They consume food from vast tracts of farmland, timber from the forests, minerals scraped from the Earth,
and maintaining such farms makes them impractical for food production on a larger scale. However
growing food in the urban environment on regular multistorey plots is likely to increase as hobby farmers,
As their traditional food oe fish oe becomes scarcer, they scavenge human rubbish. Whether traditional conservationists and wildlife lovers learn to value these new flourishings that are occurring at such a rapid rate is still to be seen.
Wafer-thin artificial leaves separate with the rising sun as buildings wake up. They continue to follow the sunlight over the course of the day,
sucking dew and carbon dioxide out of the air. These substances are filtered into the fleshy fabric within the walls of our homes, not dead spaces but active processors,
which in turn, enriches the food for the trees. In the near future, we will begin to tap into the technological potential of this metabolic diversity
One week, no food S Abbas Raza Aeon 1 may 2013 Couple fast for seven days.
the amount of time freed up by no meals and much less shopping. The autistic brain Temple Grandin Slate 1 may 2013 Book extract."
The corporate spirit is cynical nihilistic.""For Zuckerberg, and for Facebook, Ëoesincere'and Ëoeinsincere'are equally meaningless terms.
Patients were being asked to infect themselves with live pig whipworm eggs to see if the parasites alleviated any of their symptoms
or slowed the spread of telltale brain and spine lesions.""I've always had a research interest so
I couldn't see the eggs or anything. Â For the next three months, he and four others visited the lab every two weeks to swallow doses of 2, 500 parasite eggs.
At the start of the trial, MRI scans showed patients had an average of 6. 6 active lesions oe scars on the protective layer around nerve cells that disrupt the transmission of electrical messages in the brain and spinal cord.
Strachan's idea was that changes to sewage treatment, availability of clean water and food,
and a shift away from farming lifestyles decreased our contact with soil, faeces and contaminated food where bacteria and parasites like helminths live.
over the course of evolution, trained our immune system to be more tolerant. One of those organisms could be the wormlike parasite.
43%of those given pig whipworm eggs improved, compared with only 17%who received placebos.
In a second trial 29 patients with Crohn's disease took whipworm eggs every three weeks. By the end of 24 weeks
However in 2009, the Food and Drug Administration defined helminths as biological products that could not be sold before having undergone a series of clinical trials
"Pig whipworm is very kosher, Â Weinstock says. At New york University, immunologist P'ng Loke found monkeys suffering from chronic diarrhoea not only got better after receiving a dose of pig whipworms
who suffer from gluten intolerance, with hookworms. Gluten is introduced slowly into their diets to see
if the hookworms will suppress the disease's inflammatory response. Back in Wisconsin Fleming is continuing his studies on multiple sclerosis.
Coronado Biosciences, a Massachusetts-based company, hopes to have results from two large studies being carried out in the US into the use of pig whipworm eggs to treat Crohn's disease by the end of the year.
In the case of whipworms this means patients swallowing doses of live eggs; in the case of hookworms they apply gauzes containing live larvae to their skin."
Does cranberry juice stop cystitis? Many women swear by the healing powers of cranberry juice, saying it not only helps cure painful bladder infections,
including cystitis, but also helps prevent future outbreaks as well. Given that bladder infections are one of the most common bacterial infections we face,
some women keep a carton of cranberry juice in the fridge at all times, just in case. Â Men are more fortunate.
Apple and grape juice and dark chocolate also contain proanthocyanidins, but not the right kind. So it is plausible that drinking cranberry juice could help to prevent cystitis.
A systematic review of studies published last year found that products containing cranberries reduced the risk of infection,
and those who drank the juice at least twice a day. Juice seemed to be more effective than tablets containing cranberry,
possibly because the active substances are absorbed more easily. That said the review authors found that cranberry juice made a bigger difference in some trials than in others.
So far, so good oe we have a biological explanation for why cranberry juice might prevent infections,
coupled with several small trials showing that it may make a difference. But three months after this review was published another review,
 All 24 studies involved a group of people taking some kind of cranberry product, whether in juice
half were given cranberry juice to drink twice a day for the next six months; the other half were given a juice placebo designed to look
and taste just like cranberry juice in identical cartons, but without containing any cranberries. The placebo was made for the study by the cranberry juice manufacturers Ocean Spray.
The result? Drinking cranberries made no difference to the recurrence of infections. The earlier review had excluded this study
because the authors had used a lower threshold to definite a urinary tract infection, but authors of the later review assessed it to be important enough to include in their study.
So where does this leave us? Cranberry juice might prevent infections, but if it does the effect seems to be minor at best
and it requires a lot of commitment. To reduce your risk of future infections by a small amount you would need to drink cranberry juice twice a day indefinitely.
Many people find this too hard to do in practice; the Cochrane review notes high drop out rates.
whether cranberry juice is it. If you would like to comment on this article or anything else you have seen on Future,
and snacking on their form of convenience food oe local residents'cattle, goat, and other animals.
Technology oe typically a bit more advanced than Richards lights oe is aiming to play a major role helping conserve
and get a"21st Century Limited  oe a glamorous sleeping car express complete with cocktail bar, gourmet restaurant,
The british designer has been designing objects as diverse as food mixers irons, Instamatic cameras and the distinctive nose cone of the Intercity 125 High Speed Train for more than 50 years.
there are plenty of examples of creative roleplaying, food in the bedroom, or unusual places to do the deed,
"When the bull nuzzles her rump, she must produce a stream of urine if he is to catch some in his mouth and savour it,
However, it could equally have been powered by one of a number of biofuels made from algae, flax, coconut husks or even from used cooking-oil.
whether land used for growing the necessary crops is taking land away from growing food,
scientists increasingly advocate the use of crops that grow in areas that would not normally support agriculture oe such as salicornia, a salt loving plant oe or the use of algae,
which once flourished thanks to the ancient spice routes, the country has become known for drone strikes against Al Qaeda suspects
So TEDXSANAA is about selecting the cream of the Yemeni crop from around the world
"It's the only food that insects produce that humans eat regularly, it's packed with healthy micro-nutrients,
and for thousands of years honey has been used for its medicinal value. Â Â Â Â Aside from being a healthy and natural sweetener,
honey is an antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antifungal. Yet the production of honey is a very slow, decentralized process.
and when harvest day comes they pack it in old fruit juice bottles, and hawk it on the road sides  says Ogana.
"It's a great way to visualize traceability, Â remarks Ayer.""Honey is adulterated so easily,
who by day is an eccentric and engaging Japanese scientist called Shin Kubota, said to be the only scientist in the world who cultivates the creature,
There's no doubt that our consumption of resources from food to gadgets has risen dramatically over the past 60 years,
and houses constructed out of old boat sails, rice sacks and plastic drinks bottles. But then there are those items that seemingly can't be repaired.
a bird that many think of as having more to do with barbecue sauce than with arithmetic. If a chicken sits in front of two small opaque screens,
and one ball disappears behind the first screen, followed by four balls disappearing behind a second screen,
when you consider that the chicken in question is only three days old. And it can do a lot more than add up.
the chicken is faced now with two tasks. It must add two to one, and know that there are now three balls behind the first screen.
The young chicken must overcome its initial impulse to approach the second screen, which initially hid four balls,
Infant chickens correctly approached the screen hiding more balls nearly 80%of the time. Chimpanzees perform even better in their maths tests,
They succeeded even on trials where one of the bowls in the incorrect set contained more chocolates than either individual bowl in the correct set.
When a desert ant leaves its nest in search of food, it has an important task:
Christina Mulligan, one of the authors of the report and a postdoctoral associate at Yale Law school, says that the main problem is that software patents are so broad and vague that they are essentially impossible to index,
Tobacco smoke is a complex cocktail of at least 4, 000 chemicals including at least 70 known carcinogens.
And when the smoker lights up, chemical reactions in the burning leaves fill the smoke with carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and a cocktail of carcinogens oe the infamous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS),
including foods. But there's a big difference between taking these substances into your guts, where they pass through a soup of enzymes before being transported actively into the bloodstream,
and sucking them directly into your lungs where they can passively diffuse into your blood.
or promote the growth of blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to tumours. But both of these claims come from studies in lab-grown cells."
An analysis from the US Food and Drug Administration showed that some still contained detectable traces of nitrosamines."
So Tonkean macaques must decide which direction they will move in search of food, and they make those choices by majority vote.
This indicates that the group should move to a new food patch. The other monkeys then decide
African buffalo (Syncerus cafer) are large bovines distantly related to domestic cows that can be found grazing in forests, grasslands and swamps across the African continent.
Food patches vary for African buffalo, based on previous grazing history by the herd as well as by other species
David Sloan Wilson quotes a buffalo expert named H. H. T. Prins, who wrote about an odd pattern in
Wilson notes that Prins spent two years watching the buffalo before realising that this simple stretching behaviour was actually a means of registering one's vote.
A few moments later, everywhere in the herd buffalo start trekking. The exciting thing is that they start trekking, at the beginning independently of each other, in the same direction.
the female buffalo were actually casting their votes to indicate the direction they wished to travel.
Unlike the Tonkean macaques, only the adult female African buffalo are allowed to vote. But like the monkeys, all adult females vote regardless of their position within the dominance hierarchy.
and the least dominant African buffalo get an equal say in making group decisions that directly impact their own survival.
and the spread of disease and introduced species. As many as 30%of all species may be lost over the next four decades, conservationists estimate.
which out-compete the natives for food, light and habitat, or like the jaguar simply consume them to extinction.
Meanwhile, we've been artificially boosting the populations of certain select species, such as cows, dogs, rice, maize and chickens oe most
whereas rats and goats that eat the food of rare tortoises are being eliminated. In other places,
Stopping spread So, chemicals are not the sole answer. Neither, it seems, are any other options when used alone."
and yields-on behalf of organizations ranging from the World Food Program to Great lakes Coffee (a local coffee purchaser) that lack an affordable means of collecting such granular, real-time information.
and finding ways to grow our food crops under these unfamiliar conditions. Even if we stopped burning fossil fuels today,
we also need land to grow food for an increasing global population, so there's a limit to how much forestry we can fit on the planet.
and olivine rock, is a great sucker of carbon dioxide, sealing the absorbed gas as stable magnesium carbonate mineral.
Another option could be the basalt rock cliffs, which contain holes oe solidified gas bubbles from the basalt's formation from volcanic lava flows millions of years ago.
and then injecting it into the rocks under high pressures. However, Lackner thinks the gas is too useful to petrify.
and purchase anything being sold as crocodile meat. When they brought the meat back and analysed it,
they found it wasn't from crocodile at all. Its origins weren't exactly clear, but for all the world it looked suspiciously like some kind of python.
and one reptile's meat looks oe and may even taste oe like another. From mislabeled crocodile to fake fur, a global industry has thrived for centuries by supplying shops and markets with fraudulent or counterfeit products.
Towards the back of the fish popsicle, Birck had cut a small square for sequencing a little bit of DNA called the CO1 gene oe also known as the"barcode of life Â. Normally Birck
and chunks of vegetables or meat. Most recently they've been inundated with fish filets, which are nearly impossible to identify."
"There's nobody who can look at a fish fillet and tell you what it is, Â Birck says.
And importers will go to great lengths to cut and dye their fillets to look like the fish they're trying to imitate.
But for Birck, as long as there's DNA to extract, no amount of cutting and dying can pass tilapia off as salmon.
So if a fillet says it's salmon, Birck can compare that DNA with the salmon barcode."
 One particularly fertile avenue looks like being the murky world of fraudulent seafood imports. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing is not only a lucrative business globally,
the Boston globe revealed last year that 48%of the fish their reporters purchased in restaurants,
grocery stores and markets in Massachusetts was mislabeled oe typically serving cheaper seafood instead of more expensive species on their menus.
As a result the US Food and Drug Administration announced at the end of last year it will expand its use of DNA testing in inspections of seafood manufacturers and restaurants.
So for barcoding to become really useful for someone like Kolokotronis examining the crocodile meat in Chinatown,
While Birck can get DNA from most foods and some products, there are certain processes that destroy most traces of genetic material."
"I can get DNA out of mayonnaise, Â he laughs, "but canned tuna is hard.
And Kolokotronis still doesn't know what species his Chinatown meat is from. If you would like to comment on this article
but in order to provide food for the constantly escalating number of mouths we are running the risk of irreversibly damaging the planet.
and other essential nutrients such as phosphorous oe they have taken from the soil. Farmers left stalks and silage in the fields to rot down,
and added whatever other organic material they could, including animal and human excrement. As populations grew in Europe and the US,
Billions of people owe their daily bread, rice or potatoes to artificial fertilisers. And fertilisers formed the backbone of the Green revolution across Asia and South america,
Global impactbut only 17%of the nitrogen used in fertilisers ends up in our food;
Ten times more nitrogen is used to produce food than humans consume as protein, and not all the nitrogen in the food we eat is used even by our bodies oe the excess enters the environment through human waste.
Most people require only 2g (0. 07 ounces) of nitrogen a day but the average American consumes 13g (0. 46 ounces) daily, mainly in animal products,
but it uses valuable animal fodder or cooking fuel. As with all fertilisers, manure runoff can also pollute rivers and oceans with eutrophication (death by oxygen starvation.
and following a disastrous harvest in 2005 when more than a third of the population needed emergency food aid,
And to eat less meat so that the protein in the crops we fertilise is used in the most efficient way.
Archaeologists like Rosemary Joyce, a professor of Mesoamerican archaeology at the University of California, Berkeley,
Backpack farm targets growth in Africa Â"We've been called'the Mcdonald's of farming, 'Rachel Zedeck says with a laugh.
more food and ultimately earn money. The reality is that Africa is the breadbasket of the world,
along with specific instruction on growing more than two dozen different crops, including maize, sorghum and mangoes. Â But Zedeck says she realized early on that to have the impact she wanted,
For example it is used by food inspectors to check what is served up on a plate is what a restaurant says it is.
Customs officials also use it to stop trafficking of illegal animal parts whilst field biologists use it to identify organisms.
In all cases the technique is largely the same. A sequence of DNA is extracted from an organism
so too are profits and a valuable source of nutrition. The United nations, in fact, estimates that 27%of all milk in Uganda goes to waste, much of it due to spoilage.
The rest could be used for cooking or lighting. In addition the slurry that comes out of the biogas can be used to fertilize grass and crops,
vegetables and meats without it turning bad.""I left the system with the fundi's oe the carpenters
It is also working on adapting the tech for beer brewers who also have specific chilling needs for correct fermentation.
Individual farmers breeding livestock or keeping chickens, when multiplied by millions, have caused biodiversity changes in
Our food requirement alone is expected to double by then. Is our ever-increasing human population propelling us to our doom?
As well as improvements in nutrition and healthcare that have seen more people living for longer, the general global trend is reduced towards fertility (fewer people)
In the next four decades we're going to have to produce more food than we have during the last 10,000 years in soils that are degraded, marginal lands and under the difficult conditions of climate change.
it is also true that people around the world are starving right now oe and not from a shortage in global food supply,
or being too poor to afford food whose price has been raised artificially by commodities trading. And as people become richer and switch from rice or cassava to milk and meats
the problem will only escalate. Resource use is determined not just by population size, but also by how rich people are.
In much the same way that different cells in the tongue respond to different types of taste oe bitter, sweet,
I was pleased most to have drinking water on tap and a dependable hot shower. As I brought home my many boxes out of storage,
that people are eating less environmentally costly meat, and that Americans are copying their European counterparts in adopting more fuel-efficient cars.
Fish that lay their eggs in the shallows among submerged tree roots, for example, may find a few hours later that those sites are high and dry with the eggs desiccated.
Downstream of a dam, the seasonal floods that revitalize wetlands and fertilise paddy fields cease. The flow may be reduced
Downstream, though, the effects of losing nutrient-rich sediments is far more problematic. The fertility of the entire system can be affected,
and all will need food, water and clean air. As if to illustrate the point further, last month Arctic monitors showed the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has passed 400 parts per million (before the Industrial Age,
This shisha cafe culture has extended also to Europe, Brazil and the United states. If I run home from my office in London,
I pass a street filled with cafes where groups of people sit outside engulfed in clouds of honey-scented smoke.
In the United states many hookah cafes have opened in college towns and a recent study found that as many as a fifth of American students have tried it.
The tobacco burns in a small dish on top of the main body of the water-pipe. You inhale through a mouthpiece connected by a pipe to a reservoir of water at the bottom.
  In a study in Florida, USA, customers'carbon monoxide levels were tested as they left bars that allowed the smoking either of cigarettes or hookah pipes.
The people leaving the bars that had had water-pipes triple the levels of carbon monoxide in their bodies.
So do scientists trying to investigate the spread of deadly malaria. Whilst conservationists trying to get a handle on the state of illegal logging may have it worst of all.
Swiss malaria researchers need to run enormous numbers of calculations to simulate the spread of malaria worldwide;
For example, malariacontrol. net simulates the spread of the disease on computer oe helping governments decide how to invest most effectively on, for instance, bednets versus vaccines.
Volunteer computing works best on easily shared problems that are divisible into digestible pieces that can be worked on in any order at any time.
A bowl of tiger penis soup (to boost virility) goes for $320, a pair of eyes (to fight epilepsy) for $170,
We do not depend on tigers for meat or skins. They do not provide transport or help plough our fields.
as well as the vital ecosystem services humans rely on from food to water management. Because tigers are a top predator,
mixed with the scent of meat oe and I start to sweat and my knees tremble a little.
and yet still trick the egg into dividing as normal. After the hybrid egg cell began dividing,
shuttled nuclei from gaur skin cells into cow eggs and then implanted the embryos into cows.
"What you can do for chicken you should be able to do for pigeon, and that can include creating DNA that you haven't seen alive for a 100 years,
In some individuals the mammoth cells would contribute to sperm or eggs, and these cells be used to create a genuine mammoth through IVF.
For inside the little white capsule was a full three course meal, designed to mimic the meals of the past in a single convenient, portable dose.
 Take the 1930 science fiction musical Just Imagine, which tells the story of a man who is woken from a fifty year coma to find himself in 1980s New york. As he tours a dystopian city oe where people are known only by number oe he is taken to a"cafã  Â,
where his new friends order him up a meal of clam chowder, roast beef, beets, asparagus, pie and coffee.
before declaring that"the roast beef was a little bit tough  and lamenting"the good old days Â. But if you look back to these"good old days Â,
the roots of the meal-in-a-pill stem not from the fertile minds of science fiction writers,
humans would only eat synthetic food, liberating women from the drudgery of the kitchen. People would"take in condensed form from the rich loam of the earth,
and in the luscious juices of the fruits. A small phial of this life from the fertile bosom of Mother Earth will furnish men with substance for days.
"When the last pie was made into the first pellet, women's true freedom began. Â The turn of the century also brought a fear that the planet simply could not provide enough food for its people
given the then-current rate of population growth. In the 1920s and 30s the meal pill showed up in popular media as something inevitable, with a touch of the scary.
a grocer plonks six turkey dinner meal pills on to the counter for a lady buying thanksgiving supplies;
the ladies of the house reflect on the"antique  dirty dishes, a relic thanks to the meal pill.
made even more so by the fact that the fashion failed to keep up with food technology, meaning that diners still wore white tie.
including the meal-in-a-pill. Rather than derive pleasure from food, it was instead something to be controlled
and reduced to its component parts. It was not nourishment for the soul, but sustenance for life and man must simply swallow the pill as the future of food came barrelling towards him.
 It is the kind of technocratic, dysfunctional view loved by science fiction and is one that has reared repeatedly its head when talking about food pills.
For example in his 2006 book Meals to Come: A History of the Future of Food, Warren Belasco writes:"
"While most people vow and hope that they will never rely on pills for food, they presume future generations will conform to whatever Ëoescience finds'oe pills, algae or other dystopian horrors.
 Tablets gain groundbut this submissive attitude disappeared in the 1960s, to be replaced by one of techno-utopianism, driven by the glamour and excitement of the space race.
In the age of space travel, meal pills were seen as the next logical step in the evolution of food oe the ultimate in efficiency and a triumph of man over nature.
High above the planet food was sucked out of silver pouches by astronauts strapped into experimental capsules that had escaped the confines of Earth.
These space powders oe that could be rehydrated into gels and were unlikely to spill out into the delicate capsules oe aimed to provide nutritionally complete meals that could be eaten through straws.
And back On earth, children and adults alike wanted to be part of the action. Foil-wrapped bars and powdered drinks such as Tang enjoyed a surge in status and popularity,
whilst the emergence of dehydrated and condensed foods mean that food pills were once again back on the menu for future-gazers.
Combined with the arrival of TV DINNERS and Cold war fears over food security depictions of future food also enjoyed a revival.
For example, the Sunday comic strip Our New Age ran in over 110 newspapers around the world from 1958 until 1975.
A 1965 edition of the strip touted the synthetic food of the future as an answer to the world's food crisis.
The four panel colour comic charted the changes in the evolution of food. The first panel explained how 9, 000 years ago,
humans were hunting wild beasts and gathering wild plants for food. The next panel declares that synthetic food is just the next step in modern agriculture
allowing science to feed a swelling population that is no match for old-fashioned methods of agriculture.
Triumphantly, the last panel of the comic declares that chemists could now set up efficient factories"to meet all the food shortages anywhere in the world Â
. Just as US President Herbert hoover had won the election in 1928 on a promise of"a chicken in every pot Â,
the promise of the 1960s seemed to be"a meal pill in every pocket Â. As with so many visions of the future,
however, the meal-in-a-pill turned from an object of fascination to one of ridicule.
In the 60s and 70s cartoon series like The Jetsons and films like Sleeper poured cold water on the idea,
but the idea of a three course meal remains as remote as the depiction of New york in Just Imagine.
Human beings are never going to eat pills for meals  pills can never be made to contain sufficient caloric volume.
and minerals needed for a meal in pill form. But you can't get calories except by eating food.
 It seems that humans were seduced by the idea of a meal-in-a-pill,
whilst the reality was harder to swallow. This was certainly the case for the women's club in Missouri
which held a"Year 2000 Â dinner event in 1944. A variety of meal pills were served:
tutti-frutti pills, a brown pill for the meat course and a miniature chocolate pellet for dessert.
Records show that after the pills they all sat down to coffee and plates of sandwiches
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