and that all of the oil-producing machinery present in higher plants resides within these single-cell organisms.
The ability to produce multiple oils in a matter of days out of one plant location using standard industrial fermentation is a game-changer.
petroleum plants and animals. Producing custom-tailored oils starts with optimizing the algae to produce the right kind of oil
Instead of sunlight energy for the microalgae's growth comes from low-cost plant-based sugars. This gives the company a completely consistent repeatable industrial process to produce tailored oil at scale Sugar from traditional sources such as sugarcane
If it could be scaled up Brown describes this as one of the most important discoveries in plant biology.
#Seeds of model cereal plant now availableseeds of the model cereal plant Brachypodium distachyon are now available at the RIKEN Bioresource Center (BRC) in Japan the second bioresource facility to provide seeds
Brachypodium distachyon belongs to the Poaceae family of monocot plants which comprises temperate grasses and cereals and constitutes one of the most economically important plant families in the modern world.
and it is used widely as a model plant for structural and functional genomic studies of grasses and cereals.
Explains Dr. Kobayashi Head of the Experimental Plant Division. The Bd21 Brachypodium distachyon line is an important addition to BRC's wide variety of bioresources
which already include human specimens mice the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana cell lines genes and microorganisms.
Its New england debut was spotted by two University of New hampshire plant biology graduate students; now researchers are keeping a close eye on the sea potato's progress to determine
It is epiphytic--it grows on other plants --and it's quickly become prominent in the rocky intertidal zone of the Gulf of Maine attached to common seaweeds like rockweed or Corallina officinalis also known as coral weed.
and other scientists are keeping a close eye on C. peregrina for other ways it could alter the natural community and native flora.
in addition to Traggis co-authors were UNH professors of plant biology Arthur Mathieson and Christopher Neefus and Clinton Dawes of UNH's Jackson Estuarine Laboratory and the University of South Florida.
and suck fluids from hundreds of species of plants including tomatoes grapes strawberries and soybeans.
Adapting a novel form of insect resistance discovered in a wild plant native to Peru Mutschler-Chu professor of plant breeding and genetics first isolated the resistance.
and exuded from hairs (trichomes) that cover the plants. The acylsugars don't kill the insects
or laying eggs on the plants. The process does not require genetic modification and is completely safe.
and plant pathologist John Sherwood of the University of Georgia. Mutschler-Chu said the collaboration will allow her to test her varieties in different regions
They describe evidence from an analysis of the recently published sorghum genome the complete set of genes in the plant
#Breakthrough in hydrogen fuel production could revolutionize alternative energy marketa team of Virginia Tech researchers has discovered a way to extract large quantities of hydrogen from any plant a breakthrough that has the potential to bring a low-cost environmentally friendly fuel source
Zhang and his team have succeeded in using xylose the most abundant simple plant sugar to produce a large quantity of hydrogen that previously was attainable only in theory.
The key to this exciting development is that Zhang is using the second most prevalent sugar in plants to produce this hydrogen he said.
which comprises as much as 30 percent of plant cell walls. Despite its abundance the use of xylose for releasing hydrogen has been limited.
Berkebile looks for ancient plant remains inside soil samples excavated from the site. She uses a flotation technique to reveal the secrets hidden within the ancient earth.
and swirling them just right the lightweight bits of plants will rise to the water's surface allowing them to be skimmed off.
Berkebile analyzes and catalogs those often tiny plant fragments with help from a small team of fellow graduate and undergraduate students.
Berkebile has uncovered many examples of other plant life the Puebloans might have used as a food source such as purslane pinyon nut juniper berries globemallow and even cactus.
She uses the plant samples she's found at the site to assess the Puebloans'agricultural strategy.
These are hardy and easy-to-cultivate plants that existed in the Southwest a thousand years before maize.
These are also Southwestern plants that predated maize but they weren't necessarily actively cultivated.
what they needed from these plants and bring them home to process. Examples at MU 125 include pinyon nut juniper berries and cactus.
These are brought plants to the Southwest by humans and made to adapt to the environment.
Although many metals are required by living organisms in small amounts they can be toxic to both plants
These results also have implications for environmentally friendly efforts to decontaminate soil in particular a method called phytoremediation--a promising approach that involves growing metal-accumulating plants on polluted soil to remove such contaminates.
She states that further research is needed to identify plants that are ecologically safe and won't pose threats to local animals that pollinate.
each plant produces two or more toxins that kill the same pest. As reported in the study the pyramid strategy has been adopted extensively with two-toxin Bt cotton completely replacing one-toxin Bt cotton
since 2011 in the U s. Most scientists agree that two-toxin plants will be more durable than one-toxin plants.
Redundant killing can be achieved by plants producing two toxins that act in different ways to kill the same pest he said so
and bring in the crop plants to do feeding experiments Carriã re said. For their experiments the group collected cotton bollworm--also known as corn earworm or Helicoverpa zea-a species of moth that is a major agricultural pest and selected it for resistance against one of the Bt toxins Cry1ac.
If the assumption of redundant killing is correct caterpillars resistant to the first toxin should survive on one-toxin plants
In particular inheritance of resistance to plants producing only Bt toxin Cry1ac was dominant which is expected to reduce the ability of refuges to delay resistance.
Refuges consist of standard plants that do not make Bt toxins and thus allow survival of susceptible pests Under ideal conditions inheritance of resistance is not dominant
The researchers led by UGA's Katrien Devos also were able to trace the dwarf gene to plants bred 50 years ago by Glenn Burton a UGA plant breeder who worked on the College of Agricultural and Environmental sciences'Tifton campus. Knowing
which gene controls the dwarfing trait will help plant breeders create more efficient sustainable varieties of millet that have the short stature some farmers and ranchers want.
Knowing the actual gene that reduces plant height has allowed us to develop markers that can be used by breeders to screen for the presence of the gene long before the effects of the gene can be observed visually said Devos a professor in the College of Agricultural
and Environmental sciences'Institute of Plant Breeding Genetics and Genomics housed in the department of crop and soil sciences and the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences'department of plant biology.
which works by controlling the flow of the growth hormone auxin through the plant. He also wanted to understand the mechanism by which the gene controls auxin
and to develop plant-breeder-friendly markers that would allow breeders to screen for the dwarfing gene before their plants matured.
which is made in the top part of the plant. If this gene is on the auxin flows freely
and causing reduced plant height in sorghum was the prime gene candidate controlling pearl millet dwarf stature Devos said.
and more thoroughly described plant genome is a common method to help identify the functions of specific genes especially in crops for which little genetic resources are available.
The next step for Devos'team is to work with researchers in other states to understand more fully how auxin transport differs in tall and dwarf millet plants
Ranchers like dwarf millet as a forage plant because it has a high leaf-to-stem ratio Devos said.
Knowing more about the plant in general is key to broadening production of the very drought-resistant hardy grain.
The study results appear online in the journal The Plant Cell. Discovery of the genes will enable plant breeders to develop lettuce varieties that can better germinate
And because this mechanism that inhibits hot-weather germination in lettuce seeds appears to be quite common in many plant species we suspect that other crops also could be modified to improve their germination he said.
and acting as a vital part of the life cycle of many plant species through their role as seed dispersers.
because capturing CO2 with conventional technology is an energy-intensive process that can consume as much as one-quarter of the high-pressure steam that plants use to produce electricity.
Each of these plants makes electricity by boiling water to create steam to run electric turbines.
because low-grade steam is often put to various uses around a plant. Rice's new study found that in cases where waste is available it may be used to capture CO2.
and it will drive up the cost of electricity by lowering the amount of electricity a plant can produce for sale.
Dietary fiber is the part of the plant that the body doesn't absorb during digestion.
Through the technology transfer company Plant Bioscience Ltd the strain has been patented and is now in large-scale farm trials to assess its efficacy.
But it's clear that plants contain many compounds that are meant to deter humans and animals from eating them like cellulose in stems
#Regulation recommendations so that biofuel plants don t become weedsin the United states only species listed on state
Conversely invasive plant council lists include species that affect natural landscapes but have no regulatory clout.
and how they are created researchers at the University of Illinois's Energy Biosciences Institute have developed some suggestions on how to improve the regulation of all invasive plant species including new biofuels plants.
We're hoping to reform the way that the lists are developed said U of I invasive plant ecologist Lauren Quinn.
Using the system the invasive species council in each state would assess the plants that are currently on the list
and any plants that are petitioned to be on the list and rank them according to their potential invasiveness.
Quinn and her team recommend that field trials be done on caution list species before they're released into the environment The team also proposes a negligence-liability scheme in case the plant turns out to be invasive.
Right now even if you know that a plant is highly invasive you can plant it
but horticulturalists are developing new plants for home landscaping that might well be highly invasive.
For economic reasons the horticultural industry has a strong incentive to keep these new plants off of the noxious weed list
and the nonregulated invasive plant lists while working in California. Some of the really important invasive plants that impact natural areas in California were not on the noxious list.
That seemed strange to me. Why would you put together this list but not include the species that really mattered?
For some really problematic plants like yellow star thistle landowners are required not to do anything. It made no sense to
Illinois and the other states in the Midwest are not doing a good job in terms of identifying invasive plants
so that plant species that are invasive in natural areas are included. There isn't a lot of protection for natural areas against invasive species
and complain'my neighbor is going to plant Miscanthus and I heard on the Internet somewhere that it's invasive
and decide which plants to invest more money into. Quinn said We want to encourage developers to commercialize only those species that will carry a low risk of invasion.
During their research and development phase they would petition the invasive species council to do the weed risk assessment on the plant that they're proposing.
Inheritance behavior in corn breaks accepted rules of geneticsnew research explains how certain traits can pass down from one generation to the next--at least in plants--without following the accepted rules of genetics.
The gene in question affects pigmentation in the corn plant. As a result of these experiments the researchers were able to change yellow kernel corn to a blue kernel variety by compromising the activity of the enzyme in each male parent.
The study appears online in the journal The Plant Cell. Plant breeders tend to expect to generate desired traits according to
what is known as Mendelian principles of inheritance: Offspring receive one copy of genes from each parental plant
and the characteristics of the alleles or alternative forms of genes help predict which traits will show up in the next plant generation.
However epigenetic variations that change the predictability of gene behavior have complicated those expectations. The breeding community searches for novel traits that will have commercial interest
I can breed plants that either have full coloration or no coloration or anything in between because
With a longtime specialization in the molecular basis for unexpected gene activity in plants Hollick had zeroed in on an enzyme called RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV.
and Pol IV is an enigmatic RNA polymerase that is known in plants to produce small RNA molecules.
because despite its strong conservation in all plants it appears to have no discernible impact on the development of Arabidopsis a common model organism in plant biology.
For example when it is deleted from these plants they show no signs of distress. In corn however Hollick's lab had discovered previously that the absence of Pol IV creates clear problems in the plants such as growing seeds in the tassel.
Hollick and colleagues observed that plants deficient in Pol IV also showed pigmentation in kernels of ears expected not to make any color at all--meaning they were expected to be yellow.
Since we knew the misplaced tassel-seed trait was due to misexpression of a gene we hypothesized that this pigment trait might be due to a pigment regulator being expressed in a tissue where it normally is expressed never.
and crossed the plants derived form these different kernel classes to create additional new generations of corn.
We found that the ears developed from those plants had colored even more darkly kernels and fewer lightly colored kernels.
This is taking a gene that is genetically null that doesn't have any function in this part of the plant
Georgia Institute of technology and Purdue University researchers have developed efficient solar cells using natural substrates derived from plants such as trees.
Acid rain during the 20th century caused widespread depletion of available soil calcium an essential plant nutrient throughout much of the industrialized world.
Impacts on Soil and Plant Water Relations used data going back to 1958. That's when the first accurate measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide were made she said.
and almonds but many other plants as well including rose that gives the superfamily its name.
The close relationship between peach and poplar trees is evident from their DNA sequence said Jeremy Schmutz head of the Plant Program at the U s. Department of energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI.
They compared 141 peach gene families to those of six other fully sequenced diverse plant species to unravel unique metabolic pathways for instance those that lead to lignin biosynthesis--the molecular glue that holds the plant cells together
For bioenergy researchers the size of the peach genome makes it ideal to serve as a plant model for studying genes found in related genomes such as poplar one of the DOE JGI's Plant Flagship Genomes
(http://bit. ly/JGI-Plants) and develop methods for improving plant biomass yield for biofuels.
One gene we're interested in is the so-called evergreen locus in peaches which extends the growing season said Daniel Rokhsar DOE JGI Eukaryotic Program head under
The publication comes three years after the International Peach Genome Consortium publicly released the draft assembly of the annotated peach genome on the DOE JGI Plant portal Phytozome. net and on other websites.
The decision to sequence the peach genome was announced first during the 2007 Plant and Animal Genome XI Conference.
Learn more about poplar and DOE JGI Plant Flagship Genomes at http://genome. jgi. doe. gov/programs/plants/flagship genomes. jsf.
The absence of A. picea may affect the spread of seeds produced by early-flowering woodland plants.
#In triplicate, genes make maize tolerant to toxic soilrendering some of the world's toxic soils far less unfriendly the U s. Department of agriculture Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research
In this effort when plant scientists searched the maize genome for clues as to why some plants can tolerate toxic aluminum in soil they found three copies of the same gene known to affect aluminum tolerance according to new USDA/Cornell-led research.
We found three functional copies that were said identical senior author Leon Kochian director of the U s. Department of agriculture--Agriculture Research Service Plant Soil and Nutrition Laboratory at Cornell.
Lead author Lyza Maron a senior research associate at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell also collaborated with researchers at the University of Florida Gainesville the University of Missouri Arizona Genomics Institute
and aluminum-sensitive plants she found a similar MATE1 allele (version of a gene) in both types of plants.
But when she examined copy number variation she found the aluminum-tolerant plant had three copies
while the intolerant plant had only one copy of the MATE1 allele. Copy number variation is documented well in the human genome Kochian said
#Financial benefits of plant-based, Mediterranean dietresearchers from The Miriam Hospital and the Rhode island Community Food bank report individuals who participated in a six-week cooking program
and followed simple plant-based recipes decreased their total food spending purchased healthier food items
The study is based on Flynn's research of a plant-based diet she developed that emphasizes cooking with olive oil
As part of the study participants attended six weeks of cooking classes where instructors prepared quick and easy plant-based recipes that incorporated ingredients like olive oil whole grain pasta
Following a plant-based diet also yielded some unexpected health benefits Flynn adds. Approximately half of all participants lost weight which was not a study objective
Our results also suggest that including a few plant-based meals per week is an attainable goal that will not only improve their health
and can be delivered by simply eating the plant said senior author Dr. Alan M. Fogelman executive chair of the department of medicine
or purify the peptide--it was fully active after the plant was eaten. After the tomatoes were eaten the peptide surprisingly was found to be active in the small intestine
if given by injection or in a purified pill form but when it is a part of the fruit of a plant it may be no different from a safety standpoint than the food in which it is contained
and can therefore be produced by genetically engineering plants. The team chose a fruit--the tomato--that could be eaten without requiring cooking that might break down the peptide.
This is one of the first examples in translational research using an edible plant as a delivery vehicle for a new approach to cholesterol said Judith Gasson a professor of medicine and biological chemistry director of UCLA
and causing stunted growth wilted leaves and other symptoms that can eventually kill the plant.
According to lead scientist Roy Navarre with USDA's Agricultural research service (ARS) the egg-hatching factors are exuded actually chemicals from the roots of potato and certain other solanaceous plants into surrounding soil.
These findings may also be a starting point for plant breeders interested in developing new fruit varieties that are more resistant to D. suzukii.
and observed whether the bees advised the rest of their conspecifics of the danger of gathering nectar at a certain plant.
In some plants the predator attack was simulated by trapping the bees with pincers whereas in other cases control plants were used in
which no attack took place. Solitary bees responded similarly in the case of flowers that had been attacked by control predators and control flowers.
The Genus oryza is an idea model system for studying plant comparative genomics evolutionary biology and functional biology.
In the near future I believe there will be more genomes of Oryza species to be cracked enabling the Genus oryza be unparalleled an system for functional and evolutionary studies in plants.
I don't know how many meters deep in waste both plant matter and animal tissue. Looking something like extremely delicate white dental floss mycelia grow in through and around just about any organic substrate.
hemp or other plant materials. These are sterilized mixed with nutrients and chilled. Then the mycelia spawn are added
whether mycelia bind better to one plant material or another; and does the way it's treated--with heat
and other psychoactive plants is quite ancient. The methods we developed provide an important breakthrough which can be applied on even older pipes throughout the ancient Americas.
or if some other plant had been smoked in the pipes Tushingham said. Historic native peoples smoked a wide variety of plants including tobacco
and pipes that researchers found at sites indicate smoking was an important part of ritual activities in the past.
But archaeologists had found it difficult to detect what plants might have been smoked in the pipes because of the age and deterioration of pipes found.
For each species the checklist provides distributional information electronic links to images of living or dried plants and information on publicly available DNA sequences.
The researchers found that the largest source of uncertainty in the projections to be differences in how plant physiological processes are represented ahead of the choice of emission scenario and differences between various climate projections.
Arctic plant growth during the early-1980s reference period equaled that of lands north of 64 degrees north.
and availability of food and all food on land comes first from plants says Dr. Scott Goetz Deputy Director
and could help the plant recruit more bees to spread its pollen. In tests honeybees feeding on a sugar solution containing caffeine
Study leader Dr Geraldine Wright Reader in Neuroethology at Newcastle University explained that the effect of caffeine benefits both the honeybee and the plant:
So caffeine in nectar is likely to improve the bee's foraging prowess while providing the plant with a more faithful pollinator.
Caffeine is a defence chemical in plants and tastes bitter to many insects including bees
In their paper for the Journal of Animal Science they explain that the Cassie line has the same ability to digest high levels of phosphorus in plant matter.
which allows potato plants to develop tubers during the long days of spring and summer in northern latitudes.
The team of scientists headed by Wageningen UR Plant Breeding has published its findings on the gene allowing potato to grow
#New solution proposed to ensure biofuel plants dont become noxious weedsraising plants for biofuels is many farmers'dream.
However some plants that are ideal for bioenergy production come with a drawback--they can potentially become invasive weeds that can cause billions of dollars in economic damage.
and streamline the regulatory methodology for evaluating the invasive potential of plants especially biofuel feedstock that are under consideration for large-scale cultivation.
and to suggest ways to help prevent additional plants from escaping cultivation and potentially becoming noxious
Since state departments of agriculture have responsibility for most regulatory bodies occasionally sharing responsibility with environmental agencies fewer plants that invade forests pastureland
These invasive plants cost the U s. economy more than $7. 7 billion annually. Currently state or regional nongovernmental invasive or exotic plant councils (IPCS and EPCS) create lists of plants that are invasive in their area.
The authors analyzed noxious and invasive weed species reports from each state and determined that official noxious plant lists contain on average only 19.6%of the species considered invasive by the IPCS and EPCS.
The article further points out that a delay in state listing of an invasive species as a noxious plant
or a failure to reconcile state and IPC and EPC lists can have far-reaching ecological impacts
since funding for weed control is funneled generally into formally listed noxious plants. Because control is easiest in the early stages of infestation
and science-based policies for the regulation of introduced plant species especially but not limited to bioenergy crops.
and more inclusive if revamped regulatory boards with input from invasive and exotic weed councils evaluated plants based on criteria such as the plant's history ecology reproductive potential and the potential for rapid spreading.
The U s. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service recently implemented a formal methodology for evaluation of weediness
whether the benefits of a given plant are so high that the level of risk is acceptable.
Slender false brome is ideal as a model for invasive plant evolution. False brome is in the process of active range expansion
and drier summers than plants in the native range explains Cruzan so it is a great system for studying ecological and evolutionary aspects of invasion.
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