The team has used zinc fingers to replace a gene called IPK1 with an herbicide-resistance gene.
WHO antiviralresistance 20090708/en/index. html>says the three incidences of drug resistant H1n1 to date are sporadic cases of resistance.
At this time, there is no evidence to indicate the development of widespread antiviral resistance among pandemic H1n1 viruses.
while providing a boost to vehicles powered by natural gas and electricity.
Research for development: Nature Newschris Whitty became head of research at the UK Department for International Development last month.
Nature Newsvehicles propelled by biomass-fired electricity would travel farther on a given crop and produce fewer greenhouse-gas emissions than vehicles powered by ethanol,
Burning biomass to produce electricity is generally more efficient than converting it into ethanol. And electric vehicles although often more expensive to make
We expected that electricity would look better than corn ethanol, but it was surprising to see that this was also the case for the more advanced second-generation ethanols,
In all cases, the electricity pathway uses a lot less land to achieve the same amount of transportation.
particularly given their reluctance to accept mandatory emissions targets. But existing unilateral actions may have a larger impact than many realize.
Insects can become resistant to individual insecticides in much the same way as bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics.
and to delay resistance. For example, next year, Monsanto, a US agricultural products company based in St louis,
As a result, mutations that confer resistance to both toxins were thought to be unlikely, says Bruce Tabashnik, an entomologist at the University of Arizona in Tucson.
it's not going to give cross resistance to Cry2ab. But when Tabashnik and his colleagues tried to selectively breed insects that were resistant to Cry2ab
and there has been no sign of Cry1ac resistance emerging in the insects. Tabashnik wanted to learn more about how insects may become resistant to the less-studied Cry2ab protein,
A change in the protease responsible for activating the toxins could provide an avenue to cross-resistance,
The results show that cross-resistance between the two toxins is possible. But this does not pose a threat for control by the current pyramided Bt cotton of this insect Tabashnik says.
whether that resistance can be obtained in the field. Nevertheless, the results do highlight the continued threat of resistance,
adds Tabashnik. Pyramids are not a panacea, he says. Evolution by insects is not something that scientists are going to stop.
or electricity generation will have the biggest impact on landscape and habitats. The broad analysis of potential US energy and climate-mitigation scenarios compared the land
producing electricity and a range of nuclear isotopes, including plutonium. Iran denies that the reactor has a military purpose.
On 20 august, Australia's parliament approved laws that require the country to produce 20%of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020 up from around 8%today.
which guarantee a set price for each unit of electricity supplied by a solar provider,
says the USGS. Coal-fired power plants are the main source of mercury reaching US waterways.
but Fukuoka and his colleagues have shown that resistance and bad taste can be teased apart2. The team cloned a gene called Pi21,
Fukuoka's group crossed the resistance gene into a tastier breed and mapped the foul flavour to a point a few thousand nucleotides downstream of the Pi21 gene,
and tend to lose their impact as pests acquire resistance. European and US researchers, headed by Theodoor Turlings, a chemical ecologist from the University of Neuch ¢tel in Switzerland
Beachy worked on virus resistance in plants, and later collaborated closely with Monsanto, the leading producer of genetically engineered seed, on transgenic crops.
which could be expanded to include broader greenhouse gas regulations for industrial sources such as power plants and heavy industry.
and parts of the Andes such as Bolivia that have resistance, says potato breeder John Bradshaw of the Scottish Crop Research Institute in Dundee, UK.
What has happened is after taking 15 years to incorporate this resistance in a cultivar it would take Phytophthora infestans only a couple of years to defeat it.
I would hope that some clever plant pathologist would be able to genetically engineer resistance.
Germany's new coalition government will extend the lifespan of the nation's nuclear power plants which last year produced around 23%of the country's electricity needs beyond 2022.
The US Environmental protection agency (EPA) has agreed to set new rules governing emissions of mercury and other toxic chemicals from power plants by November 2011,
and caused the plants to produce a protein inducing resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin. However, an expert committee dismissed these concerns,
and electricity generation sectors, including increased cycling and walking in London and Delhi, India2, 3. The greatest health gains would result from fewer cars
and carry weighty ethical resistance. In Japan, at least, it won't happen. It's unfortunate that these great results won't contribute to animal cloning overall.
On 4 december, the US Department of energy announced $979 million for three demonstration projects to capture carbon dioxide from power plants and store it underground.
Two projects involve fitting carbon capture units to existing coal power plants (in New haven, West virginia and Mobile, Alabama),
and a new power plant will be built near Midland, Texas. Patent reform: The European union has inched closer to a system in
That'endangerment finding'was spurred by a 2007 Supreme court ruling that the EPA has the authority to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from automobiles and, by extension, from power plants and other sources.
or a scaled-back climate bill that focuses on power plants and possibly on other major industrial sources of greenhouse-gas emissions.
At some point, it will follow up with a regulatory proposal that is likely to focus on power plants and other major industrial sources.
However, a complete switch from a local fee system to a national tax may face resistance from local governments;
pathogen resistance and hormone signalling. Annotation of the Arabidopsis genome the linking of biological data to sequence information is considered now among the highest quality of all sequenced genomes.
less than 100,000 hectares of those were in the agricultural powerhouse that is the EU. Nature looks at the reasons why so few GM CROPS have been approved in Europe,
but because it contains marker genes that confer resistance to the antibiotics kanamycin and neomycin.
Breeders of GM CROPS use antibiotic-resistance markers to spot which plants have incorporated successfully transgenes. They attach the antibiotic-resistance gene onto the desired trait genes,
and then treat the transgenic seedlings with antibiotics, which kills those plants that haven't taken up the foreign genes.
Environmental groups and some countries have had longstanding concerns about the risk of genes spreading from crops to bacteria and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance.
and concluded that the risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance from plants to bacteria was remote,
That position was restated in a broader safety assessment of antibiotic-resistance markers, published by EFSA's GMO
and that introducing genes that confer resistance to antibiotics that are used, for example, to treat multiply drug-resistant tuberculosis simply isn't a good idea.
Modification technologies developed since then allow the use of alternatives to antibiotic-resistance markers, or allow such markers to be spliced out of the plant before cultivation.
Indeed, although the EU, the World health organization and many health bodies accept that the risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance seems low
they have called for antibiotic-resistance markers in GMOS to be phased out. More broadly, other experts say that much more publicly funded research on GMOS would lead to greater public confidence in risk assessments,
Hookworms and some other parasitic nematodes have shown signs of resistance to albendazole, the current treatment approved by the World health organization.
and calls for further research including on the growing resistance of weeds to glyphosate. See go. nature. com/ddcpba for more.
Pest resistance is a really promising and important application for genetic selection because there are a lot of health problems in developing countries that have been linked to the spraying of pesticides.
and power plants under the 27-nation European union (EU) trading scheme fell by 11%in 2009, according to preliminary,
Linking offshore wind farms together with an undersea cable down the US east coast could produce a reliable supply of grid electricity,
The two South african forms are able to overcome the effects of two resistance genes in wheat that normally prevent stem rust from taking hold.
The discovery of the new forms marks the first time that the stem rust fungus with virulence against key genetic resistance has moved south of its origins in Uganda
making it able to overcome the Sr24 wheat gene that usually confers resistance to the pathogen.
and is able to overcome the effects of the resistance gene Sr31 as well as Sr24. The fungus and its variants are now able to overcome at least 32 of around 50 resistance genes, according to Ravi Singh, a plant geneticist and pathologist at the Mexico-based International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre.
An international project that is researching resistance to wheat rust led by Cornell University, is developing new tools to help defeat the pathogen.
Sarah Davidson, associate director of the project, says that it will have isolated eight new resistance genes by the end of the year.
The project is also investigating why rice, the only cereal that is not damaged by the rust,
As mirids develop resistance to the pesticides, Wu expects that farmers will soon spray as much as they ever did.
bollworms developed resistance and rose to become the primary pest. Similarly, stink bugs have replaced bollworms as the primary pest in southeastern United states
as part of Calnex, NOAA plans to use aircraft to sample pollution plumes downwind of cities, refineries, power plants and agricultural fields.
Researchers at the University of the Free state in Bloemfontein found that the new variants can overcome the effects of two resistance genes in wheat that normally prevent stem rust from taking hold.
which would cap emissions from electricity utility companies. The report1 from the US National Research Council (NRC), sets out the consequences from streamflow and wildfires to crop productivity
Since 1996, Monsanto has held a European patent on genes that give soya beans resistance to the company's Roundup herbicide specifically the active ingredient glyphosate.
where soya-bean crops (known as Roundup Ready) expressing the glyphosate-resistance genes can be cultivated without a licensing agreement.
met less resistance when she encouraged village weavers to switch from artificial to natural dyes in the production of their woollen carpets and kilims,
They rely on relatively coarse data from sources including the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellites,
and drug resistance hadn't developed. We have been aided by pure good luck she said. Research Student gene-testing dropped:
and tested for the presence of proteins that could give it resistance to either of the herbicides.
But those that have evolved resistance to both herbicides could become a weed problem for farmers,
the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), has evolved resistance to Bt toxin in situations where GM-crop coverage is 100%.
slowing the evolution of full-blown resistance. Some farmers were very sceptical of entomologists telling them they needed to maintain non-Bt corn
where it has been shown to improve the disease resistance of vegetables including as broccoli, tomatoes and potatoes.
Six of the eight GM banana strains developed with the green pepper gene showed 100%resistance to BXW in the lab1.
The field trials will also screen GM banana varieties with resistance to BXW for resistance to fungal diseases
Although political resistance to the introduction of GM food has softened in recent years several MPS remain sceptical.
resistance could grow once more, says M'mboyi. Urban Ugandans are opposed more to GM CROPS than their rural counterparts are,
To prevent the spread of Bt resistance, farmers are required to plant nearby'refuges'of conventional crops.
and stave off Bt resistance for at least 20 years. In 2005, the Pink bollworm Rearing Facility in Phoenix began cranking out pinkies for the Arizona experiment.
Ideally, the same approach could be used in regions where poor farmer compliance with the refuge rule has contributed to widespread Bt resistance.
The paper also highlights genes potentially involved in disease resistance. These may eventually allow breeders to improve the quality and yields of the cocoa varieties.
potentially making it a good candidate for further study in the lab. This could open the way to studies on flavour and disease resistance in the cultivated strawberry Fragaria x ananassa,
will make it more difficult for the pathogen to evolve resistance to the controls. The genetically conserved part of the genome could be the potato blight pathogen's Achilles heel,
there is a big risk that we will run out of options for natural genetic resistance, says Spanu.
Developing a better grip on the molecular make-up and evolution of plant pathogens, current control methods can be targeted better slowing the chances that they evolve resistance,
India plans to build about 20 more nuclear reactors to generate 60 gigawatts of electricity (10%of total demand) by 2035.
Published last week, THE WHO's plan for containing resistance to the drugs also calls for increased monitoring,
We have more ambitious objectives in terms of getting full flu resistance before we would propose to put these chickens into true production,
even if the GM chickens carried full resistance to influenza, there are political and economic hurdles to their widespread commercial use not least the public's aversion to GM food.
but for using similar cassettes to create resistance to other common poultry diseases. Tiley's study was funded partially by Cobb-Vantress, a major international chicken-breeding company.
New york. Schat is paid a consultant for another company that is also funding research on using transgenes for disease resistance.
Whereas resistance to a particular herbicide might be pinned down to one gene, the response to drought plays out across the genome.
as part of plans to save more than ¢ 4. 6 billion in electricity costs over the next three years.
cut generous feed in tariffs (the price an electricity utility must pay to generators of solar energy) by capping the subsidized hours that solar plants can sell.
The Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat project, involving more than a dozen institutes and coordinated by Cornell University in Ithaca, New york,
Japanese utility Chubu Electric power has suspended operations at its Hamaoka nuclear power station, which sits in an area considered overdue for a large earthquake.
who fear for their electricity supply if other nuclear plants under inspection following the Fukushima disaster are ordered also to close.
Usually, the channel along which electric current passes in a transistor is flat; in the'Tri-gate'transistors (pictured), it protrudes from the surface so that the'gate'that switches current on or off wraps around the channel on three sides.
and animals living in the vicinity of the damaged power plants, but they also give researchers a unique opportunity to study the effects of radiation on populations that would be impossible to recreate in the lab. Tim Mousseau,
H4 is that it has resistance genes to multiple classes of antibiotics. This suggests that wherever the bacteria have come from there has been selective pressure to resist antibiotics.
But antibiotic resistance might have helped the bacteria to survive and persist in the environment. EHEC outbreaks usually only last around two weeks,
In addition to the antibiotic-resistance genes, the bacteria contain a gene for resistance to the mineral tellurite (tellurium dioxide.
Some strains of bacteria may have evolved resistance to tellurium during its historical medical use, or after its use in the mining and electronics industries increased its presence in the environment.
According to Wieler, the strain's resistance characteristics could point towards an environmental source, such as water or soil.
and herbicide resistance, were stable in the field. I would expect that by the end of the decade,
and Sangamo Biosciences in Richmond, California, announced that they had used enzymes called zinc-finger nucleases to insert a gene for herbicide resistance at a specific site in the maize genome (V. K. Shukla et al.
making the plant produce toxins that confer resistance to some insect pests. A Bt cotton variety is being developed for Kenyan farmers at KARI.
The most important finding of the consortium's initial analysis is the identification of more than 800 disease-resistance genes, each
Most of the people in the group are now asking how we can use information from the sequencing to learn about some of the traits we work on, such as disease resistance, tuber dormancy,
But they have created also intense selection pressure for mosquitoes to develop resistance. Data are coming in thick and fast indicating increasing levels of resistance,
and also of resistance in new places, says Jo Lines, an entomological epidemiologist and head of vector control at the Global Malaria Programme of the World health organization (WHO) in Geneva,
Switzerland. THE WHO now intends to launch a global strategy to tackle the problem by the end of the year.
'As soon as you scale up you are going to get resistance.''But Lines says that the malaria-control community felt too many lives were at stake to let the threat of resistance stand in the way of massively scaling up the bed-net and spraying campaigns.
Teasing out the impact of resistance on the success of malaria-control interventions is difficult
because so many other factors influence their outcome. More systematic and more sophisticated monitoring of resistance is also vital,
says Lines. The best surveillance data (see'Resistance on the rise), 'although useful, do not give a complete picture of where resistance is emerging
and how prevalent it is, he says. Malaria-control programmes often lack insect-resistance monitoring,
and detection of all forms of resistance is not easy. Quick, cheap tests can pick out gene mutations that help the mosquitoes'nerve cells withstand pyrethroid attack.
But other forms of resistance, which depend on increased levels of mosquito enzymes that can destroy pyrethroids before they reach their target,
require more complex tests to detect (H. Ranson et al. Trends Parasitol. 27,91-98; 2011). ) But uncertainties about the extent of resistance or its impact are no excuse for inaction,
says Newman, arguing that the proposed WHO strategy needs to be implemented urgently, and also rolled out preemptively in places where resistance has yet to be detected.
THE WHO's plan will recommend, for example, that control programmes rotate insecticides sprayed indoors, using pyrethroids one year and a different class the next.
This would be more costly and less effective than relying only on pyrethroids, however, so control programmes may be reluctant to adopt this measure.
Repurposed agricultural insecticides might also act as a stopgap were resistance to pyrethroids to develop rapidly.
soya and cotton with little public resistance, but EMBRAPA is now tinkering with a product that people eat in large quantities every day,
000 power stations and industrial plants that produce half of Europe s total carbon emissions but it is struggling in the economic downturn (see'European carbon market plummets'.
It sets limits on the intensity levels of greenhouse gases emitted by Alberta facilities oil sands operations and coal-fired power plants,
and feeding it to a power plant that would otherwise have used fossil fuels; investing in the development and operation of an energy-efficient rapid transit system in Delhi, India;
although this took more than two years of debate in the face of strong resistance from tobacco companies and retail associations.
A follow-up study by Burda and his colleagues showed no such alignment near electric power lines,
and store carbon emissions from power plants, allowing Western countries to finance these plants more cheaply in India or China.
such as a flood at a power plant or the loss of crops due to pests. Jim Hall, director of the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford, UK,
And power plants overshadow any other stationary sources of greenhouse gases, accounting for about three-quarters of emissions in the inventory (see The gas tracker).
which microbes acquire resistance to the drugs. On 4 january, the agency banned unapproved uses of cephalosporins in cattle, pigs,
By contrast, a 4 january report from the UK nuclear regulator did not find any fundamental weaknesses in its nation's power stations.
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System/FDATHE new rules, to come into effect on 5 Â April,
Its new antibiotic-resistance strategy, published in November  2011, calls on EU countries to ensure that antibiotics are only available on prescription,
and report cases of resistance (see Nature http://doi. org/cshmhv; 2011). ) Although it is accepted widely that overusing antibiotics can be a major driver of resistance in microbes,
the evidence linking antibiotic use in farm animals with resistance in humans is still controversial (A e. Mather et al.
Proc. R. Soc. B http://doi. org/hj8; 2011). ) A research programme coordinated by Europe s Innovative Medicines Initiative could provide some answers:
in the next few months it will call for proposals for  350 million (US$445 million) in grants to understand how resistance arises,
Antimicrobial resistance is also this year s top priority for the intergovernmental World organisation for Animal health (OIE),
and are on par with emissions from individual coal-fired power plants. In areas where the sands are mined
Because they lack electric charge, these atoms are unaffected by the Sun's magnetic field. Mccomas says that it takes about 30 years for particles to cross the bubble wall at the heliosphere s edge
make more efficient use of fertilizers or capture methane emissions for electricity generation. The programme's potential is highlighted by recent progress in Brazil,
"Weed resistance is a game changer for agriculture in the same way that drug resistance has been a game changer for the health-care industry,
The chief worry is that new herbicide blends will accelerate the emergence of resistance to multiple chemicals.
) Mortensen expects that increased reliance on two herbicides will favour plants with multiple mutations for resistance to each,
herbicide resistance is already forcing farmers to combine such techniques with conventional herbicide use. New machinery could also help.
"The weeds that have survived the crop season are the ones that are the most likely to have stacked resistance
but if overused could still breed resistance. Most agree that farming in a post-Roundup era will be complicated more."
Switzerland, issued a strategic plan to curb the spread of resistance.""We don t want to wait for failures to happen,
according to THE WHO. Insecticide resistance could also result in as many as 26 Â million further cases a year,
Health authorities in Somalia, Sudan and Turkey have reported also sporadic resistance to the two other classes of insecticides recommended by THE WHO for safe and effective household spraying:
Resistance has evolved probably several times independently, and is now spreading as extensive use of pyrethroids and other insecticides favours resistant mosquitoes."
"In 2004, there were pockets of resistance in Africa, and now there are pockets of susceptibility, says Janet Hemingway, chief executive of the Innovative Vector Control Consortium (IVCC),
"If we can stop pyrethroid resistance from spreading, it will be cheaper in the long run, Newman says.""In 2004, there were pockets of resistance in Africa,
and now there are pockets of susceptibility. But the two largest players in malaria aid the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria,
and the US President s Malaria Initiative (PMI) have not yet pledged additional money to fight resistance.
the report urges that a global database be set up to track the spread of resistance,
African ministers of health realize the need to manage resistance but can t do much without outside funds,
naphtha and aviation fuels from old electricity poles. Kior expects to begin producing gasoline and diesel from southern yellow pine trees at its Columbus, Mississippi facility at the end of the year.
Resistance is always a danger when drugs are taken as a prophylaxis, which is why THE WHO requires that people on SP-AQ take different medications
and insects have evolved resistance to the modified crops3. Seed companies can counter this by engineering new crops that are resistant to additional herbicides such as a new soya bean developed by Dow Agrosciences of Indianapolis,
and energy efficiency in American history and proposed an ambitious Clean Energy Standard to generate 80 percent of our electricity from clean energy sources like wind, solar, clean coal,
Since taking office, electricity production from wind and solar sources has doubled already more than in the United states. We are boosting our use of cleaner fuels,
For some crops, improvements to heat resistance through conventional and transgenic breeding, for example, will help farmers to adapt.
In some countries in Eastern europe and Central asia, multi-drug resistance occurs in more than 20%of cases (see chart.
Nuclear safety Hundreds of safety upgrades are needed at European nuclear reactors, according to an analysis of the continent's power plants.
The spores have based a static electricity ejection system designed to launch them into the air with ease.
At the Federal Rural University of Rio de janeiro in Brazil, Valdir Diola is working to isolate resistance genes in coffee
Since then, her agency has developed the first US greenhouse-gas standards for vehicles, tightened air-quality standards and proposed emissions limits for power plants.
The decline is in part a result of the economic slowdown and a shift in electricity production from coal to natural gas,
As a next step, Obama s administration is expected to impose two greenhouse-gas regulations targeted at power plants
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