impact universities†role in their territories †Labour market and employment policies Science, technology and innovation policies, Competition policy and Regional and urban
Slivers of time (UK) Flexible work matching for job seekers & volunteers with employers and people with personal care budgets to spend
Eslife (ES) Flexible work matching for household & family tasks, tackling high unemployment in local area
Skillendar (UK) Skills calendar to match job seekers & volunteers with people who need work/tasks done in neighbourhood
which attempt to provide a framework combining flexibility for employers to hire and fire workers as well as security for workers through active support to maximise their
strong social partners but rigid labour markets, the low social transfer models of southern Europe countries which tend to be top-down with rigid bargaining systems,
x Clear goals for activating labour markets, including the target of 70%labour market participation, low unemployment and flexi-curity policies
x Social and Economic Councils at the different levels of the labour market x The overall goal is to improve employability and increase the quantity and quality of jobs
security measures, tends to put more power in the hands of employers x Youth unemployment, where job-churn in the labour market has reduced considerably so
many older workers are staying put in the context of job loss and fewer new jobs being
create more employment opportunities, has happened not yet to any significant extent probably due to labour market rigidities across sectors and localities,
and training and skill problems x The changing roles of different interest groups and the reduction of the postwar political
consensus concerning labour markets and their embedded social contracts (both formal and informal), resulting inter alia in trades unions and worker representatives generally
x Labour market reforms towards less regulation and trends towards a †race to the bottomâ€
leading to greater de-regularisation and de-unionisation of the labour market as exemplified by much more occasional, intermittent, casual and †un-social†hours employment, as well as so-called
potential employers against each other (Tapscott & Williams2006), and Perez (2009) generally shares this view provided the right policies are put in place.
provided by a given employer and a consequent reduction in employee rights within the existing
as well as employers and policy makers need to be aware of these and similar challenges It is also clear ICT does change work at a fundamental level
and for employers to find skilled workers as labour markets become more transparent. Because ICT has the potential to connect workers to work
Evidence from Poland, for example, shows that traditional private job centres only help about 5 %of young job seekers find a job,
and job centres themselves today undertake job matching mainly by using ICT. Much more often, young job seekers use family and other contacts as well as the
Internet. The Internet can also be used to match work or tasks which people need doing with those
willing and able to do them in real or very quick time, for example the US-based Taskrabbit which also recently launched in the UK. 16 ICT can assist in finding work in two main ways
market who are excluded more or less from the traditional labour market, such as the disabled older persons, or would-be workers who are disadvantaged otherwise (such as immigrants with
-Prepares and matches both job seekers and potential employers, also with administrative support -Public funding (â 800,000 pa 2013-15), private partners
private operation -3 cities, 483 trained, 387 started in a protected job Finding employ -ment
with employers and people with personal care budgets to spend -Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit
match job seekers & volunteers with people who need work/tasks done in neighbourhood -Digital fast and flexible matching at neighbourhood level
interaction with job seekers. The ICT used by the job seekers themselves depends on their individual starting skills,
and they are also provided with a self-service interface which can be personalised for their own needs.
and for matching assets (the job seekers and their skills and competences) with the needs of prospective employers
x Online platforms, communities and networks: In both cases, ICT is used to setup platforms for content creation and issue identification.
-seekers and employers, and to support social capital creation (both some bonded and bridging types), amongst job seekers.
This takes place through both ICT-enabled networks that 24 supplement face-to-face and other traditional networks of a small-world nature (i e. mainly
tailored to specific needs linking employers wanting short-term staff with workers offering flexible work, so that ICT replaces the middleman with an end-to-end solution.
employers can access online. Eslife has a website with simple navigation in 3 steps: i
edge of labour market x Mission Leben: Improvement of all-round work and ICT skills of unemployed people with a
80,000 job seekers with loose links to the labour market, with 13. 7m potential, facilitated by 9 full-time-equivalent staff across the UK.
with flexible labour supply x Eslife: Over 1, 000 unemployed, underemployed and volunteers looking for work, in 7
helps thousands of people on the edge of the labour market find additional jobs in their neighbourhood when they need it
traditional activities to assist people with problems entering the labour market. Good and inclusive relationships with vulnerable beneficiaries are also crucial,
employers and workers/volunteers on top of the technology platforms provided. This seems to be because such online interaction can directly support offline communities as the service is geared to
and others finding it hard to access the job market, for employment Finding employment The main barrier is the difficulty of overcoming established ways of working and attitudes
or find it hard to access the job market for various reasons. This will of course depend on the specific individuals involved and the context they
the need for costly intermediaries (the †middlemanâ€, in this case employment agencies) who only delay the process,
and putting power directly in the hands of the employer on the one hand and the worker/volunteer on the other.
-enabled forms of labour market matching, and this will typically require legacy frameworks to be changed.
illustrates this with individuals traditionally completely excluded from the labour market, and demonstrates how they can be included in an economically sustainable business model.
however many limitations employers, or the individuals themselves, imagine they have. New types of productive work can be created and
carried out if ICT is used intelligently for the benefit of both society as a whole and of employers
catering for people previously excluded from the labour market and by creating new types and areas of work,
labour supply and demand is a relatively standalone and coherent function. In these three cases ICT is the only medium needed by the basic service
labour market and for creating new types and areas of work, thus increasing the productive deployment of
One of the conundrums of advanced labour markets is that there are fairly fixed valuations of different kinds of time and talent based on job-position, education, skill-sets, labour market
regulation and legislation, collective bargaining agreements, tradition, and diverse demand and supply factors. These semi-fixed valuations, coupled with the huge logistical difficulty of quickly
Opening up the labour market in this way, as long as there are still appropriate regulations to counter exploitation and unfair remuneration where money does change hands †many exchanges
local time exchanges, where time mostly is exchanged one-to-one regardless of the labour market price tag on the skills exchanged;
the mainstream labour market. Underutilised time and skills get utilised and underserved needs are served In this context there are two social innovation outcomes examined for this focus area
Employers are looking for employees who have developed skills for teamwork, problem-solving and interpersonal skills rather than punctuality and regularity (Davis 2013.
of today†s employers While recognising the potential value of ICT in education, many countries face significant challenges in transforming
the job market 109 Source: http://www. envisioning. io/education 113 Figure 7. 3: Envisioning the future of educational technology
as employers of tomorrow†s talent, they share a common interest in improving education. The academic side is led by the University of Melbourne,
and improving the labour market The current situation of economic crisis and public spending restrictions requires appropriate, effective and efficient economic policy measures.
It is necessary to improve the way the labour market works, correcting certain structural problems. For instance, in order to foster economic growth based on increased
the labour market. Policies promoting a culture of mobility with regard to employment and training are also crucial to improving employability
In order to ensure that the labour market operate adequately, the results achieved by the education system must also be improved,
unemployed people into the labour market and on improving job-seeking skills Promoting the social economy is a basic means of correcting inequalities.
2. Improving the performance of the labour market 3. Facilitating companies†access to finance 4. Promoting the strategic adaptation of businesses
need in order to find a place in the labour market and adapt to a rapidly changing world.
Providing more effective, active policies with regard to the labour market and making a decisive contribution to improving employability are two of the challenges facing the
6. 1. 2. Helping young people gain access to the labour market The dramatic situation young people face in the labour market requires society to
redouble its efforts in this area. The Government has identified as a major priority the challenge of lowering the unemployment rate and,
-Enabling people to accredit skills learned through professional experience -Substantially increasing the number of young people taking vocational training
6. 1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market requirements Serious imbalances exist between supply and demand in the Catalan labour market
especially as regards vocational training. Vocational training should be a tool for professionalising people and helping them to find
the labour market; to develop a model for dual vocational training in cooperation with companies and production industries;
6. 1. 8. Increasing integration into labour market of people from groups at risk of social exclusion
6. 2. Improving labour market performance The Catalan labour market has some structural shortcomings that require correction in
order to reduce the high levels of unemployment and to generate economic growth through increased productivity and the creation of quality jobs.
1. 2. Helping young people to gain access to the labour market 1. 3. Promoting new niches of employment
1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market requirements 1. 5. Raising rates of school success 1. 6. Promoting full comprehension of English as a third language
1. 8. Increasing integration into the labour market of people from groups at risk of social
For the labour market to operate well, it is essential to ensure smooth communications between those looking for jobs
to improve public employment services, to strengthen company mediation services and to enhance and increase the information available to job seekers
The Government should also promote strategies to encourage Catalan businesses to implement measures at improving employability through open agreements that, for
STRATEGIC LINE 2. Improving labour market performance 2. 1. Improving efficiency and information with regard to employment mediation
3. Inclusive growth-enlarged labour market and specialisation; war against poverty; a high employment economy delivering social
Employment opportunities are changing. Education needs to facilitate teaching knowledge but there is a general consensus emerging in that we need a
whilst being active in the job market, to encourage and enable †intrapreneurshipâ€, i e. taking initiative and developing new ways of working, products and
as a desirable career path upon graduation and when entering the job market. Changing mind -set and aspirations towards entrepreneurship are crucial to achieving this
prerequisite for graduates with a good †match†to the evolving needs of the labour market
Engineers Employers Federation 2009). ) Manufacturing in Wales Building a Balanced Economy on a Secure Manufacturing Base
technologies on employment and labour markets, health protection and business organisations. Working together with the social partners, we will develop new, economically
The skillsets of employees and job seekers will need to evolve to meet the requirements of digitisation, such as
encouraging more graduates to become job creators, not job seekers ITU has a long history in helping young people to become entrepreneurs and launch ICT careers.
3 New employment opportunities †Macro sectors...11 3. 1 Agriculture...12 3. 2 Health...13
) 10 Protracted adverse labour market conditions have led youth to give up completely their job search or seek additional education
States) only 43 per cent of employers said they could find employees with the right skills. 14 This mismatch
between what employers are looking for in new workers and the skills young people possess is
an employer 15-to 29-year-olds 15 26 43 30-to 49-year-olds 5 13 46
The costs of NEET youth alienation from the European labour market shows that absorbing just 20
per cent of this population into the labour market would save nations in the European union more than
The labour market in the developing world is highly diverse and can range from the prevalence of self
employers continue to offer certain jobs only to men, as they believe hiring women will entail labour costs
Employment opportunities do not necessarily increase with higher levels of education. In countries such as Argentina, Chile, and Peru there exists a higher concentration of unemployment among youth with
Labour market conditions for young people remain dire, despite advances in educational attainment over the past two decades. 37 Gender disparities are also common in this region, with 42.6 per cent of young
The situation of the youth labour market is in many ways different to that in Latin america and the Arab
desired by employers today, like science, technology, and math. 47 This mismatch is demonstrated in surveys indicating high rates of employer dissatisfaction with the availability of skilled workers, 40 per
39 World bank, The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the middle East and North africa, Executive Summary Washington, D c.,2007), 11
average of 2. 1 million young people will be entering the labour market every year between 2011 and
3 New employment opportunities †Macro sectors The diffusion of ICTS is occurring across all economic sectors and job categories.
In today†s job market basic ICT skills are considered essential for people entering the workforce and for those trying to find a
and the opportunity to incorporate into the labour market marginalized groups like rural women or unemployed youth.
â€oeapp economy†83 might generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world Many young computer programmers are finding jobs working directly for software development firms.
Employers may find it hard to identify lower-skilled workers for entry-level jobs in developing countries as many of the job matching
Mobile phones are becoming an important tool for job seekers and there are a number of job-matching
Souktel†s Jobmatch Program connects thousands of job seekers in the Arab States with employers who are looking for staff through an easy-to-use SMS and mobile audio
technology. Employers enter job openings into Souktel's database. Young job seekers use their mobile phones to create
and update personal profiles in Souktel's system. When position openings match job seekers†qualifications, they are notified via text message.
Souktel†s mobile-based job search functionality is especially useful in the middle East and Africa where young women may not have the same freedoms to seek employment through conventional
Crowdsourcing is becoming increasingly popular as a way for employers to instantaneously increase their workforce †without the investment
employment opportunities for young people around the world. The rapid rise of smartphones, tablets and social media,
Even in many jobs that do not entail contact with a computer employers are screening for
117 Author Chris Coward†s interviews in southern Viet nam of several light manufacturing facilities revealed that employers
required job applicants to have computer skills even though they would not use computers in their tasks
•information on local labour markets •sector-specific training, often in collaboration with industry •language training, especially English
and employment opportunities around the world. In developing countries successful small businesses are the primary engines of job creation, income growth,
for youth lies in their ability to become job creators rather than job seekers This chapter addresses the skills
are key to helping young people create employment opportunities for themselves and their communities 128 David Rowan, â€oewant to become an Internet billionaire?
For employers, certificates remain an important mechanism to assess the credentials of potential job candidates.
Employers assign great weight to such certificates when the credentialing entity is recognized well known and in the country for high
â€oebackpack†where they can be displayed online for potential employers and others to view One distinctive feature of badges is that they contain information about assessment and other metadata
that can be useful to employers to understand, for example, precisely what skills have been learned, a level of granularity that is unavailable in other forms of accreditation.
preparing students to meet the demands of a changing job market. 177 The report emphasizes that formal
One of the chief complaints from employers is that they cannot find qualified labour to fill the vacancies
199 â€oecisco, †QA Apprenticeships, http://apprenticeships. qa. com/employers/corporate-bespoke-apprenticeships/qa -apprenticeships-at-cisco
OECD."Employment and Labour markets: Key Tables from OECD."OECD, 2012. www. oecd -ilibrary. org/employment/employment-and-labour markets-key-tables-from-oecd 20752342
Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 67 OECD. ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy
-work-ict-dramatically-reshaping-global-job market World bank. The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the middle East and North africa, Executive
3 New employment opportunities-Macro sectors 3. 1 Agriculture 3. 2 Health 3. 3 Offshore services
) Resolving labour shortages (42%)and enhancing reputation and standing in the community (38 %•150 million Europeans †some 30%-have used never the internet.
welfare systems with active labour market policy, or linking health and long term care, illustrate just how difficult it is to reform these systems,
and the inclusiveness of the labour market in the Member States and their regions. Over the period 2007-2013 some â 75 billion is being
solutions to their social, cultural, educational, health or labour market related problems The project organises drop in sessions in local community premises or face-to-face learning
provide employment opportunities for people facing disadvantages or provide social services and/or goods and services to persons in risk of poverty or exclusion.
Employment agencies brought in migrants from Portugal and East Timor and, following accession to the EU in 2004, from Poland and Lithuania.
improvements in the terms imposed by unscrupulous employment agencies. They have addressed housing problems, racial harassment and registration with doctors
enterprises by those excluded from the labour market The Hiriko car was launched by President Barroso on 27th january 201274.
business types of cooperation and employment opportunities with a strong social dimension Thirdly, it is an excellent illustration of the finest use that can be made of European social funds. â€
In thematic objective (8) promoting employment and supporting labour mobility, the possible support for the development of business incubators
the development of curricula and the labour market integration of parents. Innovative actions can only be implemented effective
which the cars could be put together in work inclusion social enterprises by those excluded from the labour market
combination of new business types of cooperation and employment opportunities with a strong social dimension. Thirdly
the labour market, as well as those of the young unemployed y Investing in citizens, including protecting the most vulnerable:
-clusion, and equip citizens with the skills that are in demand in the labour market There is also a need to bridge the gender gap
how to develop a sectoral labour market strategy for the caring sector Finally, testifying of its own creative capacity (in processes),
EURES job†scheme) and encourage youth employment (through youth guarantees108 social innovation processes have been highlighted: young people†s needs and their par
to step up reforms to improve flexibility and security in the labour market, to equip people with the right skills for the jobs of today and tomorrow, to improve the qual
-bilitation services) to the open labour market; or Housing First Europe (DK, see box which calls for a shift from using shelters
services to the community and of integrating low-skilled workers into the labour market Building partnerships, especially at local level, with these actors enhances the coherence
PROGRESS, EURES (European Employment services) and the European Progress Microfinance Facility. Allocations for the three axes are the following, respectively:
61%,18%and 21%of the budget For the 2014-20 period, the †Progress†axis of Easi will continue its current activities
-grammes to match labour market needs (Action 6 y promoting eco-innovation through the European Innovation Partnerships foreseen
which will be their employer. In this respect, the Commission will follow the procedure laid down in Article 154 of the Treaty (TFEU
unemployed, had taken time out of the labour market, and had difficulty getting con -ventional credit. By March 2013,4 645 microcredit loans were provided with a total
knowledge and practical know-how that make them attractive for future employers. At the same time, businesses will benefit from better skilled young workers
to the job market The EU Youth Strategy (2010-18), the current framework for the Open Method
and of the evolving labour market 194 http://www. u-portal. org/u multirank /Structured Dialogue The structured dialogue project allows young people and their
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
people who want to believe that their employer has a social conscience and to stimulate cultures of innovation in the mainstream business through
to labour market development. However, developing skills within the field of social enterprise is critical to the growth and development of the sector
employers, business schools, think tanks, sector leaders and others 486) Lessons in social entrepreneurship such as the programmes
to employer needs. This was proposed originally in the mid-1990s as a Guaranteed Electronic Market (GEM), a web-based market for people to
ï oe) more visible performance to the relevant audience (peers, labour market, and venture capital community 2) higher impact of eï €ort on performance
the employer Property and property transfer taxes Dividend, capital gains and financial transactions taxes Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes
Employer paid-Social security contributions 1 online filing 90 30.9 %gross salaries 35.68 Corporate income tax 1 online filing 33 30
employer and employee representatives, and experts from the ILO, the Organisation for Economic Co -operation and Development (OECD), civil society and the
contracting between employers and workers. Many economies that changed their labor market regulation in the past 5 years did so in ways that increased labor
whether the employer needs to notify a third party (such as a government agency) to terminate 1 redundant
(iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(
whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate 1 redundant worker;(vi) whether the
employer needs approval from a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(vii) whether the law
requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker before making the worker redundant;(viii) whether
whether employers are required legally to provide health insurance for employees with permanent contracts Doing Business also assesses the mechanisms available
Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job offers for $450/listing.
Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job offers for $450/listing.
Policies to promote labour mobility 9 Policies to attract ICT skilled immigrants 10 Other 1 Which of the following government initiatives are most important to promote
The issue of labour market regulation is more contentious. Many economists argue that Europe†s labour market regulations are too restrictive and that
they deter companies from reorganising the workplace Policymakers and economists diverge, however, on the link between labour regulations and productivity
survey) do not see labour market reform as a priority Certainly they will have enough to busy themselves
Policies to promote labour mobility 9 Policies to redress under-representation of women in ICT jobs 2
and transformations in the world of work and the labour market. Overall findings from all reports may be found in the Synthesis Report published by RAND Europe, while
with better labour market prospects for graduates, some of the literature has forecast a potential effect to
-oriented) skills could result in a loss of intellectual diversity in the labour market (Cave et al. 2009;
polarisation of labour market outcomes Low Social innovation, enabled by ICTS among other factors, will continue to
demand on labour market for certain skills ++Medium term Need to make educational systems responsive to these developments
and G. Moreno,"Patterns of labour market integration in Europe-a life course perspective on time policies,"Socioeconomic Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2007, pp. 233-260
"Second career labour markets. Assessing challenges †advancing policies "from http://www. bertelsmann-stiftung. de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-D9524723
and inter-country labour mobility. But in order to answer how these 1. During the last five years, SMES were responsible for more than 80%of the jobs created (European SME co
Human capital and the labour market, by Karen Chapple and Sergio Montero -Muã oz ï Chapter III:
Human capital and the labour market...6 Contribution of research organisations...7 Entrepreneurship...9 SME development...
HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE LABOUR MARKET...32 Introduction...32 Policy issues...32 Assessment of the region...
Human capital and labour market...128 Contribution of research organisations...128 Entrepreneurship and start-ups...130 SME development...
i) the impact of human capital and the labour market on entrepreneurship and SME development; ii
Human capital and the labour market The Andalusia labour market is affected by structural weaknesses High levels of unemployment, large numbers of temporary workers and low productivity
undermine the performance of Andalusia†s labour market. Although the overreliance of the region on the construction industry and the subsequent housing bubble has contributed clearly to these problems
even the sectors that employ highly educated workers are affected by structural problems Regional human capital needs to be upgraded
the natural route to the labour market, the sharp economic downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship.
Human capital and labour market ï Link training programmes more effectively with sectors in order to improve firm productivity and
ï Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors
problem in the labour market. Temporary, low skilled jobs cannot find shelter in the storms of
Human Capital and the Labour market It is recognised now well that the set of technical, cognitive, facilitative and operational skills
labour market and more generally in the development of an economy. This fact has acquired a particular poignancy in recent times in our so-called knowledge economy where †brain power†and the
i) human capital and labour market issues affecting entrepreneurship and SME development ii) the contribution of research organisations to entrepreneurship and SME development;
i) human capital and the labour market; ii) contribution of research organisations; iii entrepreneurship and new start ups;
Labour market participation rate (2008) 73.4 68.9 Employment rate (2008) 65.1 56.6 Unemployment rate (2008) 11.3 17.8
since 2008 the labour market situation has deteriorated strongly, with unemployment rising from 11%to 27.2%in early 2010(+16.2%)compared to+12.7%for Spain as a
The rapid soaring of unemployment has been the result of the industrial and labour market structures of the region.
HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE LABOUR MARKET Introduction Human capital development and labour market dynamics play a key role in a knowledge-based
global economy. Yet, one of the greatest challenges in regional economic development is developing a coherent set of policies and programmes that link a region†s complex educational and training
particular focus on the labour market characteristics of successful regional innovation systems. It then outlines the complex landscape of education and training,
A rich literature debates the role of human capital formation and labour market dynamics in fostering entrepreneurship and innovation.
debates about human capital generally, then turning to the debates about labour market preparation for entrepreneurship.
altered the labour market (Aoyama & Castells, 2002. In this new informational mode of development †the source of productivity lies in the technology of knowledge generation, information processing
To wrap up, the four labour market-related factors most critical to entrepreneurship appear to be 1) higher education;
The Spanish labour market differs somewhat from that of most European countries. Immigration to Spain from Latin american and EU15 countries has increased rapidly in the last decade.
Historically, Spanish labour market regulation has been notoriously rigid; the high costs of terminating employees are in part responsible for a shift towards temporary hiring contracts,
As of June 2010, major labour market reform became provisionally effective; this will reduce the cost of permanent contracts and increase that of temporary contracts.
Employers will also have more flexibility in reducing working hours (and salary) of employees. These reforms may force
Spanish labour market regulation to begin to converge with that of its northern European neighbours Although labour and immigration policies and programs come under the purview of the national
Local labour market conditions The Andalusian labour market contains several structural weaknesses that distinguish it from the
rest of the Spanish economy, namely: the high level of unemployment, large reliance on temporary
impermanence of much of the labour market: in 2007,45%of employed residents were in temporary jobs, 13.5%above the national average (Granados-Cabezas, 2010
In addition, the changing demographic structure in the region has affected labour market dynamics. The regional workforce is aging,
reflects and structures how regional actors think about labour markets, innovation, and training in the region. The regional innovation system separates itself from the general education and employment
development that tailors training to employer needs in specific industry sectors (Zandniapour and Conway, 2003;
In the area of human capital and the labour market, the most important contribution RETA can
restructuring employment practices in a way beneficial to both employers and low-skilled workers Marano and Tarr, 2004.
Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors.
Andalusia can capture the benefits for its distressed labour market. During economic crisis, it is particularly important to stimulate business to create more jobs.
disadvantaged people access employment opportunities, while economic development programmes must help businesses become more competitive and expand, often through productivity increases that
employers together to share concerns and best practices, as well as help design appropriate curricula When employers are involved directly in programs,
curricula focus on the most appropriate skills trainees become more familiar with workplace practices, and the intermediary may act as an
employment broker, introducing workers to prospective employers. An impressive set of evaluations has shown that these initiatives have significant and positive impacts on the employability, wages, and
particular, research spin-offs and industry-university knowledge transfer (labour mobility, research collaborations, technology transfer agencies, university technology licensing programs, etc.
as well as to the †thickness†of the local labour market (Gertler and Vinodrai, 2005 ï Second,
student body) and 3 000 employers, 281 of them local, involved in the program each year.
and the flexibility of labour markets 10. Invest more in human capital through better education and skills
traditionally seen the public sector as the natural route to the labour market, the sharp economic downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other
Moreover, the focus on entrepreneurship should not be restricted to future labour market entrants The region could promote the establishment of dedicated (re) training programmes for existing
already in the labour market with the latest business concepts, tools and techniques. Dedicated re) training programmes could be established using existing institutions, such as university faculties
or regional employment office in order to ensure that the social security system is aligned with the new regional priorities designed to facilitate a higher
the German government prioritised active labour market policies, including vocational educational training, employment subsidies, job creation schemes and self employment
Maskell, 1998): 80 percent of workers are in trade unions while members of employer associations account for 55 percent of private sector employees (Anderson and Mailand, 2005.
between the social partners, the Danish labour market model †often referred to as †Flexicurity††also
although its †flexicurity†labour market model †whereby employers are given flexibility over the hiring and firing of labour
have produced generations of well-trained graduates to service the life sciences labour market: indeed Scotland produces a proportionately larger number of graduates from its universities than other parts
i) human capital and labour market; ii) research organisations; iii) entrepreneurship and start-ups; iv) SME development.
Human capital and labour market Three key issues have emerged in the area of human capital and labour market:
i) today†s knowledge-based economy put a premium on education; as a result, the regional government should
Human capital and labour market ï Link training programmes more effectively with sectors in order to improve firm productivity and
ï Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors
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