collected in 2009 and 2010 from sites above below

Samples were collected from surface water hand-dug wells boreholes and springs. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Duke university.

when 1. 2 billion people lack access to clean water. It also wastes energy fertilizers pesticides

Water for instance is becoming scarcer as is fertile farmland. Global climate change may stress those resources even further.

and water and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while doing so. Cyanobacteria also have the potential to release nanocellulose into their surroundings much like A. xylinum making it easier to harvest.

While C. peregrina prefers cooler waters the researchers anticipate that it could extend its range farther south.

Ranging in size from just a few centimeters to the size of a soccer ball the sea potato is a greenish to yellowish brown sac that fills with air or water.

Traggis and Green are quick to characterize the sea potato as an introduced not invasive species in New england waters.

Hepatitis a is endemic in developing nations that lack modern sanitation and clean water. The virus is transmitted orally

The glaciers being imaged by UAVSAR provide freshwater for the residents of Santiago and water for regional agriculture.

UAVSAR also is monitoring seasonal land subsidence and uplift in groundwater basins in Arizona's Cochise County for the Arizona Department of Water Resources.

The effects of acid rain can propagate through aquatic ecosystems such as lakes rivers and wetlands and terrestrial ecosystems including forests

For example the concentration of nitrate and sulfate in rainwater in the Chinese city of Xi'an is 10 times greater than in New york city.

Unlike gas-powered engines that spew out pollutants the only byproduct of hydrogen fuel is water.

of which could grow at around the boiling point of water. The researchers chose to use xylose

and reproduce instead of splitting water molecules to yield pure hydrogen. To liberate the hydrogen Virginia Tech scientists separated a number of enzymes from their native microorganisms to create a customized enzyme cocktail that does not occur in nature.

The energy stored in xylose splits water molecules yielding high-purity hydrogen that can be utilized directly by proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

By dropping the soil into water-filled buckets and swirling them just right the lightweight bits of plants will rise to the water's surface allowing them to be skimmed off.

Berkebile analyzes and catalogs those often tiny plant fragments with help from a small team of fellow graduate and undergraduate students.

The diverse amount of wild resources combined with the area's scarcity of water and seasonal climate--prone to periods of drought and frost--makes Berkebile think the Puebloans had to rely on more than maize to survive.

The little crustacean grazers some resembling tiny shrimp are critical in protecting seagrasses from overgrowth by algae helping keep these aquatic havens healthy for native

and shellfish such as blue crabs red drum and some Pacific rockfish but they also help clean our water

Seagrass declines in some areas are attributed partly to excessive nutrients in water bodies stimulating excessive algal growth on seagrasses.

just as important as good water quality in preventing nuisance algae blooms and keeping seagrass beds healthy.

Each of these plants makes electricity by boiling water to create steam to run electric turbines.

which means it dissolves in water or insoluble. Previous research has shown that dietary fiber may help reduce risk factors for stroke including high blood pressure and high blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) bad cholesterol.

Just as importantly by fabricating them on cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) substrates the solar cells can be recycled quickly in water at the end of their lifecycle.

During the recycling process the solar cells are immersed simply in water at room temperature. Within only minutes the CNC substrate dissolves

#Decreased water flow may be trade-off for more productive forestbubbling brooks and streams are a scenic and much loved feature of forest ecosystems

but long-term data at the U s. Forest Service's Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest suggests that more productive forests might carry considerably less water according to a study published today in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

and an assistant professor at Plymouth State university is the lead author for the study titled Decreased Water Flowing from a Forest Amended with Calcium Silicate.

within 5 months of the application of wollastonite across a 30-acre watershed there was a substantial increase in forest water use compared to a nearby watershed that was treated not with calcium.

when we create a substantial increase in soil calcium this forest responded by using more water partly associated with increased growth.

and thus greater streamflow and if that means that when forests recover from acid deposition we'll see a decrease in water flowing in streams.

The process involved suspending graphene oxide nanosheets with powdered vanadium pentoxide (layered vanadium oxide with two atoms of vanadium and five of oxygen) in water and heating it in an autoclave for hours.

and sorghum and allowing more efficient use of water said K-State agronomy professor Mary Beth Kirkham.

Impacts on Soil and Plant Water Relations used data going back to 1958. That's when the first accurate measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide were made she said.

and winter wheat used water more efficiently as a result of the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Kirkham said.

Because elevated carbon dioxide closes stomata (pores on the leaves through which water escapes) less water is used

and her students collected to calculate how much the water use efficiency of sorghum has increased since 1958

Due to the increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere it now takes 55 milliliters (ml) less water to produce a gram of sorghum grain than it did in 1958 she said.

Fifty-five ml is equal to about one-fourth of a cup of water. This may not seem like a lot of water savings

but spread over the large acreage of sorghum grown in Kansas the more efficient use of water now compared to 1958 should have a large impact.

The elevated carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in 2012 ameliorated the drought compared to the drought that occurred in the mid-1950s.

The survey revealed that more than 80%of people in these areas use wetland resources including collecting water catching fish hunting bush meat (Sitatunga a type of antelope

Over half admitted to growing crops in the nutrient rich soil wetlands with its ready water supply.

and need huge amounts of fresh water and their use implies diverting food products to the energy market.

Secondly they do need not fresh water as sea water is sufficient which makes them viable even in deserts or arid areas near the coast.

#Long-term water quality trends in near-pristine streamsfor the first time a study has compared water quality trends in forested streams across the country that are undisturbed largely by land use

and Puerto rico underscores the value of long-term data in understanding the patterns and causes of water quality changes in streams and rivers.

Much of what we know about changes in stream water quality comes from studies where basins have been impacted by human activity said Alba Argerich a postdoctoral research associate with Oregon State university and the study's lead author.

Our work intentionally focused on relatively undisturbed streams the very reference sites that serve as benchmarks for evaluating water quality trends.

These long-term water quality data from experimental forests are said a treasure Sherri Johnson a research ecologist with the Pacific Northwest Research Station

Understanding how nutrient concentrations are changing over time in reference streams is vital for informing best management practices that are aimed at protecting water resources Argerich said.

When hydrogen is used as a fuel cell in electric vehicles the only vehicle emission is water.

portland cement water and aggregate. The world uses nearly 7 billion cubic meters of concrete a year making concrete the most-used industrial material after water said Kyle Riding assistant professor of civil engineering and Ataie's faculty mentor.

Even though making concrete is less energy intensive than making steel or other building materials we use so much of it that concrete production accounts for between 3 to 8 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions Riding said.

and engulf colossal mouthfuls of fish-laden water while other species simply coast along with their mouths agape (ram

or that its function would be altered by the flow of water through the mouth'he says.

and decided to find out more about how the flexible material filters whale-sized mouthfuls of water.

He publishes his discovery that baleen is a highly mobile material that tangles in flowing water to form the perfect net for trapping food particles at natural whale swimming speeds in The Journal of Experimental Biology.

Whales usually carry 300 of these structures on each side of their mouths#arranged perpendicular to the direction of water flowing into the mouth

and collected samples from ram-feeding bowheads in Alaska Werth began to compare how well the baleen trapped minute latex beads carried in flowing water.

and altered the inclination of the baleen to the water flow from parallel to perpendicular. Monitoring the fringes

IPM focuses on eliminating the cause of pest infestations by minimizing access to food water hiding places

Not in offshore oil wells but in the water where blue-green algae thrive. The building blocks of blue-green algae#sunlight carbon dioxide and bacteria#are being used by researchers at KTH Royal Institute of technology in Stockholm to produce butanol a hydrocarbon-like fuel for motor vehicles.

And the availability of raw materials-sunlight carbon dioxide and seawater-is in principle infinite#Hudson says. He adds that some cyanobacteria also able to extract nitrogen from the air

and just as water resistant as Styrofoam but they won't sit around taking up space in a landfill.

and so preserved soil water said Tim Harrington a research forester with the station and the study's lead.

and seedling water potential. In addition to having a vegetation control effect the retained woody debris helped promote Douglas-fir seedling growth by reducing evaporation;

#Pesticide application as potential source of noroviruses in fresh food supply chainscontaminated water used to dilute pesticides could be responsible for viruses entering the food chain warn scientists.

whether contaminated water used to dilute pesticides could be a source of hnov. Farmers use various water sources in the production of fresh fruits and vegetables including well water and different types of surface water such as river water or lake water--sources

which have been found to harbour hnov. To test this theory eight different pesticides were analyzed in the study;

each was diluted with hnov contaminated water. The researchers tested whether traces of the virus were present in the samples after the two elements were combined.

pesticides did not counteract the effects of the contaminated water. The authors conclude that the application of pesticides on fresh produce may not only be a chemical hazard

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