One of the reasons for its arrival has been the out-sourcing of standardised production from high-to low-labour-cost countries
This is what is seen now generally by economists to be the major factor behind the bulk of economic growth, the growth that is not due to additions to capital and labour stocks.
For example, it may involve SMES in tracking competitors†actions through electronic monitoring of news and information services or the introduction of total quality management techniques on the work floor.
Furthermore, some empirical work casts doubt on a general characterisation of small firms as breakthrough innovators and large firms as incremental innovators (Chandy and Tellis, 2000.
but also through informal methods such as the creation of problem-solving work teams and engagement with external knowledge intensive service activity providers such as consultants (OECD, 2010a, forthcoming).
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 41 example through embedding of foreign direct investment, attraction of highly-skilled labour from overseas and building cross-national SME alliances.
UK public policy and open innovation Charles Levy and Benjamin Reid September 2011 The Big Innovation Centre is an initiative of The Work Foundation and Lancaster University.
a major initiative from The Work Foundation and Lancaster University, will examine how the UK can position itself to be a major global innovation hub in 2025.
Open innovation and its implications will be a key theme informing all the Centre†s areas of work. 4 Missing an open goal?
and investigation undertaken by the Big Innovation Centre, a groundbreaking new initiative from The Work Foundation and Lancaster University.
which the airline works with its suppliers to promote innovation, which often saves KLM money in the long term.
The Work Foundation, http://www. theworkfoundation. com/research/publications/publicationdetail. aspx? oitemid=290 21 Missing an open goal?
In reality, the blanket mandating of openness (or closedness) doesn†t work: university activities to support development of innovation,
there are fundamental and systemic issues with how such markets for knowledge and knowledge enterprises work.
The Work Foundation and Research Republic, http://www. theworkfoundation. com/research/publications/publicationdetail. aspx? oitemid=223 23 National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (2010) Open innovation:
As The Work Foundation outlined in a recent report to the Independent Commission on Banking,
A submission from The Work Foundation to the Independent Commission on Banking, London: the Work Foundation 31 See, for example, Clausen, T. and Rasmussen, E. 2011) †Open innovation policy through intermediaries:
the industry incubator programme in Norwayâ€, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, Vol. 23, No. 1: 75-85 37 Missing an open goal?
As noted within the recent Work Foundation report on high-growth businesses, overcoming systematic weaknesses in UK management
but as we argued in a recent Work Foundation†s report, this sector needs continued support and investment,
along with a steady increase in the supply of highly skilled labour. 33 32 Levy, C.,Lee, N. and Peate, A. 2011) Ready, Steady, Grow?
The Work Foundation 33 Sissons, A. 2011) Britain†s Quiet Success Story: Business Services in the Knowledge Economyâ€, London:
the Work Foundation, http://www. theworkfoundation. com/research/publications/publicationdetail. aspx? oitemid=287 38 Missing an open goal?
The Big Innovation Centre, a major new initiative from The Work Foundation and Lancaster University, will be driving forward this analysis and commentary.
The Work Foundation and Research Republic, http://www. theworkfoundation. com/research/publications/publicationdetail. aspx? oitemid=223 42 Missing an open goal?
The Work Foundation, http://www. theworkfoundation. com/research/publications/publicationdetail. aspx? oitemid=290 Lichtenthaler, U. 2011) †Is open innovation a field of study or a communication barrier to theory development?
The Work Foundation, http://www. theworkfoundation. com/research/publications/publicationdetail. aspx? oitemid=287 Tidd, J.,Bessant, J. and Pavitt, K. 2005) Managing Innovation:
UK Public policy and open innovation Acknowledgements This report is a publication from the Big Innovation Centre, an initiative from The Work Foundation and Lancaster University.
UK Public policy and open innovation Big Innovation Centre The Work Foundation 21 Palmer Street London SW1H 0ad info@biginnovationcentre. com www
. biginnovationcentre. com www. theworkfoundation. com Contact details All rights reserved  Big Innovation Centre (The Work Foundation and Lancaster University.
The Work Foundation, 21 Palmer Street, London SW1H 0ad. Registered address: Landec Ltd, University House, Lancaster University, Lancashire LA1 4yw.
NPRF) FORFÃ S EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 15 Work with the private sector to ensure the availability of funding from other sources for key sectors that are not appropriate for venture capital investment.
Research by the OECD shows a positive correlation between the entry rate in a given industry and average labour productivity levels37,
and is scheduled for completion Oct/Nov 2012 22 industry and average labour productivity levels. This should be borne in mind in terms of resource allocation to entrepreneurship programmes.
Growth and Scaling Divisions work with the client to achieve â 1m, â 3m and â 5m, â 20m,
This evaluation builds on the work completed by Grant in order to provide findings and conclusions on the appropriateness,
They arrange the speakers and facilitators for each of the events and work with the Higher education Institutes
The OECD has established that a large fraction of aggregate labour productivity growth is driven by what happens in each individual firm,
Business Planning Development, Financial Planning and Management, Bookkeeping, HR Management, Market research & Promotion, Business & Employment law, Time Management & Life Work Balance, Sales and Marketing
, Taxation, Website development, Time Management & Life Work Balance, Personal Effectiveness and Leadership Management 130 half-day involvement covering basic skills or information
profit and tax benefits should be reckoned in the context of tight labour markets135. Based on an average earned income of â 39,000 the annual value of these benefits is estimated at between â 12 million
In particular, because of reduced employment levels, labour productivity has shown a significant increase across a range of efficiency indicators.
and 3 other Enterprise Ireland staff making up the Propel Team Representative sample of Enterprise Ireland staff who work with HPSU/Cord
The Gateway2investment programme works with entrepreneurs and/or researchers in high technology sectors that are seed past the stage and
The Regional Attention and Action for Knowledge Circulation programme works to improve interaction and exchanges between SMES
Accordingly, they may have to work in several consecutive steps, which in some cases look like a bootstrapping strategy.
and were thus more expensive when manufactured in countries with high-labour costs. A designer working at one of the bicycle manufacturers became a critical link.
his experience during the hospitalisation is the central concept around which the consortium works. The Patient Room of the Future is the result of intensive research into the needs of the medical world and the patients themselves.
In 1990, Paul Dingens started a glass works company that produced its own line of glass instruments.
Disciplining disloyal partners only works under certain circumstances. First, a strong leader must operate in the network,
Second, disciplining or excluding partners only works if the innovation network is instrumental in creating a competitive advantage for the companies involved.
Because partners in such an innovation network work in a mutually exclusive way, innovation networks can work only when there is a network-wide understanding among partners that upstream partners cannot misuse this exclusivity to earn monopoly rents
Some of the networks work with open books to ensure that all partners involved use fair overhead costs
and are eager to work with the venture. Finally, Toine also had to license the technology from DSM.
He detected that the existing turbo-fryers on the market did not work and his simple adaptation to the air-flow made air frying quite effective.
or lose it strategyâ€. o Licensing to small firms implies significant work in return for small licensing revenues.
and the work toward a win-win outcome. Let your partner pursue business opportunities in areas that do not fit your business model.
What works is a vision, not a dream. In most cases, the vision can be considered as a new value proposition,
What Governments Can Do to Make a Difference (2010). 7 12 The entire community works within a wider set of framework conditions defined by policy makers
and a responsibility to each of us to create work and to support each other. No one should get a free ride
while making participation in these programmes more tax efficient for employees. •Allow youth to participate in a new work experience programme,
The self-employed typically sell their labour to perform a set of tasks, and if they don†t please the customer,
We present the ideas in this document as a starting point for further work, and hope that it will lead to enhanced economic activity, increased numbers of startups and increased engagement by all groups in the entrepreneurial arena.
We encourage our children to work in †guaranteed secure†jobs in high-paying areas like the public sector, in multinational corporations or in the professional services fields (eg. accountants, lawyers, doctors.
that†s what makes a team work, a company work, a society work, a civilization workâ€--Vince Lombardiâ€oe â€oe concepts that are covered in the book are highlighted also in this report.
Indeed there is now a growing acceptance in Ireland of the need to build work-related skills at an early age.
Innovative enterprises require a pool of work-aware school leavers. There is an immediate need to introduce modules, courses bootcamps,
and works with educators and teachers to introduce entrepreneurial concepts to students. Bizworld currently partners with schools in Dublin, Kildare, Wicklow, Galway, Cork and Limerick.
--Paul Tournier â€oe recommendations â€oe recommendations 2. 3. 1 Unemployed The Back to Work Enterprise Allowance, administered by the Department of Social Protection,
Firstly, the Back to Work Enterprise Allowance is only attainable if you have been on the †Live Register†for 12 months.
The Forum believes that addressing these issues would do much to enhance the entrepreneurial contribution of this section of society. 6. Reduce the time required to be on the Live Register before being eligible for the Back to Work Enterprise allowance. 7. Cut the waiting
time for appointments for unemployed people seeking approval for access to the Back to Work Enterprise Allowance. 8. Improve the payments system for entrepreneurs†grants for unemployed people trying to start a business.
indicating a need for further targeted work. Championing woman business leaders as role models will play a key role in increasing the numbers of female entrepreneurs.
Our recommendations complement existing work being done to address this critical situation. The Forum recognises that countries such as Germany with low rates of youth unemployment have excellent apprenticeship systems
How does †Office hours†work? †Office hours†can be arranged in multiple ways. One Forum member has Saturday Skype calls of 15 minutes length between 11am
LEOS could seek volunteer entrepreneurs through the Chambers of Commerce or other networks to work as mentors to startup founders.
or others to work as â€oebuddy mentors†to startup promoters. b. Agencies to facilitate an initiative among large companies to allow staff to volunteer to go into star tups, g iv ing specif ic
and willing to work in exciting new startups. •The irish Trade Board. Cà ras Trã¡
To enhance the wealth of work already done in this space, the Forum proposes that further private sector involvement in accelerators would be a huge support for the startup ecosystem. 26.
Some people parallel the growing popularity of co-working spaces to the popularisation of coffee spots with free Internet such as Starbucks. These locations led to a †lightbulb†moment for many who recognised that highly productive work
a. develop a co-working model that will work in Ireland, to include leveraging unused public buildings and NAMA buildings;
and academia to work more closely together to build strong working relat ionships and simultaneously increase direct commercialisation of research work.
Introduce a Framework for companies to provide contracts to university graduate students for thesis work without clouding IP ownership. 34.
(having industry partners ensures that the work will have commercial impact. 36. Engagement without IP licensing requirements.
many of our most able and educated minds never gain understanding of how to commercialise their work.
a programme that allows those who are receiving benefits on the Live Register to work for companies in Ireland for up to a period of 9 months while receiving their job seeker†s allowance plus â 50 per week
Furthermore, graduates seeking work experience are excluded from participating in the Jobbridge Programme if they already have part-time evening or weekend employment.
giving them the real work experience that is generally sought by employers. We believe that formalising a programme to enable youth to develop work skills would benefit youth, employers and the economy as a whole.
Therefore the Forum recommends that companies should be allowed to offer work placements to youth (those without work experience,
either out of 2nd level or 3rd level) for up to 9 months for training level pay (same rate as Jobbridge,
Allow youth to participate in a new work experience programme, based on the rate of pay of the Jobbridge Programme, perhaps called â€oejobbridge Corporateâ€,
More work was envisaged in automating this process further34 to provide certainty to the employer and to the employee that the visa could be issued in a matter of two weeks
We acknowledge the great work of the thousands of public sector staff who have only the best intentions to help business succeed in Ireland.
and agreeing upon work plans and outcomes, •Connector †ensures that departments and agencies within government are informed
High taxes discourage work, savings, investment, risk-taking and enterprise and therefore are neither efficient nor conducive to increasing strong economic growth.
and forcing businesses to import products from abroad or outsource their work to other countries.
or more entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial volunteers for â€oemeritorious service†to Ireland. 2. 3. 1 Unemployed 6. Reduce the time required to be on the Live Register before being eligible for the Back to Work Enterprise allowance. 7
. Cut the waiting time for appointments for unemployed people seeking approval for access to the Back to Work Enterprise Allowance. 8. Improve the payments system for entrepreneurs†grants for unemployed people
or others to work as â€oebuddy mentors†to startup promoters. b. Agencies to facilitate an initiative among large companies to allow staff to volunteer to go into star tups, g iv ing specif ic
a. develop a co-working model that will work in Ireland, to include leveraging unused public buildings and NAMA buildings;
Introduce a Framework for companies to provide contracts to university graduate students for thesis work without clouding IP ownership. 34.
having industry partners ensures that the work will have commercial impact. 36. Engagement without IP licensing requirements.
Allow youth to participate in a new work experience programme, based on the rate of pay of the Jobbridge Programme, perhaps called â€oejobbridge Corporateâ€,
Work Foundation. Lundstrom, A. 2011) Entrepreneurship and SME Policies across Europe Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Reports Entrepreneurship at a Glance (2013) Education at a Glance (2011) Entrepreneurship Review
I would like to publicly thank all concerned for their input in this work. The challenge is now to deliver and
Building on the work done by Sean O†Sullivan and the Entrepreneurship Forum this Policy Statement presents the six overarching elements
There has been wide stakeholder engagement over the last two years to support the development of this Policy Statement through public consultation, the work of the Entrepreneurship Forum and direct contact with academics and entrepreneurs.
and work with its partners in enterprise to achieve this ambition. 3 †Entrepreneurship in Ireland-Strengthening the Startup Communityâ€, 2014,
The IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2013 ranked Ireland third for availability of skilled labour and first for flexibility and adaptability of workforce, attitudes to globalisation and investment incentives.
Much work is being undertaken by the Government to promote entrepreneurial role models, foster positive attitudes to risk taking, teach basic business management and financial literacy and address skills gaps.
and there are many examples of good work being undertaken in many schools at transition year in mini-company formation
DES) Work with education stakeholders across the education system to identify best practice and to mainstream successful programmes wherever feasible.
EI, LEOS) Work with other award giving initiatives to increase public awareness of entrepreneurship successes. DJEI, EI) Develop new measures within the Gaeltacht to recognise local entrepreneurs, building
and run their own business Work with the Department of Social Protection to promote the Back to Work Enterprise Allowance,
Ongoing focused work will be required in such policy areas as access to finance, tax, reward for risk, administrative and regulatory burdens, exporting,
ilte Ireland will continue to work to identify and exploit opportunities for convergence between tourism and other areas of enterprise and entrepreneurship.
Availability of talent Low rate of corporate tax Availability of R&d tax credits Low rates of non-wage add-ons to labour costs Ease of establishing an enterprise Flexible labour Some less well known strengths are:
Work has started already in making improvements in many of these areas. The suite of tax policies that affect entrepreneurs is being reviewed.
The Department of Social Protection provides support for unemployed people to start a business in the form of the Back to Work Enterprise Allowance.
This work and its contribution towards self employment is set out in detail in the Pobal report â€oesupporting Inclusion through Self employment. †In the main,
this work has been undertaken by Local Development Companies, who are supported via the assistance of the Department of Social Protection Back to Work Enterprise Allowance (BTWEA) scheme.
It is clear that an integrated approach is needed which combines the full range of services in supporting the development of an entrepreneurial culture in Ireland.
National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland 27 2. 1. 3 Share Based Remuneration In private Companies Share based employee remuneration can significantly reduce fixed labour costs
Work will continue to drive efficiencies in many of the necessary interactions of new businesses with the State e g. turnaround time for work permits,
in an integrated way of the supports across government Opportunities to work with other stakeholders to develop hubs for entrepreneurship
A cross-border approach to entrepreneurship offers an opportunity for the entrepreneur to access resources such as capital, labour and technology that can spark new ideas.
competition The work of Intertrade Ireland, which is funded co by the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation, is designed to build capacity
EI, LEOS) Initiatives will be developed at local and regional levels to encourage business to work with LEOS
à nag) Work with all supported enterprise centres (CECS, BICS etc. to set out ambitions for the cultivation of startups
Enterprise Ireland works with entrepreneurs and innovative startups at all stages of growth partnering with the LEOS,
the universities and the Institutes of Technology to bring together the State†s support structures in a way that works for the entrepreneur.
Work will also continue to ensure a strengthening of the linkages between SME capability building, advice and access to finance.
SBCI, D/Finance) Drawing on international good practice, the Department of Finance will continue to work with banks to improve their internal review mechanisms
Bord Bia, Management Works Skillnet, CEB Accelerate Programme) 10. To further facilitate the development of mentoring for SMES and start ups
National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland46 5. 3. 2 Accelerators In response to the popularity and demand for accelerators among startups, work will also be undertaken on developing
EI) Work with enterprise and the wider communities and public authorities to develop new sources of co working spaces and â€oehotspotsâ€.
Projects involved a minimum of five companies working together to undertake feasibility work and to conduct market research.
evidence based case for the viability of their proposed solution (for example a desk based feasibility study with some supporting practical work/data).
and continue to work to attract international buyers to Ireland to source Irish goods and services.
Tracking Action Delivery Considerable work has been undertaken in recent years to support entrepreneurs and startups and the actions identified in this Statement will strengthen existing supports.
and will be supplemented as work is undertaken on each objective area. Benchmarking/Measuring Entrepreneurship A comprehensive profile analysis of the national entrepreneurship ecosystem in Ireland will assess current national performance against international comparators.
â 506,000 approved (2, 892 individual visits) Work with DJEI and other stakeholders to implement the recommendations of the Forfã¡
â 506,000 approved (2, 892 individual visits) Work with DJEI and other stakeholders to implement the recommendations of the Forfã¡
and work will commence to define the sectoral and stage of development focus of those calls for expressions of interest in the near term.
and work will commence to define the sectoral and stage of development focus of those calls for expressions of interest in the near term.
and 44%of the respondents are concerned their aging R&d infrastructure is affecting their work, again to a greater degree than any other industry.
R&d in this industry also works to improve process efficiency and reduce the costs of the large scale production facilities.
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and industries to deliver breakthrough solutions that work in the real world. Ready to solve what matters most to you?
in part by ensuring that budget policies support investments and tax expenditures that drive GDP growth and that boost overall work effort.
ï Work Hours: Does the program or policy increase the amount of work hours per-capita by encouraging those workers who are able to work to enter into
or remain in the labor force, including staying longer at the end of their working life? This is important because GDP is a function of work hours multiplied by productivity;
increasing work hours, especially for people not working, is a key way to boost GDP and,
by definition, lower the debt-to-GDP ratio. This does not mean that spending that does not increase one
but by increasing investment and spurring more work effort, America can begin closing its three deficits
and processes regarding IT procurement to enable agencies to more effectively BUY IT systems. 29 POLICIES TO INCREASE WORK HOURS There are two ways to boost GDP:
or increases in taxes it will be necessary to adopt policies that boost work hours. There are two ways to do this:
, increased immigration) or increase the number of hours workers work in their life. The former can increase GDP
The latter, expanding work hours, is more effective because it increases output and taxes paid while reducing the consumption of public services,
Increase Prime-Age Residents†Work Rates It is not enough to increase incentives for workers to retire later;
The first is to ensure that disability benefits only go to those who truly cannot work and to strengthen efforts to increase the incentives for people on disability to reenter the workforce.
prime-working-age individuals receiving SSDI increased from 3. 1 percent of the workforce to 6. 5 percent. 44 This change does not appear to reflect any real change in the ability of Americans to work.
which refers to the notion that the amount of work available to workers is fixed. In fact, the number of available jobs is fixed not.
Rather, the number of jobs, at least over the moderate term, is determined by the number of people willing and able to work.
if it pays more and more of its citizens, young and old, not to work. PAGE 12 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JANUARY 2014 workers in the sectors that satisfied their consumption.
young and old, not to work. SMART SPENDING CUTS In order to eliminate the deficit and reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio,
as noted above, increasing critical PIC-inducing investments and increasing incentives for expanded work hours.
or competitiveness and should also lead to increased work hours. Reduce the Growth of Social security Payments Entitlement spending accounts for 57 percent of the budget
taxes on individuals do not limit work incentives or reduce savings and investment. 70 One reason for the lack of effect on the former is that as Moffit and Wilhem found,
â€oethe evidence in these data is that hours of work are, as found in much of the previous work,
inelastic for prime-age males in the United states. †71 A broad review of the â€oenew tax responsiveness†literature conducted by the Organization of Economic Cooperation
while higher tax rates are associated with less work for married women who work part time, for men and women working full time,
higher taxes are associated only with a negligible increase in work. 72 Moreover, the OECD found that with respect to the United states,
higher taxes were associated with slightly higher work hours. Therefore, Congress should extend the top marginal rate of 39.6 percent to all households making $250
International Labour Office, â€oea Skilled Workforce for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth†(International Labour Office, November 2010), http://www. ilo. org/wcmsp5
Investment in R&d, Education, Infrastructure and Government Efficiency Science and Technology Education and Skills Surface Transportation Infrastructure Federal IT Investment POLICIES TO INCREASE WORK HOURS Increase
Prime-Age Residents†Work Rates Will These New Workers Take Jobs from Other Workers? SMART SPENDING CUTS Reduce the Growth of Social security Payments Eliminate Unproductive Business Subsidies,
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