R. Fadenwhen the plant dies, the pigment in the leaves fades, but the fruit remains bright.
which will serve as a sanctuary for native Florida plants and wildlife. We have created or enhanced more than 540 public coastal recreation areas,
and plants but have yielded little information on where the creatures lived. The ankle bones change that.
They had teeth that were adapted well to eating plants, so the obvious argument to make is that they were going after food,
"We think there is a connection here between primates and plant evolution, with fruits playing a role in luring them up,
Even in the United kingdom where public opposition to GE plants and animals has been fierce, researchers seem to be better off than their US counterparts.
the European commission ran safety tests that included all 145 reactors at nuclear power plants in the European union.
'published on 4 october, found that"practically all nuclear plants need safety improvements. Problems ranged from the lack of backup control rooms to substandard risk assessments.
For example, Mexico is strong in plant genetic research, so collaborations in this field could boost both industry and academia.
Scientists assume that the rest is absorbed largely by the oceans and plants, but ground-based monitoring stations are too few and far apart to pinpoint the sinks.
by measuring the faint fluorescence generated by plants during photosynthesis a measure of how efficiently they absorb carbon."
Forty-one of the country s roughly 400 sugar-cane ethanol plants have closed over that time.
second-generation ethanol, produced from the tough cellulose in plant stalks. Cellulose is difficult to break down and ferment,
And yet, outside in the air and on plants, E. rostratum is not so uncommon. In press reports, it has been described as occurring on grasses,
has turned up on a wide variety of plant species, says Kurt Leonard, an emeritus professor in the Department of Plant pathology at the University of Minnesota who retired in 2001 from the U s. Department of agriculture's Cereal Disease Lab (then the Cereal Rust Lab). Early in his career,
The modus operandi of one species in this genus-E. rostratum--was to infect a plant and in some cases precipitate tissue death.
when the plant died the fungus was first in line to feed on its decaying remains. I think it's just a general weak pathogen of plants,
Leonard says, something that can infect plants while alive and not really do much damage until the leaf senesces.
Leonard found E. rostratum on corn, sorghum and Johnsongrass fairly often, although it was not nearly as common as several more severe corn pathogens.
and stalks when insects drilled into the plant, creating a convenient landing pad of dying tissue for the fungus.
if there's a safe way to move the plants. We are also planning to duplicate the gene bank in another country.
staggering over debris and plants. Infected ants behave as zombies, Hughes and his colleagues wrote in a 2011 BMC Ecology paper describing some of the latest findings.
It is possible that the disease reached the United kingdom via infected ash timber or imported plants,
says Stephen Woodward, a plant pathologist at the University of Aberdeen, UK, who was part of the group that advised the UK government on the action plan.
the worldwide spread of plant pathogens shows little sign of abating in a globalized economy."
from sequencing its genome to crossbreeding coffee plants with resistant strains. Caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix,
coffee rust generally does not kill plants, but the Institute of Coffee of Costa rica estimates that the latest outbreak may halve the 2013-14 harvest in the worst affected areas of the nation.
Vandermeer says that the situation is so bad that the leaves are simply dropping off the plants.
a plant pathologist at Costa rica s Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher education Center, based in San Josã.
Nigel Cattlin/FLPAHEMILEIA vastatrix rusts the leaves of coffee plants. And in Africa, Noah Phiri, a plant pathologist working in Nairobi for the not-for-profit development organization CABI,
says that rust has been causing ever-greater problems, although in Kenya, varieties resistant to the rust have held it at bay.
has meant that fewer than 10%of plants now need to be treated with fungicide, down from 60%four years ago,
The government has supported also work on the genetics of both the fungus and the plant. Research programmes have started in other countries, too.
as well as from Kenya, India, Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe, to screen for resistant coffee plants and to analyse varieties of the pathogen."
would limit emissions from new plants, effectively banning the construction of coal-fired plants that are equipped not to capture
and sequester carbon dioxide. A second rule, not yet released, could set emissions limits for existing plants,
encouraging the shift towards natural gas. Other rules could target the oil and gas industry by limiting emissions from refineries and drilling sites.
Early patents on gene-use restriction technologies later rebranded as terminator technology by activists opposed to them described a genetic modification that switched on production of a toxin that would kill off developing plant embryos.
so that they could grow into new plants but would not pass on the benefits of the engineered trait.
By ensuring that genetically modified plants survive for only one planting""that technology would have alleviated a lot of environmental concerns,
Patents owned by Monsanto required the insertion of three different genes into the plant genome.
which dissolves in the moisture in air to form droplets of corrosive hydrofluoric acid, burst from the Hube Global chemical plant in Gumi.
and injured at least 18 others, including plant employees and emergency personnel. Thousands of local citizens say that inhaling the acid has damaged their health.
Several workers at the Hube Global chemical plant died in a massive hydrogen fluoride leak. The disaster was compounded by the regional government s response."
But some experts worry that residents should stay away until there has been a more rigorous assessment of safety at the plant."
A stream that lies just 1. 5 kilometres from the Hube Global plant flows into the Nakdong River,
"Most chemical plants are located out of Seoul, so it s too late to wait for government agents coming from the capital to deal with an accident.
colonize roots and gain nourishment from the plants while helping their hosts to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
, plant, microbe and fungal species on the planet. The collection displays a bias toward charismatic megafauna and thus against the uncharismatic microfauna that keep the planet alive.
and plants has bolstered protection for a number of species. Besides agreeing to clamp down more strongly on the trade in ivory and rhino horn,
and Flora (CITES) took the unprecedented step of granting protection to sharks and various species of tropical timber tree in their final vote today.
and permeate the plants, protecting them from insect pests. But a growing body of research suggests that sublethal exposure to the pesticides in nectar
and allows plants to use water more efficiently? A dying rainforest could release gigatonnes of carbon into  the atmosphere, accelerating warming;
measure how the plants respond. The experiment, the first of its kind in the tropics, would be modelled on free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments conducted over the past couple of decades in the young and biologically simpler temperate forests of the Northern hemisphere.
not only do plants grow faster, but also their stomata (tiny openings on their leaves) do need not to open as widely or for as long.
(but plants shut down altogether if the temperature gets too high). Nitrogen is also more plentiful in the tropics,
how could an experiment be large enough to be representative of a forest that has thousands of species of canopy trees and a cascade of plants beneath?
interim head of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisations's Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES) in Rome.
says Vincent Martin, interim head of the FAO s Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES) in Rome.
droughts and storms can hamper plant growth, weakening a major buffer against the rise of CO2 in the atmosphere."
of which are understood poorly of plants and ecosystems. Land plants create a huge carbon sink as they suck CO2 out of the air to build leaves
wood and roots. The sink varies from year to year, but on average it soaks up one-quarter of the annual CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.
Lack of water makes plants less capable of fending off pathogens and insects. After the 2003 heatwave, caterpillars devastated Mediterranean oak forests near Montpellier in France.
The experiments also showed that plants and soils keep a memory of disturbances, says Michael Bahn,
The die off sends a pulse of fertilizer into the forest that temporarily enhances plant growth
It is the first ancient plant pathogen to have decoded its genome. In 2011, scientists reported the sequence of the plague-causing bacteria responsible for the Black death of the 1340s.
a plant geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in T Â bingen, Germany, who co-led a study published today in the journal elife1."
and at Germany s Botanische Staatssammlung in Munich and sequenced DNA preserved from the dried leaves of infected plants dating between 1845 and 1896.
In fact, the strains lack a gene found in modern strains of P. infestans that overcomes the plant s resistance genes.
says Bill Fry, a plant pathologist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New york. It spread through potato fields like wildfire in Ireland and other countries where potatoes were grown intensively."
Amazon plant discovery could yield green cash cropin a farmer s garden deep in the Peruvian Amazon in August 2012, Rainer Bussmann and Carlos Vega struck oil.
The two men saw a plant they did not recognize. Its plump, green seed pods resembled those of a family of plants known in Peru as sacha inchi,
which produce oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids. But the pods of the new plant, later dubbed Plukenetia carolis-vegae,
were bigger than those sprouted by the known sacha inchi species Plukenetia volubilis and Plukenetia huayllabambana.
A farmer who introduced himself only as Rodriguez had found the plant in the forest near his log cabin.
But he would rather focus on the two plants potential similarities. If the lab results of P. huayllabambana are any indication,
. If the shade-loving plants can be grown beneath the forest canopy, it could save trees that might otherwise be cleared for crops or for grazing.
"There haven t been any tests that have tested plant-based omega-3s alone and showed benefit.
On his desk, Bussmann keeps a single dried seed from the plant in a plastic bag.
The plant in question is Spartina alterniflora, or cordgrass, a fiercely invasive salt-marsh grass that is native to eastern North america.
In 1979, the plant was introduced to China because its roots can trap sediment, making it ideal for erosion control
and authorities in Shanghai feared that herbicides would damage native plants, wildlife and local fisheries.
if the plants are cut to the ground and submerged for six months, nearly all of them die.
"It s bad news for Europe, for European farmers and for global food security, says Jonathan Jones, who uses both GM and conventional approaches to study disease resistance in plants at the Sainsbury
Africa and Latin america, says Denis Murphy, a plant biotechnologist at the University of South Wales near Pontypridd, UK."
Weeds warrant urgent conservationfaced with climate change, plant breeders are increasingly turning to the genomes of the wild, weedy relatives of crops for traits such as drought tolerance and disease resistance.
UK is deemed urgent at a time when one in five plants faces extinction. Plant breeders are interested keenly in securing the genetic diversity needed to breed new varieties that will withstand the droughts
and elevated temperatures expected in the future as a result of climate change. Crop wild relatives are one of the most valuable genetic resources to improve crops,
 but they are threatened because of habitat loss as well as gene flow from domesticated plants through cross-pollination, says Paul Gepts, a plant breeder at the University of California,
Davis. The analysis identified crop species including potato, apple, aubergine, carrot and sunflower that have high numbers of relatives yet to be collected.
Dulloo adds that complementary efforts to conserve the plants within their native habitats should also be pursued to allow crop wild relatives to continue evolving
Losing a single pollinator species harms plantsremoving even a single bee species from an ecosystem has serious effects on plant reproduction,
yet simulations have predicted that the insects decreasing numbers will not have a major effect on plant reproduction until most pollinating species are gone3.
because plants can only be fertilized by pollen from their own species. Indeed, the researchers found that after their bee-removal operation,
Brosi's study measured seed production only in larkspur a plant that is pollinated by several species of bumblebee.
Memmott says that it would also be interesting to see what removing bees does to other plants,
But given the sensitivity of plants to the removal of pollinators"it might be time to rethink those sorts of policies
and replace older plants. 19 july NASA s Cassini spacecraft turns to image Saturn and its entire ring system
who are trying to trace the plants provenance to a particular research plot. Those close to the investigation say that the identity of the variety in question could emerge in the coming weeks,
"But if they know the genotype of those plants, they will be able to narrow it down quite a bit.
Within a month of the discovery in May, USDA scientists had traced the origin of the plants to a line of herbicide-resistant Roundup Ready wheat called MON71800,
says Michael Firko, the head of biotechnology regulation at the USDA s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Activists opposed to genetically modified crops are known best for destroying the plants rather than sowing them, but Fraley argues that those who illegally enter fields to demolish crops could also break into experimental plots to collect seed.
but it s a very small possibility, says Norman Ellstrand, a plant biologist at the University of California, Riverside.
Fraley argues that the distribution of the contaminant plants suggests that a human hand cast them there.
But Carol Mallory-Smith, the OSU weed scientist who first tested the Oregon plants three months ago,
Other pioneers argue that the techniques they are using to modify plants are safer than old technologies
that helps researchers to navigate GM-plant regulations.""And often, they are small or niche crops that can t support the escalating costs of regulatory approval.
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), the branch of the agriculture department responsible for overseeing GM CROPS,
has stuck so far to a strict interpretation of a 1957 law designed to protect agriculture against plant pests that was coopted in 1986 to regulate GM CROPS.
a bacterial pest that can insert DNA into plant genomes. In 2011, APHIS regulators announced that a herbicide-tolerant Kentucky bluegrass would not fall under their purview,
or any other plant-pest DNA to engineer the grass. The company, Scotts  Miracle-Gro of Marysville, Ohio,
instead used a gene gun to fire DNA-coated gold particles into plant cells. Some of that DNA is incorporated then into the genome.
Sally  Mackenzie, a plant biologist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, contacted APHIS about the high-yield offspring of a transgenic sorghum grass plant
it altered the plant s gene expression by changing the pattern of chemical groups added to its DNA rather than changing the DNA sequence itself.
and questioned her about this hypothesis. APHIS eventually notified her that it would not regulate her plants a decision that Mackenzie says has accelerated her research
such as zinc-finger nucleases enzymes that precisely target a region of the plant genome. In 2010, APHIS told Dow Agrosciences of Indianapolis, Indiana,
Oliver  Peoples, chief scientific officer at Metabolix, a plant-engineering company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, says that he would rather be regulated by APHIS to earn the public s trust.
This was used because he Agrobacterium to insert the genes it did not matter to regulators that no trace of Agrobacterium DNA remained in his plants.
and other molecules that account for as much as 35%of a plant s mass. The genetic-modification technique used, for instance, in the Roundup Ready crops made by the biotechnology giant Monsanto,
The genes are derived usually from bacteria that infect plants. The extra EPSP synthase lets the plant withstand the effects of glyphosate.
Biotechnology labs have attempted also to use genes from plants rather than bacteria to boost EPSP-synthase production
in part to exploit a loophole in US law that facilitates regulatory approval of organisms carrying transgenes not derived from bacterial pests.
or wild relatives through cross-pollination make those plants more competitive in survival and reproduction.""The traditional expectation is that any sort of transgene will confer disadvantage in the wild in the absence of selection pressure,
says Norman Ellstrand, a plant geneticist at the University of California in Riverside. Â Â But now a study led by Lu Baorong, an ecologist at Fudan University in Shanghai, challenges that view:
grew more shoots and flowers and produced 48-125%more seeds per plant than non-transgenic hybrids in the absence of glyphosate.
says Brian Ford-Lloyd, a plant geneticist at the University of Birmingham, UK.""This is one of the most clear examples of extremely plausible damaging effects of GM CROPS on the environment.
The findings mean that Japan s beloved Fuji apples join the ranks of other plants that are likely to have altered their harvests by warming temperatures,
warmer temperatures coax plants into flowering earlier and yielding riper, sweeter fruit at harvest. The findings will help to inform efforts to breed new varieties of fruit crops that can cope better with the changing climate,
Plan seeks'chaperones'for threatened speciesthe notion of intentionally relocating plant species when climate change threatens their ability to survive in their natural habitats is steeped in controversy.
But without some form of assistance, many plants will face certain extinction as the planet warms.
100 botanical gardens to'chaperone'plant relocations.""Our proposal makes this type of approach more responsible,
Each spring, dormant plants awaken and begin taking in CO2 to fuel photosynthesis. The pendulum reverses in autumn,
and photosynthesis gives way to respiration by plants and microbes. Researchers compared detailed aerial measurements of atmospheric CO2 levels taken in 2009-11 with data from an aerial survey conducted in 1958-61 and observations from Mauna loa and a second long-term monitoring site
new coal-fired plants would need to install equipment to capture and sequester a portion of their carbon dioxide emissions a requirement that utility companies argue would effectively halt future coal-plant development.
The agency is preparing separate regulations due in June 2014, to govern existing power plants. See go. nature. com/c2m4tn for more.
But nature s plants are not blameless: agricultural land is responsible for about 14%of the world s greenhouse-gas emissions, slightly more than the global contribution from planes, trains and automobiles.
So researchers have tried to green up agriculture by breeding plants that cut the emissions associated with wasted fertilizer.
That leaves more nitrogen available to help the plant to build tissues. The team found similar activity in a few other plants, including sorghum,
but Brachiaria grasses were best. The researchers have spent more than 8 years breeding the plants to maximize this ability.
Peters says that they have doubled the release of nitrification inhibitors and are now checking that this has decreased not the overall productivity of the grass.
Plants could then produce their own inhibitors when they sense high concentrations of ammonium in the soil.
And in Scotland, old industrial waste heaps known as shale bings are now home to rare and protected plants and animals.
says co-author Sarah Gurr, a plant pathologist also at Exeter. Co-author Mark Ramotowski, who did his work as a student at the University of Oxford,
Since 2000, China has tightened its regulations on importing plant materials and has enforced strict quarantine requirements.
says Wan Fanghao, an ecologist at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Plant Protection in Beijing.
A case in point is the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, an insect that feeds on plant vascular tissue called phloem.
and efforts to replace single-species forests with a mix of plants. As a result
Fukushima fuel Workers in Japan have taken the first steps towards fully decommissioning the stricken Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.
when you re a plant biologist you re not going to turn down Rothamsted. The first thing to say is that as a scientist,
His group has done fantastic fundamental work in plant lipid biochemistry. One of the key outcomes has been to develop terrestrial oilseeds that produce fish oils.
ethan perlsteinscience projects seeking crowdfunding in the past two years have included a glow-in-the-dark plant that raised US$484,
says Manuel Mota, a plant pathologist at the University of°vora in Portugal, who was not part of the latest study.
The plant s reproductive structures are encased in tepals a hybrid between petals and leaflike support structures called sepals.
"Phylogenetically, it s really the equivalent of the duck-billed platypus and monotremes, says Claude depamphilis, a plant evolutionary biologist at Pennsylvania State university in University Park, who co-led researchers on the Amborella Genome Project.
or angiosperms, to diversify from a common ancestor with gymnosperms another major plant lineage, which includes conifer trees such as spruces.
Comparisons of the genomes of Amborella and those of other plants suggest that an early ancestor of flowering plants gained a duplicate copy of its genome
whereas the other three-quarters existed in the common ancestor of both plant lineages. His team s analysis also provides insight into the evolution of complex seeds, floral scents and other features of flowering plants.
Keith Adams, a plant molecular geneticist at the University of British columbia in Vancouver, Canada, thinks the idea that a genome duplication helped flowering plants to diversify is"an intriguing hypothesis
Botanists studying other plants should find the Amborella genome useful as a reference point to identify
and study families of genes in other plants, including crops, he says. Depamphilis team also surveyed the genetic diversity of Amborella,
The plant may have once been distributed more extensively across New caledonia and beyond, and conservation efforts should focus on maintaining the diversity that remains,
"It s a very special plant
Quandary over Soviet croplandsthe Soviet union s collapse in 1991 heralded the end of many unprofitable communist industries,
In response, the industry replaced Gros Michel plants with the Cavendish variety, which is resistant to that Foc strain.
Plant Dis. http://doi. org/qd3; 2013), was the first to be described outside those nations.
and prompt quarantine and destruction of infected plants are crucial. Altus  Viljoen, a researcher at Stellenbosch University in South africa, was called in to identify the cause of the Mozambique outbreak,
Tissue culture of Cavendish plants has generated variants with random mutations that confer partial resistance to Foc-TR4.
they are manipulating the vast array of symbiotic microorganisms that live in plants. Next spring, Adaptive Symbiotic Technologies in Seattle, Washington, will bring to market the first commercial product that harnesses such microorganisms known as endophytes to improve crops.
"It s a real paradigm shift in plant ecology, says company founder and plant biologist Rusty Rodriguez."
"Up till now we have focused on plants as individuals, as we have with animals. In the same way that biologists are now starting to understand the power and influence of the trillions of microbes living in and on the human body,
ecologists are getting to grips with plant microbiomes. The result is powerful. Instead of having to find
Although symbiotic plant-microbe relationships such as those of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in the roots of legumes have been known for many decades,
"Agriculture has spent the past century wiping out the microbes living in our plants, through pesticides and fertilizers.
"It s not the paradigm that these microbes are significantly impacting plants. But they are.
and any given plant can host hundreds. Rodriguez s work began by happy accident. In the early 2000s,
or so plant species that can survive at 50 °C in the hot soils near geothermal vents in Yellowstone national park in Wyoming,
Although neither the plants nor the fungi could tolerate soil temperatures of 40 °C by themselves,
"The endophytes somehow protect the plants from oxidation, so the plants don t turn up all their stress defences,
says Rodriguez. Those findings led him to look for other endophytes optimized to tackle the problems likely to be caused to particular food crops by climate change (R.  S.  Redman et  al.
Richard Richards, who leads research to breed better wheat for the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation s plant industry division in Canberra,
Mogens Nicolaisen, who works with plant pathogens at Aarhus University in Denmark, thinks that endophytes could be a good way to help introduce resistance to both drought
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