#Honey offers new approach to fighting antibiotic resistancehoney that delectable condiment for breads and fruits could be one sweet solution to the serious ever-growing problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics
The unique property of honey lies in its ability to fight infection on multiple levels making it more difficult for bacteria to develop resistance said study leader Susan M. Meschwitz Ph d. That is it uses a combination of weapons including hydrogen peroxide
which is the basis of conventional antibiotics is that it results in the bacteria building up resistance to the drugs.
and moving parts and electrical engineers to design control systems Linden said. Tests have shown that each of the eight fiber-optic cables can produce between 80 and 90 watts of energy meaning the whole system can deliver up to 700 watts of energy into the reaction chamber said Linden.
In late December tests at CU-Boulder showed the solar energy directed into the reaction chamber could easily boil water
and the third from an area in Missouri with no evidence of rotation resistance. After generations in the laboratory insects gradually lose their natural diversity Seufferheld said.
Seufferheld now works for Monsanto and is based in Buenos aires where he is in charge of insect resistance management.
These genes have been found to play a role in rootworm resistance to crop rotation. The team looked at how treatment with RNAI
We now know that disrupting a particular target gene may enhance undesirable pest characteristic such as rotation resistance
Nematodes can also build up resistance to pesticides. We have wondered always how the Yangambi km5 fights off roundworms.
#Predators delay pest resistance to Bt cropscrops genetically modified with the bacterium Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) produce proteins that kill pest insects.
Steady exposure has prompted concern that pests will develop resistance to these proteins making Bt plants ineffective.
Cornell research shows that the combination of natural enemies such as ladybeetles with Bt crops delays a pestâ##s ability to evolve resistance to these insecticidal proteins. â#oethis is demonstrated the first example of a predator being able
to delay the evolution of resistance in an insect pest to a Bt cropâ#said Anthony Shelton a professor of entomology at Cornell University's New york state Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva N y
Since farmers began planting Bt crops in 1996 with 70 million hectares planted in the United states in 2012 there have been only three clear-cut cases in agriculture of resistance in caterpillars
To delay or prevent insect pests from evolving resistance to Bt crops the U s. Environmental protection agency promotes the use of multiple Bt genes in plants
These predators can reduce the number of potentially resistant individuals in a pest population and delay evolution of resistance to Bt.
Also resistance to Bt plants evolved significantly slower in this treatment. In contrast Bt plants with no refuge were defoliated completely in treatments without ladybirds after only four to five generations showing rapid development of resistance in the pests.
In the treatment with sprayed non-Bt refuge plants and predators diamondback moth populations were reduced
but the larvae more quickly evolved resistance to the Bt plants. â#oethese results demonstrate the effectiveness of Bt plants in controlling the pest population the lack of effect of Bt on the predators
and the role predators play in delaying resistance to Bt plants in the pest populationâ#said Shelton.
#Entomologists update definitions to tackle resistance to biotech crops, pesticidesresistance to pesticides has now been recorded in nearly a thousand pest species including more than 500 insects 218 weeds and 190 fungi that attack plants.
The recorded cases of resistance in insects mites and other arthropods which include resistance to multiple pesticides per species more than doubled from 5141 in 1990 to 11254 in 2013.
and Michigan State university updated definitions for 50 key terms related to resistance in a new article in the Journal of Economic Entomology.
The lack of a modern glossary for resistance was brought recently to our attention by an initiative of the U s. Environmental protection agency (EPA) seeking input on definitions of terms about resistance said Dr. Mark Whalon one of the co-authors from Michigan State university
who directs the online Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database and who also serves as the Entomological Society of America's Liaison to the EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
We provide a list of 50 key resistance terms and definitions aimed at facilitating understanding and management of resistance.
The authors favor definitions that promote proactive detection and management of resistance such as resistance defined as a genetically based decrease in susceptibility to a pesticide.
They contrast this with an alternative definition used by some industry scientists that requires repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control
and managing insect resistance to corn and cotton plants genetically engineered to produce proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
and 76%of all corn grown in the U s. Recognizing that resistance is not all
or none and that intermediate levels of resistance can have a continuum of effects on pest control the authors describe five categories of field-evolved resistance
and use them to classify 13 cases of resistance to five Bt toxins in transgenic corn
and cotton based on monitoring data from five continents for nine major pest species. Emerging resistance of the western corn rootworm to Bt corn exemplifies the urgent need for well-defined
resistance terms. The cost of this insidious beetle to U s. corn growers has been estimated at one billion dollars annually.
The first evidence of rootworm resistance to Bt corn was discovered in Iowa in 2009 said Dr. Bruce Tabashnik the study's lead author
Nearly five years later the resistance has spread but decisive regulatory action by the EPA is stalled still in part
because an effective definition of resistance is lacking in this case. Although some scientists have expressed concern that reports of pest resistance to Bt crops provide'ammunition'to anti-biotech activists Tabashnik said Pests are remarkably adaptable.
They usually evolve resistance to any tactic that's used repeatedly to control them so this problem is limited not to transgenic crops.
Noting that insects have been evolving resistance to natural plant defenses for millions of years and that this year marks the 100th anniversary of the first reported case of insecticide resistance he concludes Finding ways to delay resistance is a never-ending challenge with any pest management approach.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Entomological Society of America. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference e
#Ancient Chinese medicine put through its paces for pancreatic cancerthe bark of the Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense) has traveled a centuries-long road with the healing arts.
and the resulting resistance to drugs he said and there are no drugs currently targeting that pathway in those cancers.
Consumer concerns about bacterial resistance to antibiotics have prompted the swine industry to seek additional methods to protect the health of pigs including special feed additives.
and using it to fuel power plants. Biogas technology has been used successfully for decades and it can produce renewable electricity at a cost that's competitive with traditional fuels the authors said.
The amount of methane biogas that went uncollected from palm oil wastewater lagoons last year alone could have met a quarter of Malaysia's electricity needs.
Tapping into that unused fuel supply could yield both financial and environmental benefits the authors said.
In his approach to the plant defense response French said he is trying to produce something like a systemic acquired resistance or induced systemic resistance response from the potato against the pathogen.
if these systemic acquired resistance compounds work and if so why are they working? French said.
New and improved varieties of cowpeas have numerous adaptive traits of agronomic importance such as 60-70 day maturity drought tolerance heat tolerance aphid resistance
and heat tolerant genes but also develop a platform for mapping genes controlling several other biotic and abiotic stress tolerances such as aphid resistance and low phosphorus tolerance both
When running the radar draws 5 watts of power the same as a low-energy light bulb;
standby power is 1 milliwatt. The units also boast antenna arrays--Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO--different from the Wifi router philosophy)--that allow the researchers to construct 3d images of the ice.
Chappell and colleagues at the University of Georgia's Department of Horticulture reported on the implementation and use of these WSNS at three commercial nursery and greenhouse operations in Georgia. The report focused on the use of capacitance-based
#Genetic secret of mosquito resistance to DDT, bed net insecticides discoveredresearchers from LSTM have found that a single genetic mutation causes resistance to DDT
With the continuing rise of resistance the research published in the journal Genome Biology is key as scientists say that this knowledge could help improve malaria control strategies.
The researchers led by Dr Charles Wondji used a wide range of methods to narrow down how the resistance works finding a single mutation in the GSTE2 gene which makes insects break down DDT
The spread of resistance genes could hold back efforts to prevent the disease. The authors say that knowing how resistance works will help to develop tests
and stop these genes from spreading amongst mosquito populations. Charles Wondji said:''We found a population of mosquitoes fully resistant to DDT (no mortality
So we wanted to elucidate the molecular basis of that resistance in the population and design a field applicable diagnostic assay for its monitoring.'
They designed a DNA-based diagnostic test for this type of resistance (metabolic resistance) and confirmed that this mutation was found in mosquitoes from other areas of the world with DDT resistance
but was completely absent in regions without. X-ray crystallography of the protein coded by the gene illustrated exactly how the mutation conferred resistance by opening up the'active site'where DDT molecules bind to the protein so more can be broken down.
This means that the mosquito can survive by breaking down the poison into nontoxic substances..
'For the first time we have been able to identify a molecular marker for metabolic resistance (the type of resistance most likely to lead to control failure) in a mosquito population
and track resistance at an early stage in the field which is an essential requirement to successfully tackle the growing problem of insecticide resistance in vector control.
This significant progress opens the door for us to do this with other forms of resistance as well and in other vector species.'Story Source:
The above story is provided based on materials by Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Plant pathologists have made great strides in identifying floral traits that mediate host plant resistance to floral pathogens in individual systems;
Corn cubs and sugar canes are in fact plant parts that can also be used directly as food so there is a great public resistance to accept producing this kind of bioethanol.
#Genetically modified spuds beat blightin a three-year GM research trial scientists boosted resistance of potatoes to late blight their most important disease without deploying fungicides.
The trial was conducted with Desiree potatoes to address the challenge of building resistance to blight in potato varieties with popular consumer and processing characteristics.
Cultivated potatoes possess around 750 resistance genes but in most varieties late blight is able to elude them.
The Sainsbury Laboratory is continuing to identify multiple blight resistance genes that will difficult for blight to simultaneously overcome.
Their research will allow resistance genes to be prioritized that will be more difficult for the pathogen to evade.
and experiment with multiple resistance genes. By combining understanding of resistance genes with knowledge of the pathogen they hope to develop Desiree
and Maris Piper varieties that can completely thwart attacks from late blight. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Norwich Bioscience Institutes.
#Pond-dwelling powerhouses genome points to biofuel potentialduckweed is a tiny floating plant that's been known to drive people daffy.
which is already producing electricity from duckweed. Understanding which genes produce which traits will allow researchers to create new varieties of duckweed with enhanced biofuel traits such as increased reduction of cellulose or increased starch or even higher lipid production.
and that angle controls how well the nanotube will conduct electricity. A perfect conducting metallic nanotube would have arranged the atoms in armchairs so-called
and it reacts with the battery's electrolyte to form gunk that coats the anode
And since each pomegranate cluster has just one-tenth the surface area of the individual particles inside it a much smaller area is exposed to the electrolyte thereby reducing the amount of gunk that forms to a manageable level.
Scientists working with nanoscale materials have thought long there's a better way to move electricity from here to there.
Certain types of carbon nanotubes can carry far more electricity than copper. The ideal cable would be made of long metallic armchair nanotubes that would transmit current over great distances with negligible loss
Pasquali said there has been a disconnect between electrical engineers who study the current carrying capacity of conductors
Electric cables heat up because of resistance. When the current load exceeds the cable's safe capacity they get too hot and break.
Copper still has better resistivity by an order of magnitude but we have the advantage that carbon fiber is light.
and electricity during grain drying; the production and application of nitrogen fertilizers (which are associated also with GHG emissions;
Armed with just the right atomic arrangements superconductors allow electricity to flow without loss and radically enhance energy generation delivery and storage.
Atomic Jungle Gymimagine a child playing inside a jungle gym weaving through holes in the multicolored metal matrix in much the same way that electricity flows through materials.
Flowing electricity can have a similar effect on the atomic lattices of superconductors repelling the negatively charged valence electrons in the surrounding atoms.
and lack the degree of freedom to accommodate strong enough interactions between electricity and the lattice Yin said.
because electricity can shift arsenic's electron cloud much more easily than oxygen's. In the case of the atomic jungle gym this complexity demands new theoretical models
and flow of electricity scientists needed a window into the orbital interactions. Tracking Orbitsconsider measuring waves crashing across the ocean's surface Zhu said.
Cobalt doping pushed the orbital electrons in the arsenic outward concentrating the negative charge on the outside of the'sandwich
The quadrupole polarization of the iron which indicates the orbital fluctuation couples intimately with the arsenic dipole polarization--this mechanism may be key to the emergence of high-temperature superconductivity in these iron-based compounds.
#Genetic find might lead to cattle that are more resistant to TBSCIENTISTS have identified genetic traits in cattle that might allow farmers to breed livestock with increased resistance to bovine tuberculosis (TB.
The research led by the University of Edinburgh's Roslin Institute has identified a number of genetic signatures associated with TB resistance in the cows that remained unaffected.
Refining genomic predictors of resistance will be the focus of a new BBSRC-funded study to be carried out by researchers at Roslin the AFBI and Scotland's Rural College the SRUC.
If we can choose animals with better genotypes for TB resistance then we can apply this information in new breeding programs alongside other control strategies.
Before now breeding for resistance to Yellow (Tan) Spot and Septoria Nodorum Blotch was very time-consuming--no molecular markers were in use.
For the first time our technology allows for a steady and sustained improvement in disease resistance without affecting the farmer's pocket.
and frost resistance. Using large wheat variety trials provided by Kalyx Australia the team looked at yield loss of different cultivars (plants chosen for breeding because of desirable characteristics)
and it would be a safe and straightforward strategy for improving disease resistance. Professor Oliver said this research had never been done before as direct mapping for disease resistance had led not to useful molecular markers.
Previously geneticists would infect plants that were progeny of crosses between relatively resistant and relatively susceptible parents before doing the QTL (quantitative disease-resistance gene) mapping.
But as disease resistance is multifactorial due to the several effector reactions the QTL mapping was always a bit fuzzy
and was passed therefore never on Professor Oliver said. Our research looks directly at the loci that recognise the pathogens
and/or the electricity to operate it. The Rice test depends on recent developments in a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technique that gives similar gold standard results to PCR
Such bacterial aggregates are of clinical importance as they provide reservoirs for pathogenic organisms to persist in the host and often display increased resistance to antibiotics.
Bacteria forming biofilms frequently display antibiotic resistance and can be tenacious foes to combat medically.
The researchers point to mounting evidence of the evolution of pest resistance to Bt cotton suggesting that the value of bat pest control services may increase again.
This evidence of resistance evolution suggests that Bt cotton may not be a long-term solution to pest-related losses said Mccracken.
In fact by preying on the individual insects that survive the Bt toxin bats may provide the additional service of slowing the evolution of resistance to Bt and other insecticides.
The study published in Hortscience also investigated the practice of using of locally produced grape marc compost to promote drought resistance
and results showed that cold temperatures promoted stomatal closure higher root resistance lower stem water potential lower transpiration and lower stem water potential.
#Trees diminished resistance to tropical cyclone winds attributed to insect invasionsguam experiences more tropical cyclones than any other state
but how to use them to generate electricity is not nearly as well understood. Scientists at Rice are working on that too.
#Developing new methods to assess resistance to disease in young oilseed rape plantsbeing able to measure resistance to disease in young oilseed rape plants is vital in the battle to breed new
However assessing disease resistance in young oilseed rape plants is difficult as there is a long period where the pathogen is not visible--it can infect plants
So there is a need to develop oilseed crop varieties with greater inbuilt resistance to the disease.
Although oilseed rape crops in the UK are bred for disease resistance it is a difficult and expensive process--both in time
Crops also need to be grown at various sites to assess the impact of location on disease resistance--adding yet more cost and time to the assessment.
If resistance can be assessed in young oilseed rape plants it will not only accelerate the process of breeding oilseed rape crops for resistance
Our study investigates new methods for assessing disease resistance in young plants. The paper based on experiments done by Dr Yong-Ju Huang at Rothamsted Research shows that resistance in young oilseed rape plants can be detected in controlled conditions
--and suggests that the methods should be evaluated further to develop techniques which can be used reliably by breeders to select for quantitative resistance in young plants.
This will not only save money but also accelerate the process of breeding for resistance. Story Source:
The above story is provided based on materials by University of Hertfordshire. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
and that movement can be harvested to generate electricity. If this technology is developed fully it has a very promising endgame said Ozgur Sahin Ph d. who led the study first at Harvard's Rowland Institute later at the Wyss Institute
But until now no one has tapped that energy to generate electricity. As Sahin pursued the idea of a new humidity-driven generator he realized that Mahadevan had been investigating similar problems from a physical perspective.
As the cantilever flips back and forth in response to moisture it drives a rotating magnet that produces electricity.
If changes in humidity could be harnessed to generate electricity night and day using a scaled up version of this new generator it could provide the world with a desperately needed new source of renewable energy.
when the wave causes it to vibrate it produces a voltage we can detect. That signal is proportional to the gas concentration.
Between 2008 and 2011 Chestertown's electricity consumption dropped by roughly 300000-kilowatt hours per year. This amounted to a greater than 11 percent decrease and an avoidance of more than $130000 annually in costs.
Findings published today in the Journal of Nutrition reveal that high intakes of these dietary compounds are associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation.
But until now little has been know about how habitual intakes might affect insulin resistance blood glucose regulation and inflammation in humans.
Insulin resistance a hallmark of type 2 diabetes was assessed using an equation that considered both fasting insulin and glucose levels.
and flavones had lower insulin resistance. High insulin resistance is associated with Type 2 diabetes so
what we are seeing is that people who eat foods rich in these two compounds--such as berries herbs red grapes wine-are less likely to develop the disease.
Our anticipation of possible improvement of resistance to abiotic stresses via phytochrome RNA interference further adds to its commercial potential. â#Story Source:
and Douglas Natelson found that it's possible to soften the bonds between atoms by applying a voltage and running an electric current through a single buckyball.
when a buckyball attaches to a gold surface in the optical nano antenna used to measure the effects of an electric current on intermolecular bonds through a technique called Raman spectroscopy.
It's as if the springs get floppier at high voltages in this particular system. The effect is reversible;
The Stark effect is seen when molecules'spectral responses shift under the influence of an electric field.
#Ramularia and the 4 Rsthe gene that has provided spring barley with resistance to powdery mildew for over 30 years increases susceptibility to newly-important disease Ramularia leaf spot.
and widely-used resistances to an important crop disease has the detrimental effect of increasing susceptibility to another we took a closer look says Professor James brown from the John Innes Centre.
It has struck us that plant breeding relying on the successful use of a single major resistance gene can increase susceptibility to another disease said R&d breeder Peter Werner from KWS UK.
#How electricity helps spider webs snatch prey and pollutantsspider webs actively spring towards prey thanks to electrically-conductive glue spread across their surface Oxford university scientists have discovered.
They also showed that the glue spirals can distort Earth's electric field within a few millimetres of the web
'Working with Dr Donald Edmonds from Oxford university's Department of physics Professor Vollrath showed that webs like that of the garden cross spider also cause local distortions in Earth's electric field
Many insects are able to detect small electrical disturbances including bees that can sense the electric fields of different flowers and other bees.'
'Pretty much all flying insects should be capable of sensing electrical disturbances'said Professor Vollrath.''Their antennae act as'e-sensors
'Electrical disturbances caused by spider webs are ranged extremely short so it is not yet clear whether insects would be able to sense them before the web snaps out to grab them.
'People often underestimate the static electricity that builds up in airborne objects but it is important at all scales'said Professor Vollrath.'
'The Hindenburg disaster might have been caused by a discharge of static electricity and helicopters have been known to explode
In addition to the bioinformatics analysis in the current study the team analyzed resistance to a panel of common antibiotics and tested the potential of different Burkholderia species to cause infection in laboratory conditions.
Other important factors include population density the carbon-intensity of electricity production energy prices and weather.
while in other locations it might be electricity food or goods and services. California for example has relatively low emissions associated with household electricity but large emissions from transportation.
The opposite is true in parts of the Midwest where electricity is produced largely from coal.
Tailored emission lowering strategies The real opportunity say the authors is tailoring climate solutions to demographically similar populations within locations.
All samples were tasted by pipette at the same lukewarm temperature 40.3  0. 2 °C a conductance index was calculated from the measured skin blood flow as a ratio of the mean arterial pressure.
and the conductance index values in their eyelids. These results suggest that the facial circulatory response reflects the degree of palatability of a foodstuff conclude the researchers.
The conductance index in the nose was not found to be related to palatability scores however bitter tea caused vasoconstriction in the nose.
but did not alter the conductance index as the mean arterial pressure also increased possibly via sympathetic activation.
Because this protein appears to be associated with resistance of the cancer stem cells to treatment with radiation
and very low in sodium so these drinks help maintain a healthy balance of electrolytes.
In many areas, third-party financing companies will install a solar photovoltaic PV system to generate electricity on your house for zero money down,
now that run on electricity, like hand-cranked kitchen tools and screwdrivers. Or consider other interesting inventions,
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