Bercovici and co-author Yanick Ricard of the University of Lyon in France set out to solve the billion-year gap.
Bercovici and Ricard discovered a feedback loop. First mineral grains get smaller when rocks grow weaker.
and ends up looking like a plate boundary Bercovici told Live Science's Our Amazing Planet.
and connected into actual plate boundaries the researchers showed. They're like scars Bercovici said.
Eventually you get enough of them to form a contiguous plate boundary. The researchers also compared their Earth plate tectonics model to Venus finding that the surface of Venus was too hot for plate tectonics to develop.
#Tomato-Rich Diet May Lower Kidney Cancer Risk Women who eat more tomatoes or other lycopene-containing fruits
The amount of micronutrients including lycopene in the women's diets was estimated from the information they provided on questionnaires
The researchers also gathered data on the women's supplement use. 5 Key Nutrients Women Need As They Age During the study period 383 women were diagnosed with kidney cancer.
and a number of vitamins and other nutrients in the diet including lycopene Vitamin c Vitamin e and several carotenes.
The amount of lycopene in the diet of the women who consumed lycopene at the highest level in the study would be equal to eating four tomatoes daily said study researcher Dr. Won Jin Ho a medical
but also from tomato sauces and other fruits that contain lycopene Ho said. Kidney cancer also called renal cancer is the ninth most common cancer among Americans and accounts for about 2 percent of all cancers in the United states according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
A diet rich in micronutrients that have antioxidant properties could potentially affect the risk of this cancer
Nymphal ticks are about the size of a poppy seed so if you wear lighter-colored clothing like light socks lighter-colored pants you're going to have an easier time identifying them. 8. Quick dry clothing
while Rachel prepared the nest for her eggs according to representatives from explore. org. When a pair of ospreys bonds they will attempt to mate more than 160 times over a period of weeks resulting in a clutch of two to four eggs.
The eggs will incubate for between 35 and 42 days before hatching. While a female incubates her eggs her mate provides most of her meals (osprey eat a diet almost exclusively of fish.
The eggs and chicks are almost never left alone including at night. About 50 days after they hatch chicks will start exercising their wings
and will practice flying from the nest. In early September they will launch on a solo journey along the Atlantic Flyway from Maine to South america via the Caribbean.
Explore. org is also operating a live puffin cam. The bird that can be seen in the burrow is incubating an egg that is expected to hatch in Mid-june.
Puffins were wiped out in Maine by hunters and egg snatchers but the National Audubon Society's Project Puffin reintroduced the birds in the 1970s.
Editor's Note: If you have an amazing animal photo you'd like to share for a possible story
or image gallery please contact managing editor Jeanna Bryner at LSPHOTOS@livescience. com. Follow Tanya Lewis on Twitter and Google+.
and feed and we have said hands Zydlewski. We'd never just let the lamprey stay attached.
Without a digestive system they can't really feed. They have one interest Zydlewski said and it's not eating.
Photo credit: Courtesy of Michigan State university) Whip Spiders Whip spiders aren't spiders but they are arachnids (a group that includes spiders scorpions mites and ticks).
Bats do us a great service in eating insects like mosquitoes and agricultural pests. They are an important part of our environment.
But sand tigers want nothing to do with people their diet consists of small fish rays squids and shellfish.
Carl Moore) Coconut Crabs Coconut crabs are frankly enormous weighing as much as 9 pounds (4 kilograms) and measuring 3 feet (1 meter) across.
In addition as the name suggests their claws are powerful enough to open coconuts which are common on their home islands in the Indian and western Pacific oceans.
But no need to worry about a coconut crab attack any time soon. They are said not aggressive Jakob Krieger a researcher at Universitã¤t Greifswald who studies coconut crabs.
They are slow-moving creatures comparable to land turtles. The easiest way to avoid a coconut crab injury?
Don't touch one or pick it up. And if somehow you find one in the wheel well of your car (as Krieger saw
now that were cracking open coconuts when Woodrow wilson was president. Photo credit: Jakob Krieger University of Greifswald) Aye-aye Aye-ayes are nocturnal lemurs native to Madagascar.
The worst that they do is sometimes eat people's coconuts or sugar cane. See more images of aye-ayes Aye-ayes are extraordinary examples of evolution at its weirdest
Ed Louis) Goliath Bird-Eating Spider If you don't like spiders you really won't like Goliath bird-eating spiders as these hairy tarantulas have a leg span that can reach up to 11 inches (28 centimeters.
The Goliath bird-eating tarantula is big and'fangy'and both factors cause some people to fear them said Chris Buddle an arachnologist who studies arthropod ecology at Mcgill University.
However their name is not'Goliath human-eating tarantula'for good reason: We are not their prey.
and other creatures their diet consists primarily of insects. Photo credit: B & T Media Group Inc. Shutterstock. com) Cockroach No list of unnerving animals would be complete without cockroaches
The goldenrain tree fruit is a papery capsule that looks a bit like a small pepper or a Chinese lantern.
Over the past 13 years dozens of cinnamon-brown chicks have been raised in captivity to be released into the wild
Eggs laid by captive whooping cranes in Maryland Wisconsin and Alberta are incubated. When they hatch the chicks are raised by humans cloaked in white costumes with a beaked puppet on their hands to teach the birds to eat and drink.
See Photos of the World's Cutest Baby Wild Animals I don't know that they actually think of us as whooping cranes said Glenn Olsen a veterinarian at the U s. Geological Survey's (USGS) Patuxent Wildlife Research center in Maryland who said he spends much of May through July
Olsen and other biologists think the birds'strange upbringing might have something to do with their tendency to abandon their eggs.
and plant-eaters is what drives evolutionary changes. When a plant-eater finds a new way to attack a plant the plant must evolve to fight the plant-eater.
Through many generations these changes force formation of new species leading to the observed tropical diversity.
Tropical forests have thousands of plant species that may have hundreds of plant-eaters each. These millions of interactions need to be taken all into account to show the Red Queen hypothesis at work.
because their lifespan can be hundreds of times longer than the average leaf-eater which is usually a small insect.
In a 2011 study published in the journal Functional Ecology Angela Moles the head of the Big Ecology Lab at the University of New south wales looked at all the data on interactions between plants
and plant-eaters. She found only a third of the studies showed there to be more interactions among tropical species than those at higher latitudes such as temperate regions.
This nuclear winter#would have led to the demise of photosynthetic organisms the basis of most food chains.
and conserve their energy when it's dry. So scientists were surprised when they discovered the Amazon forest turns green during the tropical dry season from June through October even during an extreme drought based on data from NASA's Terra satellite.
It's the only type of plant that they use for laying their eggs. Since the introduction of genetically modified Round up Ready corn
Even I have been lured by the idea of getting my groceries for a fraction of their retail value.
In a 2014 Preventing Chronic Disease study researchers scoured over 1000 online store coupons from six national grocery chains
A whopping 25 percent were processed for snack foods candies and desserts and about 12 percent were for beverages
which mostly consisted of sodas juices and sports or energy drinks. So if you're looking to consume a healthy diet rich in fresh fruits
and veggies don't expect to save big from couponing. But that doesn't mean you can't save. 6 Easy Ways to Eat More Fruits
and Vegetables Here are my top tips for saving money on fresh produce. 1. Shop at farmers'markets.
Also by cutting out the middle man#(grocery store) there's a chance you can save some dough. 2. Weigh pre-bagged produce.
If you're trying to limit the quantity of pricey organic items on your grocery list refer to the EWG's Dirty Dozen list to find which items of conventionally-grown (nonorganic) produce are the dirtiest.
Vermont also ranked No. 1 for eating vegetables: 67.8 percent of residents said they ate five or more servings of vegetables four days a week.
Other top states for eating vegetables were Montana Washington and Oregon. In contrast Oklahoma Louisiana and Missouri ranked in the bottom for eating produce with 52 to 53 percent of residents saying they ate their five servings of veggies four days a week.
Earlier this week Gallup-Healthways released its rankings of the most and least obese states with Montana
#Predicting Mars Cuisine: Grasshoppers with a Side of Fungi (Op-Ed) Doug Turnbull is a hard-science-fiction writer.
and explore Mars will certainly have to bring their food with them. However if a permanent settlement on Mars is to be both physically
and economically sustainable eventually settlers will have to grow most if not all of their food on the Red planet.
First unlike hardware or electronics food is a consumable which means that the settlers will need a continuous supply.
Sending a kilogram (2. 5 pounds) of basic food to Mars would likely cost many times more than a similar amount of Beluga caviar consumed On earth.
which means that settlers will have to store some food for two-plus years before a new shipment arrives.
It is not possible to ship certain types of food such as fresh vegetables and fruits that far or to store them for many months.
In fact very few foods remain viable over such durations without losing many of the characteristics that make them wholesome and nutritious.
NASA has been funding research into methods of storing food for long periods while keeping astronauts healthy.
However there has been limited only research into actually growing food under the conditions plants are likely to encounter on Mars. The Red planet's gravity is 38-percent that of Earth
or dock with the ISS to replenish food. Powered by two solar panels pointed toward the sun the lab would rotate at two revolutions per minute (rpm) simulating Mars's gravity.
and into several sections like the layers of a cake. One section could house the crew and another the plants in experimental growing media such as simulated Mars soil or fluid for hydroponic gardening.
Even without such studies it is still possible to speculate about food sources for Mars settlers.
Initially a vegetarian diet would seem logical as it is the simplest in terms of agricultural management. Soybeans provide basic proteins capable of sustaining human health.
Greens sprouts and even seaweed may help create a balanced diet. Indeed astronauts have grown successfully peas
All would be likely choices as mainstay foods if they can thrive under Mars-like conditions.
and other sources of nutrients that people take for granted here On earth. At least in the early years Red planet residents will not have access to fruits containing Vitamin c
In addition to providing a food source greenery offers the added benefits of converting carbon dioxide exhaled by settlers into oxygen essential for maintaining a long-term bio-regenerative life support system.
Fungi specifically mushrooms are excellent low-maintenance food sources that require little or no light.
Mushrooms provide essential nutrients including Vitamin d and Vitamin b-6. Easy to grow and harvest mushrooms are ingredients in many popular dishes.
The fungi could grow in compost created using waste material from other agricultural processes as well as sanitary waste.
Mars settlers could also turn to grasshoppers as an additional food resource. While not popular in most European countries and the Anglo-sphere grasshoppers are a major source of animal protein in Asia Africa and South america.
They have a tremendous advantage over many other meat sources because of their extremely efficient conversion of vegetable matter into insect protein.
In addition the husbandry associated with raising grasshoppers is compared relatively simple to that needed for cattle chickens
and many would not suffer from the Eeeew factor many Westerners associate with eating insects.
So grasshoppers may become a meat staple for Mars residents. Of course this would depend upon the guaranteed reliability of grasshopper containment systems.
Speaking of Star trek a version of its food replicator is in the process of moving from science fiction to science fact.
Scientists have synthesized successfully meat using a 3d printer to align stem cells from animals in laboratory Petri dishes creating both hamburger
and chicken from materials that were never part of a living animal. Perhaps in the future the list of 3d printed proteins would also include fish.
NASA has experimented also with using 3d printers for making chocolate and even pizza. The grasshoppers would make a better dessert if dipped in the 3d printed chocolate.
Perhaps in the future the list of 3d printed proteins will include fish. While the exact forms that agriculture would take on Mars are still very much an unknown at least one thing is clear:
Before many years have passed Mars settlers certainly will have developed their own unique cuisine. Turnbull's most recent Op-Ed was Why Robots May be the Future of Interplanetary Research.
Thus Sussman's collection includes some obscure subjects such as green blobs of llareta a dense alien-looking cousin of parsley that grows high in Chile's Atacama desert.
and science writer Carl Zimmer who muses on the poppy-seed-size invertebrate called a gastrotrich that reaches old age in a matter of days.
#Eating Beans Helps Lower Bad Cholesterol That old childhood ditty about Beans beans the musical fruit#really does tell the truth in the verse about beans being good for the heart new research suggests.
Eating a daily serving of cooked beans is linked with lower levels of bad low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol according to a new review study from researchers in Canada.
We found a 5 percent reduction in bad cholesterol with one serving of legumes a day over six weeks on average said study co-author Vanessa Ha a research coordinator at the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor
and women who included legumes in their diet with adults who did not they found that people eating about one serving of legumes a day dropped LDL cholesterol by 0. 17 points (measured in milimoles/Liter) on average in six
Eating beans seemed to benefit men's LDL cholesterol levels more than women's perhaps because men had higher cholesterol levels
or poorer diets to begin with and responded better when they ate healthier foods the researchers said.
Eating beans on a daily basis could help improve cholesterol levels in two different ways.
One is by displacing other foods in the diet that may not be as heart healthy such as foods high in saturated fats like red meat
and cheese or high-glycemic foods such as white rice and white bread Ha said. A second way is that beans lentils
Heart-healthy eating Despite their health benefits legumes still aren't a common food at mealtimes.
There's room or the potential to increase legume consumption as entrees in soups or salads or as a snack like hummus Ha said.
People could eat dried green peas lentils chickpeas or beans black red kidney lima pinto and cannellini she said.
Perhaps some people worry that eating more of the musical fruit as the song suggests might make them toot.
or bloating when they first included more legumes in their diet they found that people's symptoms subsided with time.
but it still makes sense to eat more heart-healthy foods including beans. A previous study found that a person who switched from a less healthy plan to a heart-healthy diet
which is high in fiber and low in saturated fats might expect to reduce LDL levels by 5 to 10 percent.
Legumes aren't the only foods that might help cut cholesterol. Other research has shown that eating more oats
and barley could drop LDL by 5 percent each. The benefits of increasing heart-healthy foods at mealtimes can really add up to comparable LDL reductions seen with some statin drugs Ha said.
Follow us@livescience Facebook & Google+.+Original article on Live Science v
#Most Interesting Science News articles of the Week<p>This week we have zebra stripes on the Earth the most accurate timekeeper and even weird techni-quarks.</
Chupacabra means goat sucker in Spanish named so because it is said to drain the blood from animals such as goats chickens and other livestock.</
</p><p>Full Story:<<a href=http://www. livescience. com/44617-texas-chupacabra-mystery. html target=blank>Texas'Chupacabra'Turns Out to Be Imposter</a p><p>A new
After jumping into 60-degree water on 100-degree days the most thrilling thing I did in the Mojave was marry this charming cowboy with a drinking problem.
me to imagine Indians chasing buffalo across the prairies. Aridity had given the grass that stretched beyond our farmhouse this transfixing blue-green cast that had complemented perfectly our pale blue overarching skies.
The chickens always do come home to roost. Follow the author@Julenebair. This article first appeared as The Great Green Desert on Onearth. org.
#Elevated Carbon dioxide Levels Rob Crops Of Nutrients (ISNS)--Key crops eaten by a large portion of the world s population have lower levels of zinc
and soybeans grown in high carbon dioxide conditions have lower levels of these important nutrients. The finding has major global health implications as nearly 2 billion people around the world receive 70 percent or more of their dietary zinc and iron from these types of crops.#
Howard Frumkin dean and professor of environmental and occupational health sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle said the new study provides the strongest evidence to date that climate change could threaten the nutritional value of foods
This is exactly the kind of science we need to do to understand how to anticipate impacts of climate change on nutrition
and reduce the protein content of food crops Frumkin added and the finding now that zinc and iron are affected also raises the possibility that a host of other micronutrients#such as iodine selenium
Our database was more than 10 times larger than all the previously published FACE data on nutrients in food crops combined#Myers said.
If people consumed more food to make up for the drop in nutrients there could be other health consequences including increased obesity Myers posited.
The ratio of nutrients to calories in the food is really important.##Zinc and iron were reduced also significantly in legumes such as soybeans
and peas or iron-rich spinach The food industry could also fortify salts or other foods with iron and zinc Myers added.
and if it runs out our global food production system would grind to a halt.
because it makes up part of the backbone of DNA you can t make DNA without phosphorus. We get our phosphorus by eating plants that have drawn up phosphorus through their roots or by eating animals that ate the plants (or from expensive tablets).
Manure from horses cows pigs or chickens has the nitrogen phosphorus and other goodies that plants need.
The only thing certain is that limitations in phosphorus supply will increase the cost of phosphorus fertilisers and so the cost of food.
and grow 50%more food. All while significantly reducing our total carbon emissions. Just when we have the greatest number of mouths to feed in all of human history our reserves of easy to obtain low cost phosphorus may start to run out.
and consider alternative scenarios in which we all get access to healthy and nutritious food. That wouldn t require breakthroughs in fusion power
#The Grocery store and Dinner plate Get Hit By Climate Change (Op-Ed) Frances Beinecke is the president of NRDC an environmental advocacy organization with 1. 4 million supporters nationwide served on the National Commission
You might start seeing some changes at the grocery store this spring. The price of lettuce is expected to jump 34 percent.
and meat prices are also likely to climb as well since wholesale beef prices have hit record highs this year.
Many of these price spikes can be traced back to the record-breaking drought in California. But California farmers aren't the only ones struggling in the face of extreme weather.
That means higher prices at the store but also greater challenges for the farmers producing our food.
Ohio farmers for example saw corn yields drop by up to 60 percent and first hay harvests by up to 70 percent during the long drought of 2007.
but then a return to normal spring weather resulted in a series of freezes that destroyed the cherry crop and at least 90 percent of the apple peach and juice grape crops.
and food remain secure long into the future. Author's Note: Through our site you can tell the EPA you support strong limits on dangerous carbon pollution.
#Our Ability to Cope with Food poisoning Outbreaks Has improved Not Much in 50 Years This article was published originally at The Conversation.
On May 7 1964 a catering-size can of corned beef from Rosario Argentina was opened in a supermarket in central Aberdeen.
The sun shone on the meat. Corned beef is cooked in the can and should be sterile.
But it wasn t. It had been contaminated after cooking when the can was cooled with untreated water from the River Parana.
The bacteria in the corned beef in the window grew vigorously. The first person to fall ill developed symptoms on May 12.
The probable explanation is that a slimming regime incorporating cold meats and salad was popular at the time.
Nobody died from typhoid in the outbreak thanks to antibiotics so in that regard it was modern.
Macqueen believed that dramatic statements of risk were necessary to prevent the spread of infection.
#and beef cattle raisers in Paraguay Kenya and Tanzania suffered economically as importing meat came to be seen as high risk in the initial panic about the source.
There was no person-to-person spread. All the infections were caused by eating contaminated corned beef or cold meats cut with the same slicer.
New cases continued to appear not because the source of infection was still active but because the incubation period the time between being infected
and falling ill was often long. Could the kind of events that happened in Aberdeen 50 years ago be repeated?
Cans of food are unlikely to be the source nowadays because canning practices are almost certainly better
(even if as we saw in the horse meat scandal the label does not always accurately describe the contents).
whose drinking water is contaminated regularly with human feces the 2004/2005 outbreak in Kinshasa affected 42564
But an even nastier organism caused the most recent big food-borne outbreak in Europe.
It came on the surface of fenugreek seeds which had left Egypt by boat on November 24 2009 eventually arriving at an organic sprout producer near Hamburg on February 10 2011.
because were used as a salad garnish and many victims were not aware that they had eaten them.
That women were more commonly ill pointed to salads but photographs taken at meals were invaluable.
It was all very embarrassing for the German public health authorities particularly when the Hamburg health minister mistakenly announced that the organism that had caused the outbreak had been found on Spanish cucumbers causing serous economic damage to that industry.
Another important step forward has been global food safety standards. The worldwide adoption of the hazard analysis critical control points system HACCP originally developed by NASA to protect astronauts from food poisoning makes it less likely that the world food supply could lead to a major epidemic
even if some countries are still more diligent than others. Having said that food poisoning is more common than a century ago
albeit not dysentry spreading from person-to-person or tuberculosis in milk). The Ministry of Health for England and Wales recorded 59 food poisoning incidents during the years 1931-1935 compared to more than 73000 in 2012 itself a gross underestimate
because most people with food poisoning don t seek medical advice. The number of sufferers from the UK s number one cause campylobacter has been estimated convincingly at 500000 people each year.
To some extent this is down to better diagnosis but probably not entirely. The realities of 21st century mass production of cheap meat are likely to have driven up infection for example.
Above all else the big lesson from Germany was that a major outbreak could still take us completely by surprise.
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