whether the recovering marshes were again providing the essential service of buffering the Cape's coast against the Atlantic ocean's waves.
and changes in sediment height recovering marsh creek banks did better than ones that still had extensive die off
Prevention and real restorationamong the many services that saltmarshes provide coastal protection is of particular importance as sea levels rise due to climate change Bertness said.
which at the end of the Cretaceous was a lowland floodplain crisscrossed by river channels. The collection consists of more than 10000 identified plant fossils
#Creation of the Vuoksi River preceded a significant cultural shiftthe creation of the Vuoksi River
and the subsequent rapid decrease in the water level of Lake Saimaa approximately 6000 years ago revealed thousands of square kilometres of new fertile land in eastern Finland.
After dramatic shifts in the waterways human life in the area underwent significant changes and gave rise to a new innovative culture.
and size of the body of water that would later become Lake Saimaa. Approximately 6000 years ago the Salpausselkã¤ridge could no longer hold back the waters
This created the Vuoksi River and resulted in an approximately four-metre decrease in the water level of Lake Saimaa revealing thousands of square kilometres of new land in Eastern Finland.
Run by University of Helsinki biologists scientists and archaeologists together with the National Board of Antiquities the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute and the University of Bristol the multidisciplinary research project has studied the role
which the creation of the Vuoksi River played in the simultaneous spread of the most significant culture in our prehistory.
After the emergence of the river the culture which used asbestos in its pottery disappeared
#Potato ravaging pest controlled with fungiapproximately six thousand hectares of Veracruz in the west coast of Mexico are dedicated to the production of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in
Arrowheads are groups of problematic perennial broadleaf weeds that thrive in rice fields and waterways.
grasslands forests wetlands ocean aridlands islands and coasts. This year's report is also a five-year check in on the indicators presented in the inaugural 2009 State of the Birds report.
In general shorebirds along the coasts are squeezed into shrinking strips of habitat due to development. But among the 49 coastal species examined there has been a steady rise in population of 28 percent
since 1968--a direct result of the establishment of 160 national coastal wildlife refuges and nearly 600000 acres of national seashore in 10 states. â#ecause the'state of the birds'mirrors
the state of their habitats our national wildlife refuges national parks national seashores and other public lands are critical safe havens for many of these species--especially in the face of climate change--one of the biggest
Wetlands are one of the habitats to benefit most from conservation. The North american Wetlands Conservation Act has enabled strategic conservation projects covering a collective area larger than Tennessee.
While wetland loss continues in some regions the Act has helped protect and restore wetlands through public-private partnerships across the United states thereby reversing declines in waterfowl populations such as the mallard
and blue-winged teal. In addition to assessing population trends in the seven key habitats the North american Bird Conservation Initiative members created a State of the Birds Watch List.
The 230 species on the list are endangered currently or at risk of becoming endangered without significant conservation.
Forty-two of them are pelagic (open ocean) species. Birds like the Laysan albatross and black-footed albatross are facing increasing levels of oil contamination plastic pollution and greatly reduced amounts of prey fish due to commercial fishing operations.
Rising sea levels due to climate change also put their low-elevation breeding habitats in the Hawaiian and Marshall islands at risk of flooding.
Ducks fly once again in great numbers up the Mississippi river and across the Chesapeake bay. California condors are rebounding from just 22 birds to more than 200 today.
UHF is referred often to as the beach front portion of the wireless spectrum because the signals travel for miles and one popular idea for the liberated portion of the spectrum is for open wireless access points like those used for today's Wifi hotspots.
Record greenhouse gas levels impact atmosphere and oceans, WMO report findsthe amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a new record high in 2013 propelled by a surge in levels
Concentrations represent what remains in the atmosphere after the complex system of interactions between the atmosphere biosphere and the oceans.
About a quarter of the total emissions are taken up by the oceans and another quarter by the biosphere reducing in this way the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
The ocean cushions the increase in CO2 that would otherwise occur in the atmosphere but with far-reaching impacts.
The current rate of ocean acidification appears unprecedented at least over the last 300 million years according to an analysis in the report.
Carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for many hundreds of years and in the ocean for even longer.
Past present and future CO2 emissions will have a cumulative impact on both global warming and ocean acidification.
The inclusion of a section on ocean acidification in this issue of WMO's Greenhouse Gas Bulletin is needed appropriate
It is high time the ocean as the primary driver of the planet's climate and attenuator of climate change becomesa central part of climate change discussions said Wendy Watson-Wright Executive secretary of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.
If global warming is not a strong enough reason to cut CO2 emissions ocean acidification should be
Approximately 40%of methane is emitted into the atmosphere by natural sources (e g. wetlands and termites) and about 60%comes from human activities like cattle breeding rice agriculture fossil fuel exploitation landfills and biomass burning.
Nitrous oxide (N2o) Nitrous oxide is emitted into the atmosphere from both natural (about 60%)and anthropogenic sources (approximately 40%)including oceans soil biomass burning fertilizer use and various industrial processes.
which protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. Ocean Acidificationfor the first time this Bulletin contains a section on ocean acidification prepared in collaboration with the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC
-UNESCO) the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) of the International atomic energy agency (IAEA).
The ocean currently absorbs one-fourth of anthropogenic CO2 emissions reducing the increase in atmospheric CO2 that would
Enhanced ocean CO2 uptake alters the marine carbonate system and lead to increasing acidity. The ocean's acidity increase is already measurable as oceans take up about 4 kilogrammes of CO2 per day per person.
The current rate of ocean acidification appears unprecedented at least over the last 300 million years based on proxy-data from paleo archives.
In the future acidification will continue to accelerate at least until mid-century based on projections from Earth system models.
The potential consequences of ocean acidification on marine organisms are complex. A major concern is the response of calcifying organisms such as corals algae mollusks
http://ds. data. jma. go. jp/gmd/wdcgg) The summary on ocean acidification was produced jointly by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
(IOC-UNESCO) the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) of the International atomic energy agency (IAEA.
which is flown on high-altitude aircraft to measure forests land topography ice sheets glaciers and sea ice.
The sources of uncertainty along a'cascade of uncertainty'are discussed also. Research on the changing climate
The sources of uncertainty along a'cascade of uncertainty'are discussed also. Marcus Lindner the lead author of the study points out that forest decision makers are no strangers to evaluating alternatives in the long term
Ancient peach stones offer clues to fruits originsas peach trees in the Niagara Region of Ontario give up the last of their fruit for the season their ancestors halfway around the globe are clamouring for attention.
and two Chinese colleagues propose that the domestic peaches enjoyed worldwide today can trace their ancestry back at least 7500 years ago to the lower Yangtze river Valley in Southern China not far from Shanghai.
None of the botanical literature suggested the Yangtze Valley although many people thought that it happened somewhere in China.
Radiocarbon dating of ancient peach stones (pits) discovered in the Lower Yangtze river Valley indicates that the peach seems to have been diverged from its wild ancestors as early as 7500 years ago.
Peach stones are represented well at archeological sites in the Yangtze valley so they compared the size
By comparing the size of the stones from each site they were able to discern peaches growing significantly larger over time in the Yangtze valley demonstrating that domestication was taking place The first peach stones in China most similar to modern
#Ecologist stresses importance of wetlands, grasslands in midwestwetlands may be understood the least ecosystem but their value Is distinguished immense according to Professor W. Carter Johnson of the South dakota State university Department of Natural resource Management.
For more than 40 years the ecologist has studied wetlands along rivers and in the prairie pothole region that extends from Canada through the Dakotas to Iowa.
In recognition of his contributions to wetlands conservation Johnson received the National Wetlands Award for Science Research from the Environmental law Institute.
Since 1989 the National Wetlands Awards program has honored individuals who have demonstrated extraordinary commitment to our nation's wetlands.
Understanding importance of wetlands Through his wetlands research Johnson has sought to help people understand their importance.
and importance to the health of the landscape he noted citing wetlands teaming with birds amphibians and beneficial insects.
In addition wetlands retain floodwaters and filter water naturally. South dakota has a unique legacy in its mixture of lakes wetlands and grasslands.
It's an incredibly beautiful and productive landscape and we haven't treated it very well Johnson said.
Most of the river or riparian wetlands along the Missouri river were lost when the reservoirs were established according to Johnson.
He estimated that 80 percent of the riparian wetlands have been destroyed. The only sizable remnants in South dakota occur below Gavins Point and Fort Randall Dams.
For his dissertation in the early 70s he studied the forests along the river. Two years ago he looked at
because they require floods and new sandbars to regenerate. American elm is gone mostly from Dutch elm disease and ash trees are being threatened by the emerald ash borer.
Restoring tall prairie grasses Seven years ago Johnson became one of the founders of the Ecosun Prairie Farms to demonstrate the viability of a working grass farm as a means of restoring tall grass prairie and pothole wetlands.
and the highest income levels came from wetland acres. It's a different way of farming Johnson admitted
#New deep sea mushroom-shaped organisms discoveredscientists discovered two new species of sea-dwelling mushroom-shaped organisms according to a study published September 3 2014 in the open
and species. In 1986 the authors of this study collected organisms at 400 and 1000 meters deep on the southeast Australian continental slope and only just recently isolated two types of mushroom-shaped organisms
New mushroom-shaped animals from the deep sea discovered which could not be placed in any recognized group of animals.
#Underwater grass comeback bodes well for Chesapeake Baythe Susquehanna Flats a large bed of underwater grasses near the mouth of the Susquehanna river virtually disappeared from the upper Chesapeake bay after Tropical Storm Agnes more than 40 years ago.
and waterfowl enthusiasts as prime wildlife habitat researchers believe that the underwater grass beds at the shallow Susquehanna Flats began to decline in the 1960s
when polluted runoff from a rapidly developing watershed overwhelmed the Bay's waters with nutrients causing algae blooms that blocked out much-needed sunlight for underwater plants.
The Susquehanna Flats SAV bed is gigantic--the largest in the Chesapeake with multiple species of grasses said Professor Michael Kemp.
It was clear that the extreme flood event following Tropical Storm Agnes triggered the historic demise of the grasses at Susquehanna Flats
(since 1958) water quality (since 1984) and even climate-related variables such as temperature and rivers discharge dating back to the late 1800s.
When major floodwaters flowed from the Susquehanna river in Fall 2011 a portion of the bed was lost.
These processes and patterns are not unique to Susquehanna Flats. Similar trends have been suggested for the Mid-atlantic Coastal Bays
A diminished river flow will only add to the burden of providing resources to the thirsty farms
Goulden and UC Merced's Roger C. Bales investigated the potential influence of a warming climate on evapotranspiration in the Kings River basin in California's Sierra nevada
percent with a corresponding 26 percent decrease in river flow. Further the relationships among evapotranspiration temperature and vegetation density were similar across a broader area of the Sierra nevada suggesting that the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration
Situated along the Atlantic coast of Brazil it once covered an area of nearly 1. 5 million square kilometres.
The accumulation of large predatory spiders in these invaded habitats then results in higher mortality for small toads that have emerged recently from wetlands.
Their discovery required an international team of scientists fieldwork in the California mountains and at Harvard university's Concord Field Station plus collaborations from Harvard labs on both sides of the Charles river.
Subsurface warming in the ocean explains why global average air temperatures have flatlined since 1999 despite greenhouse gases trapping more solar heat at Earth's surface.
We looked at observations in the ocean to try to find the underlying cause. The results show that a slow-moving current in the Atlantic which carries heat between the two poles sped up earlier this century to draw heat down almost a mile (1500 meters.
Tung and co-author Xianyao Chen of the Ocean University of China who was a UW visiting professor last year used recent observations of deep-sea temperatures from Argo floats that sample the water down to 6500 feet (2000
and Southern oceans Tung said. After 30 years of rapid warming in the warm phase now it's time for the cool phase.
When observations show the ocean cycle flipped around the year 2000 the current began to draw heat deeper into the ocean working to counteract human-driven warming.
and Latin america The European space agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission measures soil moisture at a resolution of 31 miles (50 kilometers) but because soil moisture can vary on a much smaller scale its data
Dr. Mahalingam studied that more closely in association with the U s. Forest Service while at the University of California Riverside.
Meeting points for DNA-binding proteinwhen brassinosteroids bind to a receptor on a cell wall they trigger a multilevel cascade of reactions that regulates the activity of the CESTA (CES) transcription factor.
than the state of Wisconsin--experienced changes in land cover including a decline in wetlands
Overall 8. 2 percent of the nation's ocean and Great lakes coastal regions experienced these changes.
change risks such as loss of coastal barriers to sea level rise and storm surge and includes environmental data that can help coastal managers improve community resilience.
in Charleston S. C. Among the significant changes were the loss of 1536 square miles of wetlands and a decline in total forest cover by 6. 1 percent.
The findings mirror similar changes in coastal wetland land cover loss reported in the November 2013 report Status
and Trends of Wetlands in the Coastal Watersheds of the Conterminous United states 2004 to 2009 an interagency supported analysis published by the U s. Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA.
Both wetlands and forest cover are critical to the promotion and protection of coastal habitat for the nation's multi-billion dollar commercial and recreational fishing industries..
Wetland loss due to development equals 642 square miles a disappearance rate averaging 61 football fields lost daily.
and city planners as the U s. population along the coastline continues to grow. The ability to mitigate the growing evidence of climate change along our coasts with rising sea levels already impacting coastlines in ways not imaged just a few years ago makes the data available through the Land Cover Atlas program critically important to coastal resilience planning said Margaret
Davidson National Ocean Service senior advisor for coastal inundation and resilience science services. C-CAP data identify a wide variety of land cover changes that can intensify climate change risks-for example forest
or wetland losses that threaten to worsen flooding and water quality issues or weaken the area's fishing and forestry industries.
The atlas's visuals help make NOAA environmental data available to end users enabling them to help the public better understand the importance of improving resilience.
For instance the atlas has helped its users assess sea level rise hazards in Florida's Miami-Dade County high-risk areas for stormwater runoff in southern California and the best habitat restoration sites in two watersheds
of the Great lakes. Selected Regional Findings--1996 to 2011: All C-CAP data sets are featured on the Digital Coast.
Tools like the Digital Coast are important components of NOAA's National Ocean Service's efforts to protect coastal resources and keep communities safe from coastal hazards by providing data tools
training and technical assistance. Check out other products and services on Facebook (www. facebook. com/NOAA) or Twitter (twitter. com/NOAA.
Now a research team led by plant geneticists at the University of California Riverside and Huazhong Agricultural University China has used the method to predict the performance of hybrid rice (for example the yield growth-rate and disease resistance).
Rice and maize are two main crops that depend on hybrid breeding said Shizhong Xu a professor of genetics in the UC Riverside Department of Botany
The above story is provided based on materials by University of California-Riverside. The original article was written by Iqbal Pittalwala.
#Roadside research from pinelands and coast to coastroads are essentially the primary feature of human civilization at this point according to Dane Ward a doctoral student in environmental science at Drexel University who is presenting research at the Ecological Society
Although pine snakes are considered an upland species the neonates moved readily through lowlands and wetlands as well as grassy areas.
and storm flow from forest watersheds in the southern Appalachians according to a new study by U s. Forest Service scientists at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (Coweeta) located in Otto North carolina.
For this study Coweeta researchers used a paired watershed approach--one watershed with a major hemlock component in the riparian forest area the other reference watershed with very little--to determine the effects of hemlock mortality
Since hemlock woolly adelgid was detected first in 2003 all the eastern hemlock trees in both watersheds died resulting in a loss of 26 percent of forest basal area (that area occupied by tree trunks
and stems) in the riparian area of the first watershed compared to a 4 percent loss in the reference watershed riparian forest.
This latter finding suggests that riparian trees may play a disproportionally important role in regulating watershed processes than trees that aren't adjacent to the riparian zone.
This cause and effect process is called a trophic cascade or the progression of direct and indirect effects predators have across lower levels in a food chain.
and functioning of temperate nearshore marine ecosystems said Rebecca G. Martone of the Center for Ocean Solutions at Stanford university.
Southern sea otters also known as California sea otters live in the waters along the California coastline and range from San mateo County in the north to Santa barbara County in the South sea otters live offshore in forests of kelp--huge yellow-brown rubbery seaweed reaching from the sea floor to the surface like tall trees.
In coastal North america sea otters help maintain healthy kelp forests which benefits other marine species dependent on this habitat.
and trophic cascades in concert with other drivers affect coastal ecosystems. The ecological impacts of a changing climate are evident from terrestrial polar regions to tropical marine environments.
Big fires today are not outside the range of historical variation in size said Jon Keeley an ecologist based in Three Rivers Cal. with the U s. Geological Survey's Western Ecological Research center and a Fellow of the Ecological Society.
Pesticides or heavy metals enter rivers or lakes and vegetation where they are ingested by fish and mammals and in turn are consumed by other animals and humans.
The substances can become biomagnified or concentrated in tissues and internal organs as they move up the food chain.
Using a 26-acre farm as her average Vorotnikova took data collected at UF's Gulf Coast Research
his former doctoral advisors at Stanford university--senior author Douglas Bird and his spouse Rebecca Bliege Bird--and Peter Kauhanen formerly of Stanford and now at the San francisco Estuary Institute.
and the wetlands working group two of the four groups convened by the USDA for the methods development which also included forestry and livestock.
and seas ultimately resulting in warmer ground and air temperatures. Finally Jacobson said carbon particles released from burning biomass settle on snow
That exposes dark soil and dark seas. And again because those surfaces are dark they absorb even more thermal energy from the sunlight establishing an ongoing amplification process.
In 1994 large replicated watersheds of the native prairie were set aside. Over a 20-year period each section was burned annually either in the fall winter or spring.
But for the panthers to continue their comeback they rely greatly on the mixed landscape found on ranches which includes forests wetlands prairies and pastures.
The new and improved methodology used to make the map marks a sea change for future market-based carbon economies.
#DNA find reveals new insights into the history of cattle in Europea research team from the University of Basel made a surprising find in a Neolithic settlement at the boarders of Lake Biel in Switzerland:
Small sturdy cows as draft animalsscientists from the University of Basel by accident found a very small metacarpal bone from a Neolithic cattle among other animal bones found in the lake settlement Twann in Switzerland
and his team found that it's most similar to a population of wild rice species found in one location along the Niger river in Mali.
Frank Lake an ecologist with the U s. Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Station will lead a field trip to the Stone Lake National Wildlife Refuge during the Ecological Society of America's 99th Annual
Lake will also host a special session on a sense of place sponsored by the Traditional Ecological Knowledge section of the Ecological Society that will bring representatives of local tribes into the Annual Meeting to share their cultural and professional experiences working on tribal natural resources issues.
and flood system said Lake. To maintain the blue and valley oak you need an anthropogenic fire system.
Lake raised among the Yurok and Karuk tribes in the Klamath River area of northernmost California began his career with an interest in fisheries
but soon realized he would need to understand fire to restore salmon. Fire exerts a powerful effect on ecosystems including the quality
and quantity of water available in watersheds in part by reducing the density of vegetation.
since fire suppression are like straws sucking up the groundwater Lake said. The convergence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers was historically one of the largest salmon bearing runs on the West Coast Lake said
and the Miwok Patwin and Yokut tribal peoples who lived in the area saw and understood how fire was involved.
which added a lot of diversity for a short proximity area of the same forest type Lake said.
Lake thinks that understanding tribal use of these forest environments has context for and relevance to contemporary management and restoration of endangered ecosystems and tribal cultures.
and resources Lake said. By aligning tribal values with public values you can get a win-win reduce fire along wildlife-urban interfaces
#Changes in agriculture increase high river flow ratesjust as a leaky roof can make a house cooler
when it's sunny changes in land use can affect river flow in both rainy and dry times say two University of Iowa researchers.
While it may be obvious that changes in river water discharge across the U s. Midwest can be related to changes in rainfall
The potential benefits of understanding river flow are especially great in the central United states particularly Iowa where spring and summer floods have hit the area in 1993 2008 2013 and 2014 interrupted by the drought of 2012.
In order to study the effect of changes in agricultural practices on Midwest river discharge the researchers focused on Iowa's Raccoon River at Van Meter Iowa.
and corn harvested acreage in the Raccoon River watershed. In times of flood and in times of drought water flow rates were exacerbated by more or less agriculture respectively.
Our results suggest that changes in agricultural practices over this watershed--with increasing acreage planted in corn
The UI research paper Roles of climate and agricultural practices in discharge changes in an agricultural watershed in Iowa can be found in the April 15 online edition of Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment.
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