and mediator for local knowledge circulation, source of highly skilled labour, knowledge providers in university †industry linkages and incubators for academic spin-offs, a
This work was cofinanced through the European Social Fund through The Sectoral Operational Programme Human resources Development 2007-2013, project number
creative work undertaken within the enterprise that increases knowledge for developing new and improved goods or services and processes,
innovation seems to have a positive impact on firms'labour productivity (Hall Et al 2009). ) These results hold across four large EU economies with a high SMES intensity
This paper is indebted intellectually to the collective theoretical and empirical work done on the subject by the
of work but rather the most urgent ones†concrete deprivations that cause signifi -cant limitations to the quality of life in absolute terms
Montevideo, profiting from the work done in these territories by a specific exten -sion university program, the Metropolitan Integral Program
will have, somehow, to coordinate their work. The objective of the platform is to concentrate efforts in a complex and multidimensional SIP that is unlikely to be
work of Tepsie examining the use of online networks and other digital tools to support and/or
The overall objective of the Tepsie project†s Work Package WP8 (using online networks to
In this context, Work Package 8 examines the impact of ICT on, and its interaction with
This deliverable D8. 3 reports on the empirical work of Tepsie†s WP8 examination of so-called
This report, D8. 3, presents and analyses the empirical desk work and case studies undertaken by
cumulative work of WP8 1 http://digitalsocial. eu /2 †Big data†refers to the vast amount of data that can be collected from the internet,
x Work-life balance x General public services x Defense x Public order and safety x Economic affairs
x Work-life balance x Economic Affairs 1. Employment x Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society
x Work and employment x Neighbourhood regeneration x Energy and environment x Science x Finance and economy
Employment x Preparing for work x Finding work x Creating and doing work Place making
community and local development x Smart places x Local community development x Civic engagement and activism
Sharing Economy (and sharing society x Exchanging time and talent x Activating the value of dormant assets
1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc
3. Improved matching between work demand and supply 4. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration
5. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration 6. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities
7. Other Place making (for community and local development 1. Improved place-related facilities and amenities (digital, physical and cultural
Overall, in WP8€ s empirical work, a deliberate choice has been made not to examine already well
Jobbanken (DK) Supporting people with a mental illness (back) into work, giving them self-esteem, and reducing society†s costs
Slivers of time (UK) Flexible work matching for job seekers & volunteers with employers and people with personal care budgets to spend
Eslife (ES) Flexible work matching for household & family tasks, tackling high unemployment in local area
doing work Mission Leben (DE) Providing people with a mental illness with work, improving their life and self-esteem
CSE: Copenhagen School of Entrepreneurship (DK Flexible workspaces for students with no job providing start-up
The potential for innovation in the workplace in terms of changing job types, how work is performed and organised,
and regulatory systems within which work, employment and entrepreneurial activity sit. Although there are many nuances and variations,
which workers are guaranteed not any work and thus income at all. On the one hand, this may benefit freelancers who have the skills, competences and networks to cope and
resources to a working life characterised by intermittent and uncertain work and income. 11 In Europe,
Work Integration Social Enterprises as a tool for promoting inclusion), to help create new forms of
/13 http://www. isede-net. com/content/social-economy/wise-work-integration-social-enterprises-tool-promoting
reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased productivity, innovation in processes, organisational restructuring,
or quality of any new work or new work forms. On the one hand, some see a brave new world of
model of work is leading to threats to traditional benefits, such as pensions and health insurance as
growth in the numbers and quality of work, revolving around the use and creation of implicit and
part of a dynamic cycle in which new work, knowledge and processes are created and older types
work and careers x People are able to be more flexible about where and when they work
x Training and preparation for work can now take place more easily and cheaply online x People are able to find work that interests them/employees who fit their requirements much
x Work can be split up into chunks both time-wise and location-wise, thus enabling work to be
undertaken by many people across the world simultaneously, which allows it to be completed more quickly and cheaply
people to form work partnerships across countries ICT thus makes it easier for workers to find jobs
and for employers to find skilled workers as labour markets become more transparent. Because ICT has the potential to connect workers to work
irrespective of their location, and crowdsourced work providers are able to judge workers on their
It is clear that labour is becoming more disjoined from location, and work is increasingly disaggregated and shared across space and time
There is a rise in so-called †homeshoringâ€, where people work for a virtual organisation or call
or improving the social and other supports relevant to preparing for work On this basis, two main social innovation outcomes are examined for this focus area
x Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) using ICT x Improved employment supports (e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.
for example by matching those looking for work with those seeking one or more workers with the relevant skills, competences and aptitudes
also recently launched in the UK. 16 ICT can assist in finding work in two main ways
or improving the matching of paid work with workers looking for such work x by facilitating
or improving the matching of unpaid/voluntary/reciprocal work with people looking for such work
There is one social innovation outcome examined for this focus area x Improved matching between work demand
and supply using ICT 3. Creating and doing work ICT helps in the introduction of,
or increase in, new forms of employment, such as telework distance work, flexible work or itinerant work,
as well as completely new types of work such as web-design, app development, software programming or any other types which need ICT
or are in the ICT sector. Work may be performed away from the organisational premises at another location
or †on the moveâ€, and may also result in completely virtual forms of (semi) permanent or temporary
work, or so-called †project†work. ICT can also assist people enter or become stronger in the labour
market who are excluded more or less from the traditional labour market, such as the disabled older persons, or would-be workers who are disadvantaged otherwise (such as immigrants with
and doing work x by facilitating or increasing the amount of work and/or the number of jobs
x by facilitating new, or improving existing, ways of working (e g. in terms of quality flexibility, location, remuneration, etc
x Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) using ICT x Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) using ICT
In addition, there is also one theme-wide social innovation outcome x Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT
back) into work giving them self -esteem, and reducing society†s costs -Digitally coordinated education, exercises, networking
Flexible work matching for job -seekers & volunteers with employers and people with personal care budgets to spend
supply and demand of labour and volunteers, and better utilise existing resources -Public (â 600,000 seed money 2005), private and civil
Flexible work matching for household & family tasks, tackling high unemployment in local area -Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit
->1, 000 people matched with work in 7 cities, growing to >25 cities in 2014
work/tasks done in neighbourhood -Digital fast and flexible matching at neighbourhood level using calendar for skill and time search, †people helping
and doing work cases. Although many of the cases provide outcomes in two or more focus areas (see section 3. 2. 3),
and doing work cases show a mix of public and market funding and mixed actor operation.
flexible work, so that ICT replaces the middleman with an end-to-end solution. People looking for work or to volunteer can also create a profile building a †talent pool†which prospective
employers can access online. Eslife has a website with simple navigation in 3 steps: i
notification of work or a task which needs doing, ii) proposals from people wishing to provide
work or tasks and acceptance, and iii) completion of the work or task and payment to Eslife of
15%of price paid. The types of tasks matched are babysitting, elderly care, pet care, cleaning
Creating and doing work x ICT used: Both standard and bespoke ICT is used also alongside physical and traditional
and issue identification platforms, for example as inventories of work to do and work done The case has developed not online communities,
1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective x Surfen zum Job: 300 unemployed youth prepared for,
Improvement of all-round work and ICT skills of unemployed people with a mental illness, and their motivation to learn
provides benefits of legal and insured work compared to informal work x Mission Leben: comprehensive workplace and work process transformation to match the
capacities and needs of people with a mental illness Finding employment 3. Improved matching between work demand and supply
x Surfen zum Job: Of the 300 unemployed youth prepared for work in 30 German cities many
also found employment directly via the case x Slivers of Time: 80,000 job seekers with loose links to the labour market, with 13. 7m
and volunteers looking for work, in 7 cities and growing to over 25 in 2014 (latest two months of data show 600-700 tasks
4. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration x Slivers of Time: as an example, Hertfordshire County Council†s Breakaway for Carers
and volunteers seeking flexible work to link with people needing care and their carers to give the latter some support, relief or a break.
neighbourhood life context helps to enrich work in the local area Creating and doing work
5. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration x Mission Leben: 700 sheltered workplaces and 280,000 jobs for people with a mental illness
across Germany. For example, one workplace in Aumã hle includes inter alia a protected 27 laundry workplace and shows an increase in secure jobs to 55, plus 10 additional staff
6. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration x Mission Leben: Increase in more varied types of work available to people with a mental
illness, like scanning, sorting and finishing orders x CSE: more satisfying and more highly remunerated work through supporting start-up
and future work Other Other outcomes were reported, not directly linked to any focus area, as below
laundry and similar work used to be sent to cheaper wage countries, but is now done more locally saving transport and other physical costs
reinforced by the fact that much of the work and many of the tasks directly support family
Creating and doing work The two cases, Mission Leben and CSE, are at opposite ends of the spectrum between a protected
and undertake new work. Each case uses various mixes of both standard and bespoke ICT alongside physical and traditional
Creating and doing work The main barrier for the Mission Leben case is that the bespoke ICT needs backup systems and
likelihood of obtaining work in the future. Thus, although successful employment preparation initiatives exist in many forms with and without ICT,
whilst in turn enabling them to access flexible work or tasks that suit them. This model has disrupted incumbent methods of flexible employment by removing
and deploying labour to meet real-time and quick-time operational demand in any sector. This model enables much greater control over the strategic disposition of personnel
between the demand and supply sides of labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
of work and tasks, which additionally increases both economic and social †efficienciesâ€, thereby improving the productive deployment of unused assets.
in new forms of labour and employment contracts, mediated as necessary by policy-makers and regulators to circumvent exploitation
Creating and doing work The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is mainly an enabler rather than a supporter of social innovation in these cases.
and doing work cases exhibit a range of actors, with a mix of public and private
opportunities of aligning, in principle, any work task or process to match the variable needs of
not all individuals who are willing and able to work, however many limitations employers, or the individuals themselves, imagine they have.
New types of productive work can be created and carried out if ICT is used intelligently for the benefit of both society as a whole and of employers
concerned by enabling them to carry out work which they can do, receive an income and become
case also illustrates how such work can itself become more creative and innovative with potential
spillover effects on new types of productive work and potentially in new areas and sectors of work
and doing work focus areas, for example by making it possible to setup new business models and adapting workplaces to
and doing work cases scale-free dissemination and copying networks are starting to become common,
labour are developed which enable flexible, rapid control and deployment of labour resources In turn, these require careful balancing of the interests of both the supply
labour so as not to lead to exploitation. The creating and doing work cases strategically use ICT
to align the types and processes of work and tasks to specific individuals and operationally
The creating and doing work cases illustrate a strong inclusion policy of catering for people previously excluded from the labour market
areas of work, thus also increasing the productive deployment of unused or underused assets with similar caveats as above
The other four cases in the employment theme, in the preparing for work and the
creating and doing work focus areas, need to deploy ICT in such social need cases alongside
doing work more and better jobs Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types
Aligning work tasks or processes to any individual by focusing on what can be done rather than what can†t
of work, thus increasing the productive deployment of unused assets 36 Place making Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out
approach is increasingly focusing on the daily social needs of people for work, education, health
local currency to exchange work and goods, regulated informally in community -Local civil funding through subscriptions & from university;
encouraging people back into work will have the biggest impact on quality of life and self esteem 50 including increasing collective self-esteem and mutual respect.
this work, Hackney CAB Crowdmap carried out research into the housing market in Hackney and
The model only works well when otherwise competitor organisations work together. This implies a change in mindset and new types
of business model, also related to the Dutch personal budget and client-based budgetary system Barriers to scaling outside The netherlands are also significant because of the huge regional and
These concepts work only if the user fully integrates the community technology and services into his/her life pattern,
work and many others to find social and community fulfilment more easily and quickly than at any
talent and labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain. ICT also enables much greater flexibility, personalisation and †mass customisation†of matching and
system work, as well as ensure that real value and knowledge are generated and experienced by members. On-and offline forums like Repair Cafã s work because everybody can be an expert in
something. The person who needs help in one instance can provide help to someone else in
when this works well, into a dynamic ecosystem of increasing value. ICT imparts much greater flexibility, personalisation and
-works Social innovation processes Barriers Drivers Role of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues
x Productivity in a labour-intensive sector coupled with declining availability of the workforce x Policy drive towards self management,
model has to work from another perspective than the old one. Instead of an institutionally based model of health
work and community settings. Action is required through educational, professional, commercial and voluntary bodies, and within the institutions themselves
Cell Slider relies on a number of actors to work †researchers to provide images of cancer cells
flexibility in their work. The creation of an innovative culture in the hospitals involved with improved
attractive places to work Supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health and social care 4. Scaled health impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities
Cell Slider relies on a number of actors to work †researchers to provide images of cancer cells
-works Social innovation processes Barriers Drivers Role of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic
Aligning work tasks or processes to any individual by focusing on what can be done rather
outside world work collaboratively and flexibly in distributed teams, using a variety of digital tools and resources to
students work individually and reproduce this knowledge on assessments; and their use of ICT is limited.
and university not ready for work/higher/further education •Mismatch of skills †especially digital literacy
upskilling of the labour force, by providing free online courses for everyone interested -MOOC is an abbreviation for Massive open online course
as the validation of the work of the students is sometimes based on peer assessments by fellow course participants.
early childhood development, MONDEY works also to disseminate knowledge on this topic. The website informs about the project and its aims, too.
The new knowledge reacts upon the work with children, the monitoring and the fostering directly.
While the biggest part of MONDEY works online, face to face contact plays an important 120 role to teach parents and professionals on the content of MONDEY.
monitor the students†learning progression which creates a better awareness and understanding of what works, how
In MONDEY€ s case reciprocity works. There are already first insights into the development of children gained
-works Social innovation processes Barriers Drivers Role of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues
IPTS (2014) â€oeexploratory Research on Internet-enabled Work Exchanges and Employability: Analysis and synthesis of
qualitative evidence on crowdsourcing for work, funding and volunteersâ€, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, European commission, Joint Research Centre, Sevillle, Spain
for further empirical work) of the SI-DRIVE FP7 supported social innovation research project: www. si-drive. www
Sennett, R. 1998) â€oethe Corrosion of Character, The Personal Consequences Of Work In the New Capitalismâ€
8. Increase in jobs & work (number & duration 9. Improved jobs & work (quality & remuneration
10. Improved entrepreneurship & work skills (personal & collective 11. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc
12. Scaled employment impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities 13. Other (specify Place
And these failures are a necessary part of learning what works Indeed, Samuel Beckett†s famous line †Try again.
Networks operate in all works of life and are now being affected profoundly by ICT. To investigate networks
It is necessary to improve the way the labour market works, correcting certain structural problems. For instance, in order to foster economic growth based on increased
adopt measures to combat the informal economy and undeclared work. A commitment should also be made to reducing segmentation
model that fosters the maintenance of employment and the modernisation of labour organisations. Economic and social stakeholders should also play a major role in this
to introduce a model for the recognition of work experience and to accredit professional skills;
this reason, the Government promotes measures to foster integration into the labour market amongst groups at risk of social exclusion.
6. 2. 4. Preventing fraud connected to undeclared work and undue reception of benefits Undeclared work leaves workers unprotected, reduces public revenues and causes
unfair competition with firms that do comply with the law. In order to prevent fraud connected to undeclared work,
the Catalan Government undertakes regular inspections of companies to ensure that immigration laws are breached not.
2. 4. Preventing fraud connected to undeclared work and undue reception of benefits Catalonia 2020 Strategy 29
6. 5. 2. Promoting business initiative, cooperatives and self-employed work In order to drive the creation of new businesses,
cooperatives and self-employed work. These are sectors of great economic and social importance in Catalonia that create wealth,
5. 2. Promoting business initiative, cooperatives and self-employed work 5. 3. Promoting regional economic development
and efficiency of the work carried out by the justice administration 6. 8. Promoting strategic infrastructure
publication in a few intense days of work I trust that you will find this book as refreshing,
How to cite this work Arniani, M.,Badii, A.,De Liddo, A.,Georgi, S.,Passani, A.,Piccolo, L. S g,
Commission under the FP7-ICT Work Programme 2013. Project number: 323988 http://booksprints-for-ict-research. eu
CAPS2020 is funded by the European commission under the FP7-ICT Work Programme 2013. Project number: 611973
leading Open University†s work in the European Project CATALYST, and the EPSRC€ s EDV project,
that filtering now works on the basis of marketing strategies and through invisible technologies, as it segregates internet users into small-scale groups
Participation in work-related communities such as Linkedin groups and other professional networks can trigger different motivations.
collectives work, from sharing social norms to producing the technology they use, from colla -boration to competition, is the subject of much research
different disciplines who divide their work by exploring specific disciplinary topics without crossing their disciplinary boundaries
Experimentation (FIRE) of the 2013 Work Programme. Finally, CAPS are an important topic for internet science, a research domain dedicated to the understanding of techno
forms of collaborative production, mainly in the domain of knowledge work, have emerged Yochai Benkler (2006) defined such modes of production as commons-based peer
The way Assembl works allows large numbers of people to discuss and debate in a manner that elevates the intelligence of the group.
collaborative work, public and even tangible feedback are examples of strategies that have been evaluated to promote engagement
Work. pp. 107-114 Eden, C. 1999)' Using Cognitive Mapping for Strategic Options Development and
Cooperative Work 21. pp. 417-448 73 Liu, K. 2000) Semiotics in Information systems Engineering. Cambridge university Press
Strengthening health systems through ICT works for greater equity, solidarity, quality of life and health and ultimately contributes to the goal of poverty reduction.
Planning must also include the managerial issues and changes in work patterns and procedures which are
-response collaborative technical work, and the concomitant political, regulatory, and managerial tasks International co-operation
As key components of NEMO's work for museums and museum professionals of Europe these topics also significantly shaped the issues
discrete area of work, but to look at a whole organisation and consider how it can be
which drives a museum's work •The policies and plans a museum has in
this mindset across all aspects of their work •Sustainability-each project must be sustainable in the long term.
programme of work Planning for success In addition to creating an engagement strategy there are several other factors museums must
such as orphan works and privacy, offers possible solutions and takes a look at how these issues will play out on the EU
•Orphan works regulation-is being finalised at the EU level and will significantly affect
EU Directive on orphan works is currently being adopted by the Member States. Greece's
works in the digital environment in the next years. Depending upon the definition of 'orphan work'used, more than 50%of content
owned by museums can be considered orphan works, and under this assumption, the digitisation, dissemination and further exploit
-ation of this content in the digital environment will be prominent. Thus, the current develop -ments at the EU level will help to prevent such
unknown','orphan work'and'rights reserved 'are understood by users. These are issues and terms that will be addressed in the near future
work with strong, like-minded partners such as Wikimedia to make all specifically licensed for -reuse content available on the platforms where
such as compensation, orphan works and unforeseen costs A different way of doing things Museums today must accept the Web 2. 0
However, a lot of work is needed to change the way things are done and this will not be easy
orphan works, not least because they do not have enough information regarding to whom and in what circumstances they need to pay
work of community building that it had carried out since 2009. Since 2009, the museum had
massive amount of work carried out through the online community. All of these had paved the way for the success of the crowdfunding
short-term approach to work, to politics and even to private life. For too long society has
that works with a network of 23,000 museums to open up their collections for discovery and use
traditional labour work in the 20th century. He is a member of multiple scientific organisations and
management of intellectual property rights of digital works, and digitisation of cultural heritage. He has authored more than seventy research papers
Jorge Wagensberg has published over a hundred research works in fields as wide-ranging as biophysics, entomology, mathematics, microbiology, palaeontology, philosophy of science
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