So he performed a second experiment in the lab growing the cordgrass with and without scale insects in either fresh water or seawater.
Why did these insects appear to help the cordgrass grow in fresh water but not in salt water?
As for why the cordgrass seemed to overcompensate in fresh water but not in seawater Long thought that perhaps the effort required to filter the seawater was just too much for the cordgrass stressing it too much to overcompensate.
In the absence of this stress overcompensation kicked in. We hypothesized that when these plants aren't stressed they can compensate for their grazing by scale insects by growing more Long said.
In other words once the water gets too salty it doesn't matter whether there's an insect infestation or not;
and water that make carbohydrates we eat and cell wall polysaccharides; the sugars that are important to producing next-generation biofuels.
They tested each population for total water-soluble antioxidant activity phenolic content fruit weight fruit shape fruit color and Vitamin c content.
Our analyses showed that the Solanum habrochaites population provided the best starting material for improvement of water-soluble antioxidant activity
The Solanum habrochaites population also contained individuals that had nearly 2-fold more water-soluble antioxidant activity and phenolic content than cultivated tomato.
The planned 8-week burst of water from Mexico's Morelos Dam on the Arizona-Mexico border was the culmination of years of diplomatic negotiations between the United states and Mexico and campaigning from scientists and conservation organizations.
Now ecologists wait to see how the short drink of water will affect the parched landscape.
Environmental flows for natural hybrid and novel riverine ecosystems in a changing worldthere are two primary ways to achieve environmental flows of water necessary to sustain river ecosystems write Mike Acreman
lest water releases do more harm than good. Several decades of applied research guided the planning for the engineered spring flood on the lower Colorado this year
and timing (to put it very simplistically At the end of the twentieth century Washington state decided that the water of the Elwha River would be most valuable flowing freely through Olympic national park to the Pacific at the Strait of Juan de Fuca supporting salmon trout clams and tourism.
and water infrastructure management writes N Leroy Poff of Colorado State university in his guest editorial for ESA Frontiers in
Root systems are essential to gathering water and nutrients but understanding what's happening in these unseen parts of the plants has depended until now mostly on lab studies and subjective field measurements.
or field variations in water soil or nutrient levels. The technique developed by Georgia Tech
and brackish water habitats have networks of prop roots that extend down toward the seafloor and corals are growing on and under these roots.
The fact is that algae can absorb nitrogen from the water as effectively as a wastewater treatment plant says Grã ndahl a KTH Royal Institute of technology researcher
since they form secondary reefs in free bodies of water. This sort of reef attracts fish and other animal species
which otherwise contribute to the excess fertilisation of water bodies and partly when we cultivate algae that actually absorb nitrogen and phosphorus from the sea.
In wintertime the cultivation can be lowered deeper in the water to avoid ice formation. The coasts of Sweden according to Grã ndahl are perfect for the cultivation of large algae (macroalgae)--there are plentiful archipelagos and well-sheltered areas.
and running near the Swedish town of Strã mstad in the waters that separate the country from Denmark.
Another problem the researchers will investigate in more detail is that really large cultivations of algae may prove to have a certain wave-damping effect that can influence movements in the water and the marine environment.
and with water for agriculture becoming increasingly scarce the question of the effect of low water levels on rice growth is becoming more critical.
but even more so after water is drained off. Manganese on the other hand increased sharply after flooding but decreased after that.
They found that water levels did not affect the growth of rice as much as expected. Their results provide recommendations for water management as saturation throughout the cultivation process does not seem to be as important as is believed.
Low water input rice production could be implemented and fresh water saved for other sectors. In a second paper in the same issue Muhammad Ibrahim and colleagues from Pakistanâ##s University college of Agriculture and Government College University as well as the South Koreaâ##s National Academy of Agricultural
Science looked at salt levels in soil and the effect on rice growth. They took twenty day old rice plants
while household consumption and agricultural use also stressed the country's limited clean water supply. Prof Guan said:
Although China has taken steps to improve its water consumption and pollution is decreasing it needs to tackle the cumulative pollution--triggered by manufacturing and capital investments
--which is a key element of its water crisis. The Chinese government needs to prioritise green business investment and clean technology both on a regional and national level.
The nation's food cities clean air and water and economy are all dependent on healthy fertile soils
and water science professor who led the research. The conservation of the'black gold'below our feet which is not only a natural part of Florida's soils
whether it's dirt pavement water or trees among other things. Land use means how people utilize public and private land such as agriculture forestry or conservation land.
The burrows the beetles carve under the bark of pines called galleries choke off water and nutrient circulation in the trees.
A recent report estimated that the water shortage would result in direct and indirect agricultural losses of at least $2. 2 billion and lead to the loss of more than 17000 seasonal and part-time jobs in 2014 alone.
A nonnative perennial it can form dense stands of grass up to 10 feet high that block valuable shoreline views of the water kill off native grasses
because valuable and pleasing water views are brought back. The approach has been used for nearly 6000 years in parts of Europe
#Water research tackles growing grassland threat: Treestwo Kansas State university biologists are studying streams to prevent tallgrass prairies from turning into shrublands and forests.
and grasses are much better at conserving water and efficiently using carbon dioxide. As atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase it becomes easier for trees to gather carbon dioxide
The biologists plan to continue studying water quality and quantity issues at Konza. Konza is an 8600-acre tallgrass prairie ecological research site jointly owned by the university and The Nature Conservancy.
#Biochar alters water flow to improve sand and clayas more gardeners and farmers add ground charcoal
Understanding the controls on water movement through biochar-amended soils is critical to explaining other frequently reported benefits of biochar such as nutrient retention carbon sequestration
and gardening buffs took off after archaeological studies found that biochar added to soils in the Amazon more than 1000 years ago was still improving the water
either increase or decrease the amount of water that soil holds but it has been tough for experts to explain why this occurs due partly to conflicting results from many different field tests.
In the new study biogeochemists at Rice conducted side-by-side tests of the water-holding ability of three soil types--sand clay and topsoil--both with and without added biochar.
Barnes said the team chose to make its comparison with simple relatively homogenous soil materials to compare results to established hydrologic models that relate water flow to a soil's physical properties like bulk density and porosity.
but in fact researchers have found that biochar-amended sand holds water longer. Study co-author Brandon Dugan assistant professor of Earth science at Rice said We hypothesize that this is likely due to the presence of two flow paths for water through soil-biochar mixtures.
One pathway is between the soil and biochar grains and a second pathway is water moving through the biochar itself.
Barnes said the highly porous structure of biochar makes each of these pathways more torturous than the pathway that water would take through sand alone.
Moreover the surface chemistry of biochar--both on external surfaces and inside pores--is likely to promote absorption and further slow the movement of water.
By adding our results to the growing body of literature we show that when biochar is added to sand
#Colorados Front Range fire severity not much different than pastthe perception that Colorado's Front Range wildfires are becoming increasingly severe does not hold much water scientifically according to a massive new study led by the University
or run off into the environment less use of heavy equipment water labour and fuel. Dr Hogendoorn says adoption of the technique will have the additional benefit of building up the honey bee industry
Along the west coast of North america winds lift deep nutrient-rich water into sunlit surface layers fueling vast phytoplankton blooms that ultimately support fish seabirds and marine mammals.
what's to come for agriculture water supplies and animal behavior among many other areas. Longer or shorter growing seasons influence the type of crops that are planted the pests that are present
In the western United states particularly water availability is affected by plants which are like little water pumps that drain soil moisture throughout the entire growing season he said.
Spring the onset of the growing season is studied well but fall --which is more complex and dependent on geography--is more difficult for scientists to characterize Schwartz said.
Increased feeding by plant-eating tropical fish in temperate waters as a result of ocean warming is an issue of global importance that has the potential to transform marine ecosystems as has also been seen in Japan.
Ecological factors such as climate soil quality water supply and topography determine the suitability of land for agriculture.
A key component to reduced energy density is the amount of water in our food
A growing body of evidence indicates that increasing the water content in foods can reduce energy intake
which are high in water content than after eating 100 calories of pretzels. This is because the fruit provides about 13 times more food by weight than the pretzels.
which marshes are most successful in dampening incoming water. In recovering marshes the chalk blocks dissolved 48.4 percent more than in always healthy ones.
In the case of Cape cod's marshes among the key species that may have been set back are the slow-growing mussels that transfer nitrogen from the water to the sediment promoting grass growth.
In addition the researchers measured the density of the leaves'vein networks a measure of the amount of water a plant can transpire and the rate at
and the consumption of methane as well as bacteria linked to soil and water. Dominating the bacterial communities were a core microbiome of taxa including Actinobacteria Alpha-Beta-and Gamma-proteobacteria and Sphingobacteria.
Like a watchful sentry JA takes action at the first sign of plant distress producing proteins that prepare the plant to combat excess heat lack of water or attack by disease organisms.
and the subsequent rapid decrease in the water level of Lake Saimaa approximately 6000 years ago revealed thousands of square kilometres of new fertile land in eastern Finland.
A multidisciplinary research project organised by University of Helsinki researchers has studied the role that the decrease in water levels has played in the interaction between nature and humans.
After the end of the last ice age postglacial rebound caused the Earth's crust in eastern Fenno-Scandinavia to tilt increasing the amount of water
Approximately 6000 years ago the Salpausselkã¤ridge could no longer hold back the waters which burst through
and resulted in an approximately four-metre decrease in the water level of Lake Saimaa revealing thousands of square kilometres of new land in Eastern Finland.
The nanotube electrolyte solution could be protected from oxygen and water which would have caused precipitation of the nanotubes he said.
The environmental costs--and benefits--from fracking which requires blasting huge amounts of water sand
The survey covers not only greenhouse gas impacts but also fracking's influence on local air pollution earthquakes and especially supplies of clean water.
Fracking's consumption of water is rising quickly at a time when much of the United states is suffering from drought
Fracking requires more water than conventional gas drilling; but when natural gas is used in place of coal
or nuclear fuel to generate electricity it saves water. From mining to generation coal power consumes more than twice the water per megawatt-hour generated than unconventional gas does.
Unconventional drilling's water demand can be better or worse than alternative energy sources the study finds.
Photovoltaic solar and wind power use almost no water and emit no greenhouse gas but cheap abundant natural gas may limit their deployment as new sources of electricity.
On the other hand fracked gas requires less than a hundredth the water of corn ethanol per unit of energy.
Fracking's impact on both climate change and local air pollution is similar to its impact on water finds the study The Environmental Costs and Benefits of Fracking published in the Annual Review of Environment and Resources.
Getting a fractured well going is more intense than for conventional oil and gas drilling with potential health threats arising from increases in volatile organic compounds and air toxics.
In the eastern United states fears of contaminated drinking water have raised more concerns than fracking's water consumption.
and the disposal of wastewater the study finds. Numerous previous studies have shown that casings fail between 1 percent and 10 percent of the time depending on geology and well construction.
How oil and gas companies handle wastewater--fluid used to fracture the shale that flows back up the well
and water unleashed with the oil and gas--shows the importance of state policies. Wastewater disposal is one of the biggest issues associated with fracking said co-author Avner Vengosh a professor of geochemistry at Duke university.
Most fracking wastewater in the United states is injected deep underground and an increasing amount is recycled for subsequent drilling
or sent to advanced water treatment facilities. However a handful of states still allow the wastewater to be used for watering cattle sprayed onto roads for dust control
or sent to municipal water-treatment plants not equipped to handle the chemicals involved. All bad ideas according to the authors of the new survey who work at Duke university MIT Ohio State university Newcastle University Los alamos National Laboratory the National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration and Stanford.
One study they cite found that the agricultural use of fracking wastewater killed more than half of nearby trees within two years.
Injection of wastewater deep underground presents its own problems the study finds. The practice occasionally has caused earthquakes strong enough to be felt by human beings
while the fracturing of shale miles below the surface rarely has done so. The dangers of seismicity can be reduced
however if energy companies follow basic guidelines and undertake careful monitoring The study highlights several policies
and flowers of plant species such as water-plantain eyebright lousewort bitter root and European yellow-rattle which are weeds commonly present across Europe and Asia.
Its usual host plants such as water-plantain also grow in Iran but peculiarly we couldn't find its damage symptoms on them.
As the new study shows low soil moisture (i e. 30%of the water holding capacity) leads to significant reduction of springtail juveniles.
In addition they have a waxy hydrophobic coating that repels water Pitts reported. Many experts categorize mosquitoes as specialists.
Addressing the conservation needs of these birds will result in healthier more productive land and water for other wildlife as well as for people.
Light nutrients and water he said. Weed control is critical for the establishment of any perennial crop.
In addition wetlands retain floodwaters and filter water naturally. South dakota has a unique legacy in its mixture of lakes wetlands and grasslands.
while resulting in less erosion better soil and water quality and more wildlife. During the dry summer of 2012 he pointed out the grass farm didn't show drought.
and enhance water clarity by trapping and removing sediment from the water. Historically extolled by trophy fisherman
and waterfowl enthusiasts as prime wildlife habitat researchers believe that the underwater grass beds at the shallow Susquehanna Flats began to decline in the 1960s
when polluted runoff from a rapidly developing watershed overwhelmed the Bay's waters with nutrients causing algae blooms that blocked out much-needed sunlight for underwater plants.
Underwater grasses are sensitive to water quality so they are a direct indicator of the Bay's health said lead-author Cassie Gurbisz of the Center's Horn Point Laboratory.
That is until the early 2000s when the underwater grasses also called submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) rapidly recolonized nearly the entire region.
When you're out on the Flats in summer at low tide you see these plants at the water surface all around you
(since 1958) water quality (since 1984) and even climate-related variables such as temperature and rivers discharge dating back to the late 1800s.
Researchers found that modest reductions in nutrient pollution to the Bay beginning in the late 1980s had led to long-term improvements to water clarity
and colonize deeper water. Exceptional growing conditions during the drought period allowed the system to overcome turbid water
and served to kick start a rapid resurgence said Cassie Gurbisz. Light availability is the most important factor in the growth of submersed plants.
and using excess nutrients in the water to grow. The researchers found lower nitrogen concentrations and less turbidity in the grass beds than the surrounding waters.
These feedbacks also affect a plant bed's resilience or its ability to resist disturbances such as storms
Accelerated plant growth at higher elevations caused by increasing temperatures would trigger more water absorption
and that water managers need to recognize and plan for the possibility of increased water losses from forest evaporation.
According to the researchers runoff from mountain ranges is vulnerable to temperature hikes that lengthen growing seasons and result in more vegetation growth at high elevations.
Evapotranspiration is the combination of water evaporation from land and the loss of water through plant-leaf transpiration.
An upslope expansion of forest with warming would cause a large increase in evaporative water loss and lead to reduced water availability.
Bajzelj points out that higher yields will also require more mineral fertiliser use and increased water demand for irrigation.
If you think about washing something in the sink typically water splatters on the surface around the sink Koppel said.
If you have some other ingredients near the sink that you're about to use for your meal all that water splattering around the sink could cross-contaminate the other ingredients you are about to use.
#Water thermostat could help engineer drought-resistant cropsduke University researchers have identified a gene that could help scientists engineer drought-resistant crops.
The gene called OSCA1 encodes a protein in the cell membrane of plants that senses changes in water availability
Water shortages are expected to become more frequent and severe if climate change makes rainfall patterns increasingly unreliable
Coupled with a world population that is expected to increase by two billion to three billion by 2050 researchers worldwide are looking for ways to produce more food with less water.
One way that plants respond to water loss is by boosting the levels of calcium within their cells.
The calcium surge acts as an alarm signal that triggers coping mechanisms to help the plant rebalance its water budget.
--and monitor water availability in general--remained unknown. Pei and Duke colleagues Fang Yuan James Siedow and others identified a gene that encodes a protein in the cell membranes of plant leaves
Plants with defective versions of the calcium channel don't send an alarm signal under water stress like normal plants do.
when water is scarce. The team's next step is to manipulate the activity of the OSCA1 gene
Taking into account global water limitations reduced this theoretical limit by more than 20 percent in all parts of the terrestrial landscape except the tropics Delucia said.
But even that water-limited NPP is many times higher than we see in our current agricultural systems.
She treated two groups of tassel-less corn one with a boron fertilizer and the other with only water.
while the group treated with water withered. Further testing revealed that at the cellular level the affected plants'meristems had altered pectin
and how factors such as temperature water availability and light levels might come into play. Forests creeping steadily north and becoming established in the thawing Arctic is just one of the predicted effects of rising global temperatures.
Just as people who travel to South america are told to be careful about drinking the water people who visit other areas like California the Pacific Northwest
It takes only three licks of their forked tubelike tongues to reject water when they expect nectar.
They spat out the water but they siphoned up both the sweet nectar and one artificial sweetener that evoked a response in the cell-culture assay unlike aspartame and its ilk.
The cycle starts when saltier denser water at the surface northern part of the Atlantic near Iceland causes the water to sink.
When it's heavy water on top of light water it just plunges very fast and takes heat with it Tung said.
Recent observations at the surface in the North Atlantic show record-high saltiness Tung said while at the same time deeper water in the North Atlantic shows increasing amounts of heat.
During the warm period faster currents cause more tropical water to travel to the North Atlantic warming both the surface and the deep water.
This eventually makes the surface water there less dense and after a few decades puts the brakes on the circulation setting off a 30-year cooling phase.
Without enough water in the soil seeds can't sprout roots leaves can't perform photosynthesis
The mission scheduled to launch this winter will collect the kind of local data agricultural and water managers worldwide need.
when the demand for water for crop production exceeds available water supplies from precipitation surface water and sustainable withdrawals from groundwater said Forrest Melton a research scientist in the Ecological Forecasting Lab at NASA Ames Research center in Moffett Field California.
Underground water resources are hard to estimate so farmers who rely on groundwater have fewer indicators of approaching shortfalls than those
If farmers of rain-fed crops know soil moisture they can schedule their planting to maximize crop yield said Narendra Das a water and carbon cycle scientist on SMAP's science team at NASA's Jet propulsion laboratory in Pasadena California.
and water quality issues or weaken the area's fishing and forestry industries. The atlas's visuals help make NOAA environmental data available to end users enabling them to help the public better understand the importance of improving resilience.
Leaf area measurements are essential for estimating crop yields water usage nutrient absorption plant competition and many other aspects of growth.
Or is it their ability to hoist water hundreds of feet into the air supplying the green solar-powered sugar factories in those leaves?
#Loss of eastern hemlock affects peak flows after extreme storm eventsthe loss of eastern hemlock could affect water yield
Because of its dense evergreen foliage eastern hemlock plays an important role in the water cycle of southern Appalachian forests regulating stream flow year round.
The fact that hemlock loss didn't increase water yield in the short-term was due to the rapid growth response of cooccurring trees and shrubs in the riparian forests;
Southern sea otters also known as California sea otters live in the waters along the California coastline and range from San mateo County in the north to Santa barbara County in the South sea otters live offshore in forests of kelp--huge yellow-brown rubbery seaweed reaching from the sea floor to the surface like tall trees.
if they had had enough water while growing and ripening. Riehl found that periods of drought had had noticeable
When barley grass gets insufficient water while growing the proportion of heavier carbon isotopes deposited in its cells will be higher than normal.
and her colleagues reliable information on the availability of water while the plants were growing.
The bronze vessels of different shapes and sizes and with varying decorations were used to extract water from the well
and unworked deer antlers--suggest that the Cetamura well like other water sources in antiquity was regarded as sacred.
In the Etruscan religion throwing items into a well filled with water was an act of religious sacrifice.
or other water source the well would accumulate rainwater that filtered through the sandstone and poured into the shaft from the sides.
Morris focused on studying the Bathurst region of the Canadian Arctic working with Guelph toxicology professor emeritus Keith Solomon adjunct professor Derek Muir and collaborators from Environment Canada's Aquatic
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