Community research E u R O P E A n COMMISSION European Technology Platform Smartgrids EUR 22040
Vision and Strategy for Europe†s Electricity Networks of the Future EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research
The Smartgrids European Technology Platform for Electricity Networks of the Future began its work in
Future work should adopt a techno-economic system approach for a trans-European network. This calls for the development of
know it works 31 VISION AND STRATEGY I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE As in other ETPS, a group of high-level stakeholders came together with one primary
green economy work in Europe and worldwide Visit www. eco-innovation. eu for further information
replacement works. This has injected new life into an old deposition site near Chatham Docks and
This work was supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCSU, project number PN II-RU TE 328/2010 Key-words: eco-innovation, SMES, Romania
Commission†s intention to work towards the completion of the Digital Single Market, and agreed with the five priorities identified above,
the outcome of the consultation on the online distribution of audiovisual works and on the implications of the"Premier League"ruling in the field of digital
digitisation and online display of orphan works and introduces a new exception to copyright (one of the few ones to be fully harmonised at EU level.
This Communication sets out two parallel work tracks. On the one hand, the Commission will complete its ongoing review of the EU copyright framework
launched by the Green Paper on the online distribution of audiovisual works in early 2013.
uses of orphan works http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/copyright/orphan works/index en. htm 16 COM (2012) 789 final http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/copyright/licensing-europe/index en. htm
Following BEREC's work in this field, the Commission services launched a public consultation on"specific aspects of transparency, traffic management and switching
assessed whether the mini OSS (to be implemented by 2015) works properly Consequently progress on this issue can only be reported after 2015
This work will continue in 2013 Finally, an awareness-raising campaign in the framework of the Year of Citizenship
reviews and workshops to share best practices and work towards the preparation of these strategies.
Global Online Dispute Resolution System (Lessons Derived from Existing ODR Systems †Work of the United nations Commission
The important work of the Securepay Forum should also be transparent and properly communicated to all players
making technology work. The productivity growth gap between the US and Europe is partly down to differences
change the way people work to take advantage of new technology Policymakers and business leaders have work to do
labour productivity growth. The transatlantic productivity gap has diminished not since the Lisbon summit, even after the intervening economic
and have registered the fastest labour productivity growth over the 1996-2002 period. The exception is Ireland,
Labour productivity growth and ICT Aggregate labour productivity growth and ICT contribution to labour productivity growth
14 European countries and US, 1990-95 and 1996-2002, in percentage points 1990†1995 1996†2002
Labour prod. ICT Labour prod. ICT growth contribution growth contribution Norway 3. 11 0. 85 Ireland 3. 76 1. 90
Sweden 2. 95 0. 96 Sweden 2. 67 1. 33 Italy 2. 83 1. 09 Finland 2. 02 1. 40
labour productivity growth in the 1996-2002 period 10 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004
to making technology work ICT development is only one of the important factors affecting growth.
contributions to labour productivity growth in Europe in the 1996-2002 period The UK, although among the better performers in
increases in labour productivity. Economists believe ICT capital investment has made a sizeable contribution to GDP growth in many developed countries in the past
Contribution of ICT-using services to aggregate labour productivity growth -0. 50 -0. 25 0. 00
in labour productivity and other key macroeconomic indicators. By contrast, Ireland has outpaced even the US in ICT-led productivity growth, thanks mainly to a
failure of IT and business management to work together effectively were cited as the two main
In addition to its work in R&d, Tekes recently launched a programme to encourage productive use of
innovate with their products, services, work processes and organisational structures A clear example of the benefits of open competition
link between labour regulations and productivity growth, and on the desirability of policy initiatives to
federal Ministry of Economics and Labour, cites the shortage of venture capital as one of the key barriers
volume of R&d work is conducted by universities and independent research institutes. In contrast to the US
The central example is labour -market regulation, which most economists believe is too restrictive in most of Europe.
want to work with local authorities will have to be able to do business online by 2005. This requirement
considerable work that has gone into making the ICT investment measures comparable across countries, a number of question marks about the
a synthetic index covering labour, product and financial markets) and their possible interaction with ICT
-ditions, the tax regime, the macroeconomic environment and labour markets. The overall index is a simple average of the five category sub
and transformations in the world of work and the labour market. Overall findings from all reports may be found in the Synthesis Report published by RAND Europe, while
This work is based on desk research in the form of a nonsystematic review of the academic and grey
For more information about RAND Europe or this work, contact Stijn Hoorens (hoorens@rand. org
6. Old and new labour †and work Each of the research reports published as part of this series revolves around one of the six themes.
social challenges, for instance by potentially revolutionising work, changing structural relationships between labour and capital, and returning manufacturing capabilities to developed national contexts
United states, Canada, Northern europe) in the case of 3-D printing (Desmoulin-Canselier 2012; Ratto 2012).
) In sum, these inequalities work against democracy and empowerment for some people, while at the same time producing expanded opportunities of political participation
Education is likely to become an increasingly critical national and personal asset in a globalised labour
technologies (work, health education etc High Continuing growing interconnectedness, but inequalities and fragmentation will persist Technological progress and
Bà rsch-Supan, A.,â€oelabor Market Effects of Population Agingâ€, Labour, Vol. 17, pp. 5-44.2003
implications of the global crisis,"World of Work Report, Vol. 2012, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-34
Recovering from a second jobs dip, International labour Organisation Geneva, 2013. Available as of 28 august:
ILO and IILS, World of Work Report 2012'Better Jobs for a Better Economy',International Labour
International Labour Office, Global employment trends for the youth, Geneva: International Labour Office 2012a ††â€, Global employment trends.
Preventing a deeper job crisis, Geneva: International Labour Office 2012b International Labour Organisation, Global employment trends 2013.
Recovering from a second jobs dip Geneva: International Labour Organisation, 2013 International monetary fund,,From Stimulus to Consolidation:
Revenue and Expenditure Policies in Advanced and Emerging Economies (Washington), 2010a International organization for Migration (IOM),"World Migration Report 2011:
Communicating Effectively about Migration,"IOM, 2011 ITU, Measuring the Information Society, Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunications Union
Jones, A.,"The rise of global work,"Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 33, No. 1
economy. †Labour Economics 17 (2: 303†316, April 2010 Kalleberg, A. 2006. The Mismatched Worker.
ed.,Work, Family Policies and Transitions to Adulthood in Europe, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2012 Kulshrestha, J.,et al.
The future of work in advanced economies, Mckinsey Global Institute, 2012 Marin, D. 2010. â€oethe Opening Up of Eastern europe at 20-Jobs, Skills and †Reverse Maquiladoras†in
Ouye, J. A.,Five Trends that Are Dramatically Changing Work and the Workplace, Knoll Workplace
Pransky, G. S.,K. L. Benjamin, J. A. Savageau, D. Currivan and K. Fletcher â€oeoutcomes in Work-Related
Work Hour Mismatches and the Role of Children. Social Forces, 91 (1): 131-155 Rheingold, Howard, Smart mobs:
Industry Level Analysisâ€, Paper presented at the European Association of Labour Economists 2009 Annual Conference, Talinn.
4. How should such an immunization system work 5. What kind of ICTS may be used to enhance delivery of healthcare services
different health centres/hospitals offering immunization services work in a cooperative environment and be able to exchange data and information on service delivery.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Simple, low cost techniques that are sustainable should be developed based on the following
•For SMES in the OECD, economic globalisation has created new competitors, especially in low labour cost
of production, such as land, labour and capital, towards knowledge-based economic activities. The ability of SMES in the OECD to create,
compete with the low-cost foreign producers,(3) substitute equipment and technology for labour to increase productivity,
Substituting capital and technology for labour, along with shifting production to lower-cost locations has resulted in waves of corporate downsizing throughout Europe and North america.
whereas few large corporations can work up much excitement over such small fish, nor can they accommodate small ventures easily into their
rarely work with other companies; have no development activities; and rarely bring new products on the market.
input is inherently different than the more traditional inputs of labour, capital and land because the value of
â€oeit is not simply the concentration of skilled labour, suppliers and information that distinguish the
But doing so requires skilled labour, and high investments in human capital â'Continual innovation.
industry work in close physical proximity. The narrow division of labour common to large enterprises has been replaced by an organisational structure in
locations in close proximity to other firms within the network in an effort to preserve small effective work
traditional inputs of production †land, labour, capital †and toward knowledge. As this shift has become
design work, often have an absorptive capacity that recognises and adopts new developments, but they lack
Knowledge-Intensive Work. The Academy of Management Journal, 47 (6), 928-937 Damanpour, F. 1996.
than half of the Romanian SMES work to improve their products and services 3. 3 Main approaches to innovation for Romanian SMES
This work was supported by the strategic grant POSDRU/159/1. 5/S/133255, Project ID 133255 (2014), co
to work for at least four years. By 2009 the program had funded about 500 young Andalusians and
programmes that makes it difficult for businesses to obtain appropriately trained labour and, most pertinent for innovation, develop the pipeline of highly skilled workers that help transmit knowledge
for OTRIS to work with small firms and prompt them to focus their efforts on working with more
determining how benefits should be shared in the course of contractual work National regulations have imposed also restrictions on the mobility of university researchers
The past work of RETA should be capitalised on for the future development of the region in at
ii) the work of ICT literacy of SMES; iii) the survey of the innovative needs of local small firms.
and for a stronger sectoral flavour to their work. Secondly, through the NOVAPYME programme RETA has introduced small and peripheral firms to the use of simple ICT solutions (e g. electronic
) This work could be followed up by ICT-specialised organisations that could assist small firms in introducing more complex solutions such as e-commerce.
ï Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors
ï Establish cooperative education programmes engaging university students in alternating work terms with study terms throughout their undergraduate degrees
manual, semiskilled and technically skilled labour The higher the level of human capital the greater is the return for both the firm (in terms of
the Labour Market Research and Development Institutions Framework and Governance Start -Ups/New Firm Formation
there are four labour market-related factors most critical to entrepreneurship in all its forms:(1) higher education;(
extensive work experience;(3) interaction with a variety of actors in the regional innovation system
This has come to reinforce labour intensive sectors such as tourism construction, and partly agriculture. Fig. 1 illustrates population growth during the last eleven years
Labour utilisation and labour productivity The recent economic crisis has struck Spain severely, and Andalusia has been no exception
conceals a remarkable share of labour informality, which negatively impacts on labour productivity Andalusia is ranked 14
th amongst the 17 Spanish regions (i e. Autonomous Communities) with regard to labour productivity. This is the outcome of the local industry structure but also of low levels of
formal tertiary education (see Table 1). Low labour productivity has also a dent on regional GDP per
2010), differences in labour productivity accounted for 83%of spatial variation in GDP per capita in
the restructuring of labour-intensive sectors such as shipbuilding, chemicals, metalworking, etc mainly with a view to preserving jobs and improving the competitiveness of large companies.
Work experience is important to innovation in part because a long career path brings broader
Increasingly, researchers interested in regional innovation have focused on the role of labour mobility, particularly transnational immigration patterns.
2) extensive work experience; 3) interaction with a variety of actors in the regional innovation system;
a 1985 immigration law restricts the ability of immigrants to work, forcing them to obtain a job offer
before seeking work visas and residency permits. A 2005 opinion survey of the Spanish public found
Although labour and immigration policies and programs come under the purview of the national government, regions can still take action to attract immigrants by fostering a positive climate.
work in unskilled occupations. The immigrant population has increased from less than 1%of the total population in the early 1990s (mostly British and German retirees) to 8. 8%in 2009, mostly Latin
international universities, on the condition that they return to the region to work for four years.
that makes it difficult for businesses to obtain appropriately trained labour and, most pertinent for
Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors.
and flexible access to labour to compete in the global market Despite these issues, regions are seeking to link workforce development to economic
advanced work receive incentives if they hire locally. Ideally, they will be able to train and hire
multilingual websites that work in different national contexts. However, only a few localization training programs exist, leading to a human capital deficit in this area.
International Labour Review 141,1-2: 123-159 Bates, T. 1990. Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity.
and how it's transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New york, NY: Basic books Giloth, R. 2000.
benefits should be shared in the course of contractual work National regulations have imposed also traditionally restrictions on the mobility of university
work for one year and also offer additional support to the companies in the form of economic
as providing support services to facilitate work experience for its students in enterprises and the
medical research as well as training technicians for later work in hospitals. Citius has a number of joint
and go to work for a start up company with any assurance that they will be able to return from that employment to their university position
difficult for universities to work with small firms and, as a consequence, they focus their efforts on
Consultancy work 21.8 Patent exploitation 4. 6 Joint ventures with Universities 3. 7 Commissioning of R&d
consultancy arrangement works out to the firm†s satisfaction, studies indicate that they often move on to the next level of involvement with the university researcher or research team in terms of engaging in
the universities revealed that the universities themselves are much happier when RETA works with them to bring individual firms to the research office
sets in demand by the second tier of innovative companies that RETA works with. This could be rolled
from their work terms into the university classroom. This example is discussed in further detail in one
administrations in locating work placements for their students. In successful coop programs, this is usually accomplished through the provision of several dedicated university personnel to the task of
identify the firms that would be interested in providing work placements for students in a cooperative
find firms willing to take the students on work placement Relevance to Andalusia The key lesson to be drawn from this experience is that the patient investment of resources in a
coop education initiative in finding the work placements for students For further information http://www. cecs. uwaterloo. ca/about
work that has recently been carried out on the future evolution of technology parks. However, it is
Europe becomes a more attractive place to invest and work 1. Extend and deepen the internal market
anecdotal evidence, the impression is that young Andalusians continue to prefer the relative labour market security of the public sector. Nevertheless,
Their main role was to commission work from a range of different organisations to ensure the delivery
particularly of capital and labour, from the more productive and internationally competitive sectors of the economy.
although its strategy is to work with firms in particular sectors (e g. aeronautical biotechnology, renewable energy) which are important in terms of targeting rather than risking a lower
RETA€ s model of work, the broad objective of having †technology agentsâ€, providing †one-stop†shop
dominated with over 2 000 independent producers in a labour intensive sector that has 3 000 direct
that involve lending material and equipment and even labour in some cases (Maskell 1998 Christensen, 2010
provides generous provision for vocational training and retraining both for those in work and the unemployed.
hiring and firing of labour while employees are given generous social protection and rights to retraining †has been attributed as a major factor in the resilience of Danish SMES through past crises
autonomy from the state but involve the key stakeholders in different sectors (e g. businesses, labour
of RETA€ s work. The collaboration between OTRI and RETA should not just focus on R&d-intensive
RETA€ s future will also depend on its ability to learn from its previous work. The experience of
Some of the work started by RETA could also be resumed and brought forward by other
This work could be followed up by ICT-specialised organisations assisting small firms to introduce more complex solutions such as e-commerce.
To summarise, the work done by RETA over the last years should be capitalised, if anything to
and this is where careful planning of the work of intermediary agencies can be particularly useful
Entrepreneurship works when new firms are formed, when new skills are developed and deployed, and when new talent is able to work with new products and services.
However, harnessing talent among these communities for work in growing sectors could open up opportunities for new products and markets.
ï Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors
ï Establish cooperative education programmes engaging university students in alternating work terms with study terms throughout their undergraduate degrees
Alex, thanks for accepting to lead this work when it was still only a project
With regard to the use of SME samples, we decided to work with small and medium -sized companies,
and labour intensity. The American Economic Review, 91,320-334 Dimitratos, P.,Lioukas, S. and Carter, S. 2004.
Companies as Amazon and Netflix are the living proof that personalization works They have used this tool for many years and as a result,
-consuming work and the problems that appear when one enters a foreign market Consumer trust is vital
What works for Germany does not necessarily have to work for China or Brazil, for instance.
Therefore, you will have to investigate, among other things, relevant trust marks, payment options, and laws and regulations.
applying KETS will enable producers to using labour, capital, energy and other inputs more efficiently.
the system work European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 44error! Unknown document property name.
health and safety concerns, cluster network organisation have to establish a certain work ethic to address these issues.
labour costs, such as Asian countries (Mowery, et al, 2007 43 The most recent R&d data of the OECD Technology Outlook 2008 does not go beyond 2006
While work in the past was focused on †demand pull†activities such as improved mobile phone functionality, the decisions for these functions were external to the cluster.
not-for-profit national industry association that works to articulate a national strategy for the
1) the highly skilled labour pool and commercial talent, 2) a strong cluster policy supported by federal and regional funds,
High skilled labour pool and commercial talent Generally, Canada has skilled a highly workforce and several world leading microelectronics
leading research laboratories and prestigious universities providing a strong high skill labour pool. Its key asset in this respect is the Minatec campus where public researchers, university
slightly skilled and stable labour pool, a local lead customer base with many corporate headquarters located in the province,
attracting and retaining highly skilled labour Significant numbers of and spin-offs creating a dynamic business environment
production, work, life, and entertainment, and which attracts high-tech professionals and technologies. The park is surrounded by a number of renowned science and engineering
behind it was explained not until Pasteur†s work in the 19th century. Nowadays methods of molecular biology are used in a targeted manner
and temporary work, but it did provided not subsidised services. Later on, when the biotechnology cluster was established already,
Local economic development agency PÃ'le Quã bec Chaudiã re-Appalaches works closely with Montrã al-based Investissement Quã bec as well as companies and institutions from the area to
This also results in a strong labour pool with highly qualified technical personnel available. A
Low labour costs Favourable loans available from Investissement Quebec Funding available for collaboration High level of Venture capital (lack though
production and labour costs in China Market structure 70 percent SME€ s Large firms are e g.
there is a pressing requirement for increasing productivity through robot usage as labour costs are and will remain high in Europe.
the amount of hard labour that is needed in the manufacturing process and that is taken over for example by robots.
work-related accidents go down Importance of sustaining production capabilities AMT have been characterised as requiring a solution tailored to a specific customer†s needs
These models all seem to work, but we strongly believe they also do because they are suited
A likely shortage of skilled labour should be tackled through both education and immigration policies -A vital venture capital market is important for commercialising research results in KETS
 work  undertaken  by  the  authors  in  this  field4
 work  study  analyst  in  the  early  1970s  undertaking
 work   He  recalls  describing  the  area  as
 work  and  re- †occupied  by  new  tenants
 work  drew  on  other  studies  including  Durmaz  B
 work  and  social  environment  in  which  the  enterprise
 work  more  from  home  our  research  is  revealing
 work- †place  Business  owners  have  to  be
 work  effectively  with  their  creative  suppliers  and  partners
 Work  Shop† CBRE  AND  Henley  Business  School Â
Yet apart from Chesbrough's 2003 pioneering work, there are few studies exploring the important relationship between OI and
3. 5. The supply of high-quality labour is linked strongly to education and training One of the crucial elements holding the open innovation system together is its human and social capital.
strong specialisation in innovative labour; the efï ciency of resource allocation; accelerating knowledge ï ows at lower costs
3. 8. Beneï ting from strong specialisation in innovative labour Economists have shown that the growth of amore complex division of labour is closely bound to the growth of total production
There is a natural labour division in knowledge generation and commercialisation between ï rms of different sizes.
of labour through an open innovation model OI theory purports that innovators do not necessarily implement all innovation stages,
Through this innovative labour specialisation, companies may be able to focus their strengths on some parts
Moreover, little work has been done on downstream networks exploiting existing knowledge 91 3. 13. Online social networks:
Next, NSI effectiveness can be boosted through greater labour specialisation in the innovation ï eld. Finally, NSI will
general and abstract knowledge and the division of innovative labour, Res Policy 23 (5)( 1994) 523†532
98 H. Katajisto, J. Kimari, Education, Training and Demand for Labour in Finland by 2015, Finnish National Board of education, Helsinki, 2005
3. 5. The supply of high-quality labour is linked strongly to education and training 3. 6. Open innovation improves the effectiveness of NSI
3. 8. Benefiting from strong specialisation in innovative labour 3. 9. Improving the efficiency of resource allocation
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