Synopsis: Ict:

data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission†s behalf may be

data †open data. Open data increases awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation,

and strengthens inclusion, participation and ultimately, human well-being Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and

Digital technologies and the Internet have transformed many areas of business †from Google and Amazon to Airbnb and Kickstarter.

Huge sums of public money have supported digital innovation in business, as well as in fields ranging from

These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using

open data to create more transparency around public spending. We call this Digital Social Innovation (DSI

Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces

They make digital hardware available for people to adapt, hack and shape into tools for social change

Safecast, a project that enables citizens to capture and share measurement on radiation levels, is one example of the potential

of open hardware. It was founded in March 2011 as a response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant

in Japan and frustration over the lack of government transparency about local radiation levels. Using the Arduino, an open

hardware circuit board with a microprocessor, Safecast built their own Geiger counters. These were given to local volunteers

All data is plotted on a map that visualises radia -tion levels in a given geographical area,

Open data: This refers to innovative ways of opening up, capturing, using, analyzing and interpreting data

Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial

crisis to make information about companies and the corporate world more transparent and accessible. It has grown since to

become the largest open database of companies in the world, including data on 60 million companies and their subsidiaries

and searchable maps and visualizations. OC is used widely by journalists and governments seeking to understand global

networks †where they connect their devices, such as phones and Internet modems, to collectively share resources and solve

which was founded in 2000 as a response to the lack of broadband Internet in rural Catalonia

where commercial Internet providers weren†t providing a connection. The idea was to build a †mesh network†where each

person in the network used a small radio transmitter that functioned like a wireless router to become a node in the Guifi net

and provides Internet connection to those who would otherwise not be able to access it 6 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

decentralised environment for open data 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce, and use all their powers

and digital engagement of users provided by procured services 3. Increase the potential value of DSI (for instance, making available dis

The Internet is approximately 40 years old, and its capacity for generating societal and economic value is understood relatively well, yet its potential for solving large-scale

good, even though the web itself was founded at CERN to further a vision of scientific knowledge sharing.

the web†s incredible growth, the use of platforms like Facebook to serve social good has

therefore, exists at the heart of the Internet. Despite the existence of a technical networking layer that could spread power

impressive success stories in obtaining a global reach, in particular campaigning sites such as Avaaz and parts of the collaborative economy and the maker movement.

†a type of social and collaborative innovation in which innovators, users and communities collaborate using digital technologies to co-create knowledge and

data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge; and they give rise to new DSI areas such as:(

Open Data Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s Screenshot of the crowdmap www. digitalsocial. eu

11growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 33 1 1 1 2 1 1

Open Data Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s 1 2 3

WHY IS DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION IMPORTANT MAPPING THE DSI ECOSYSTEM 2. 1 DSI Ecosystem: An emerging

context of Future Internet in Europe EXPLORING DSI NETWORK EFFECT PART PART PART 4 5 6

Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe 15growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

of the network effect of the Internet i e. that the benefit of a network and its

critical mass of users grows larger than its costs), as the Internet is increasingly the

technical underpinning of the sociotechni -cal fabric of our societies We want to distinguish between two lev

-ed by the Internet and 2) the level of online services built on top of these networks. Metcalfe†s Law,(i e. that the

users when more users are added) 1 ap -plies to the value of technical networks like widespread smartphone usage

For example, despite the Internet being a military-funded research project and the web a scientific project at their inceptions

the Internet and web were based on open standards and a radically decentralised architecture that could be harnessed by

any actor. So the Web was able to reach a critical mass of connectivity so that both

commercial entities (like Google) and noncommercial entities (like Wikipedia were able to exploit the â€oenetwork effect. â€

Beyond the Internet, many new technol -ogies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. Â

This network effect applies in a straight -forward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook

and sites that require large user-bases like Wikipedia or Airbnb, but it may not apply

easily to some other services such as e -democracy platforms, caring networks and local currencies. For each kind of social

-ly innovative service, we want to de -termine how they can maximise their impact using the infrastructure made

available by the widespread usage of digital tools such as the Internet There are many cases of DSI being spread throughout society

and we attempt to define and cluster these in this report. They include: the collaborative economy, local exchange and trading systems, digital currencies, and awareness networks

that incentivise experimentation with new models in a variety of domains. For example, systems of mobility that present alter

-natives to the use of individual cars (from car sharing and carpooling to bike sharing;

citizen science, where the crowdsourcing of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists;

new ways of making that are experimented with in innovation hubs, such as Fab Labs, hackerspaces, living labs, urban labs and the HUB;

Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe 16 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

we stress the potential of collective intel -ligence as a self-sustaining, self-directed inte -grated and distributed cognitive sys

mediated attention, the Internet forms a natural digital substrate for collective intelligence Looking forward, collective intelligence is

platforms based on crowdsourcing and cognitive mapping based on real-time data analysis and visualisation There have been lots of attempts to har

-ness collective intelligence to address social issues, such as climate change. In this report we identify some key initiati

could be the large-scale crowdsourcing of environmental data, where people col -lectively identify their own high-carbon

intensive behaviour, then brainstorm and implement the changes necessary to redu -ce emissions and change behaviour

-ment, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive

amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge 17growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

to the Internet globally in the next ten years, whilst over twenty billion objects will be connected to the Internet, trans

-mitting data coming from people, sensors the environment and objects themselves However, we cannot expect the Internet

by itself to drive innovation to help citi -zens address major societal challenges If we observe the Internet during its early

phases when it was funded primarily by research and defense, its founding princi -ples, such as network neutrality, equita

-ble service, and peer-to-peer architec -ture, were crucial to build a universal open and distributed infrastructure

-ent operating systems such as Windows and Android, open standards have fostered innovation by allowing technologies like web browsers to be implemented over dif

-ferent underlying platforms, avoiding pro -prietary systems and vendor lock in on the web. This was a hard

and contested battle which turned out to be the best way to do things, even commercially Yet on the level of services, the emerg

-ing cloud model of some services (propri -etary social networks, big data providers implementations of the Internet of things

is convenient for users but also â€oelocks us -ers in†at the expense of security, privacy

and openness: protocols are often propri -etary, the systems are centralised (particu -larly in terms of ownership and decision

processes) and interoperability between systems is not a requirement This centralised model prevents new and

-cess to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary †app stores. †The lack of standards forces

A main Internet trend-threat is recognised today: an increasing con -centration of power in services in the

hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search

market and 98%of the mobile search market, Facebook dominating the social networking and identity ecosystem, while

Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms Apple has started a market that was en

-tirely new; Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applica -tions worldwide;

Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps and helped people to connect and organise

However, one danger is that firms cap -ture collective intelligence via proprietary lock ins, monopolistic behaviour and ag

-gressive IP litigation rather than provid -ing actual innovative services. Thus, there is a danger that once users are locked â€

in†to various monopolies, the level of in -novation in these services will decrease Furthermore, most users have accepted

giving away their personal data in exchange for â€oefree†services. Yet this bargain not only undermines privacy

and weakens data protection but also commodifies knowledge, identity and personal data There are other models that focus on in

-novation. As we discover in this research while the value of big data is often only associated with efficiency and profitability

big data can also be used for social good to improve public services and stimulate inclusive innovation 1. 3 DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FUTURE

INTERNET IN EUROPE The world wide web became successful because it was built on a set of royalty-free open stand

-ards decided through an inclusive and transparent process, via standards bodies such as the IETF and W3c, continuing to this day

Big data can also be used for social good, to improve public services and stimulate inclusive innovation 18 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

European SMES, developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software open knowledge, data storage and ana

-lytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and bio -metric and sensor data.

The amount of data produced by open platforms and used for social innovation is dwarfed still

by the amount of data collected on propri -etary platforms, with the danger that much of this data is not available for the social

good. For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google

and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives Take for example the commercial success of Google:

Google has built already one of the world†s largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results

and can repurpose their technology in or -der to expand into other data-driven ser

-vices in order to increase their value, profit and marketability. For example, the com -pany is now pushing into smart watch

-es, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart clothes and smart cities. Their computing power can now then be used to store and

analyse medical information, sensor and environmental data, which raises signifi -cant issues of privacy and competition

Right now few of these opportunities are being taken advantage of by European social innovators, for the most part due

to a lack of an open infrastructure and difficulty finding investment The future of the Internet should remain

pluralistic, so that there is space for DSI alongside commercial services in the Cloud. In the long-term, if only a few

non-European commercial bodies control all data-driven services, this threatens the ability of the European innovation system

to compete This European infrastructure would en -able a whole new round of innovation that may not even be possible within cur

-rent business models, with new players evolving, shaping and structuring whole new markets and societal institutions that

can maximise social value and innovation The challenge for Europe is how it might acquire the competitive advan

the network, service and data layer. We emphasize the importance of building European public distributed, privacy-aware architectures that can provide the underlying open digital

Digital social innovation could play a central role in the development of the Future Internet and

the Internet of things 19growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe INTERNETPOWER TO THE PEOPLE Wikis

Free Content Blogs Social networks E-democracy PEOPLE SOCIETY COLLABORATION DISTRIBUTED BIG BROTHER Commercial services Entertainment (eg.

IPTV DRM-heavy apolitical INDIVIDUALISM BUSINESS COMPETITION CENTRALLY CONTROLLED Open and distributed digital ecosystems to foster grassroots social innovation

align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs and that decentralise power to citizens

The development of open data federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social

networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness. Making data available as part of a common distributed and decentralised architecture

open to all, allow new entrants to aggregate data on demand and create new services. Competition

based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data devices, services and networks.

This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial

patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model Avoiding anti-competitive dynamics and lock in

would engage all particapents in the value chain and allow for a replicable and sustainable solution.

sell personal data Creation and consolidation of new monopolies: Platform Lock ins and a battle amongst proprietary vertically

A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the †Big Brother†scenario, with big industrial

appropriating users†data and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and

by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) iand largest network operators

user-driven innovations, particularly ones that don†t involve monetary payment. This currently seems the most probable scenario,

Internet ecosystem. Even more worrying, the latest NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass

surveillance operations, with huge implication on civil liberties and privacy 20 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

used to capture data on DSI organisa -tion via www. digitalsocial. eu. We have mapped 1000 DSI organisations and 630

Data is categorised by 1. A typology of organisations (e g Government and public sector organi -sations, businesses, academia and re

e g. open data, open networks, open knowledge, open hardware 4. The area of society the organisa

-tions and their activities operate and seek an impact in. The DSI field does not have fixed boundaries;

Delivering a web service, Network, Research project, Research project, Advocating and campaign -ing, Maker and hacker spaces, Investing and Funding, Event, Incubators and Accelerators, Advisory or expert body, Education And Training. 3 Technology

Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and

-matic clustering of DSI organisations is emerging, grouping activities into 6 macro clusters that capture the way

Nesta research documented how 25%of UK adults used Internet technologies to share assets and resources in 2013 †20146

create and share on the web. It achieves this through two primary activities, Ouishare. net and collaborative economy events.

data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born

out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access

Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of

Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return, such as the open source DIY shoest

kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona, or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to

send open data information requests to Spanish public bodies Goteo SHARING ECONOMY NETWORK A vibrant ecosystem of makers is developing across Europe and globally.

-cost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC †computer numeric con -trol †machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup, and

open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collabo

-rative making. â€oereuse, Remix, Recycle†are becoming the keywords of the open hardware and makers movement,

which embodies a combination of different design and technology methods, such as fast prototyping, open design, lean

Open hardware seeks to shift the attention away from consumption and resource ex -ploitation, to the creation of new capacities to build the products that people consume

The open hardware movement in particular is about how people share knowledge, skills and tools,

People working on open source hardware are creat -ing new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate

research projects, such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.

These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries

A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative

results in open business, open government or open data. Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle

The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration and open culture can be applied to design, prototyping and production

Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture open source software and open data.

Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting

3d manufactur ing tools, free CAD /CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators

better access to tools, products skills and capabilities they need to enhance collaborative making 27growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces. There are now 96 known ac -tive hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United states, Â according to Hackerspaces

WEFAB, a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises

citizen participation through crowdsourcing legislation, such asâ Â Open Ministry orâ Liquid Feedback, are transforming the traditional models of

Openspending encourages transparency and accountability, whilst participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress developed by the OECD facilitate

Openspending is a data sharing community and web application that aims to track every government and corporate financial

transaction across the world and to present that data in a useful and engaging form.

Anyone interested in spending data of any kind is invited to contribute data to the Openspending data

-base, create visualisations using the Openspending software and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending

and Offenerhaushalt in a way that allows users to explore and drill down through the various layers of Germany†s federal budget

andâ CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in Europe, which is underpinning a new

Crowdsourcing processes also present challenges that are often related to managing the crowd, quality or limitations of ideas, public commitment from policymakers, or lack

It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.

In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu

The platform crowdsources opinions on city legislation, with the most popular ideas then being debated by the city council

crowdsourcing of legislation, promoting deliberative and participatory democracy and citizens initiatives. The Open Ministry utilises crowdsourcing and it is operated fully by volunteers independent of governmental political parties.

A change of law in Finland was a major precipitating factor that made Open Ministry†s mission a possibility.

with the support of the Open Ministry to mobilise a minimum of 50,000 votes for the proposal, primarily through social media

It is a free petition tool with more than 70 million users around the world. Its mission is to empower people everywhere to create the change

now able to aggregate data coming from people and the environment in order to create a new generation

data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services;

-ning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment, in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioural change9

D-CENT is developing a decentralised social networking platform for large-scale collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen

movements and governments. Through the W3c partner, D-CENT is also helping to develop and implement open social web

standard standards, contributing to the W3c Federated Social Web Working group 32 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where

Safecast owners can map and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets. The overarching aim of Safecast

is to encourage people to actively contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate environmental problems

Safecast was founded by Sean Bonner, Joi Ito and Pieter Franken after March 11th 2011, when a 9. 0 earthquake hit Japan

decided to take part in surfacing data on radiation levels across Japan, caused by the meltdown at the power plant.

were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger

counter, built on the Arduino open hardware board The team turned to †the crowd†via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter,

-work where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting. Safecast then worked with hackerspaces and used

which amongst others enabled users to mount the counter on the outside of a car and use GPS technology to timestamp the data and log the location.

All Safecast data is uploaded to an open data set, which visualises radiation levels across Japan.

To date, the Safecast network has used the Geiger counter to map more than 13 million data points Safecast OPEN SENSOR COMMUNITY

source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. The primary purpose of Crisisnet is

and organise crisis data from a variety sources, such as social media, sensors or even quasi-real-time data.

The hope is that the quick and easy access to real-time crisis data will make it

easier for organisations and developers to quickly to build their own applications without the need to spend days locating

identifying and processing data, thereby enabling much quicker responses to crises such as Ebola or conflicts

Many activities in this area exploit the power of open data, open APIS, and citizen sci

-ence such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens with better public services, or Citysdk which is defining interoperable interfaces for city-scale

Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social network -ing, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,

-serving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards open data, free and open software and open hardware

Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built, shared and maintained by a variety of projects around the globe

Important developments to re-decentralise the Internet, leveraging P2p open technolo -gies, are happening at many levels.

For instance distributed social networking projects such as Diaspora, Status. net or easy-to-run servers like arkos â€

which make it easy to run your own secure cloud †and decentralised media publishing platforms, such

as mediagoblin, are gaining new momentum. This open ecosystem approach has the potential to empower citizens and increase participation,

and accessibility of the Internet infrastructure Many activities in this space are driven by grassroots networks, like Observe Hack

every four years, organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal associa -tion of hackers from across Europe

of the Internet infrastructure. It includes projects that are using bottom up privacy-preserving and

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots commu

the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody. The latest gathering of the CCC in 2012 in Hamburg, Germany, brought together

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

and the Iot Council, promoting an open Internet of things vision, are good examples of this. Expert bodies are essential for providing expertise and coordinating

inclusive processes of decision-making amongst key stakeholders OPEN STANDARD BODYTHE World wide web Consortium (W3c The ability to access knowledge

is to teach the high-level abstraction of programming as a sequence of instructions to young children in schools, creating an appealing game.

to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices, enhanced by the way technology is integrated within the

The Open Data Institute†s start up programme, which has supported organisations like Open Corporate and Provenance

to grow their open data projects, is one of them. 13 Although incubators and accelerators have been always around, their pres

The Open Data Institute (ODI) OPEN DATA ACCELLERATOR Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help

software foundation Wayra Unltd The Accelerator Healthbox London Clearlyso Angels Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Open

up public data sets Delivering or partnering with DSI services Delivering services Providing funding for

open knowledge, open data, open net -works, and open hardware Through case study analysis we have

sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION

such as open data, open networks, open hardware and open knowledge, are be -ing harnessed by digital social innova

-tion. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined, and the insights we are deriv

on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit, and on open

data to share and analyse the data cap -tured across all of the Geiger counters Within these broader technology areas

we have been identifying a variety of more specific technologies and activities adopted by DSI activities such as:

media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding big data, machine learning, 3d print -ing, online learning and e-petitions The main technological trends in DSI

0 100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OP EN N ET

and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated data -processing location.

An open sensor network (OSN) is a wireless sensor network that manages open information in an open environment.

The open sensor network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed

as it uses public data from different sensors and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a

Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the

fed by open data from the OSN A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density and

with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop

order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data For instance, Smart Santander demonstrates the potential of creating large networks

model for the Future Internet across Europe and beyond, where communities of citizens build, operate and own open IP-based networks, a key infrastructure for individual and

telecom companies or by local governments tend to follow a well-known centralised net -work architecture and operation model,

Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the †democratisation†of the access technologies, reducing

the price and complexity in setting up wired or wireless links The Confine Testbed experimental facility supports experimentally-driven research on

number of links and even more end users. These networks are extremely dynamic and diverse, and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technolo

-gies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes and management schemes. They run multiple self-provisioned, experimental and commercial services and applications.

network services, open Wifi bottom-up-broadband, distribut ed social networks, p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

and experiment with services and protocols. This is done on real-world IP community net -works that incorporate a wide variety of wired and wireless links,

-tions and users. The testbed is a resource for the research community to address the limits

and obstacles regarding Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks The Guifi. net initiative is developing a free,

open and neutral, mostly wireless telecommunication community network. It started in Catalonia in 2004 and as of January 2012 it has more than 15,300 working nodes,

Guifi. net is connected to the Catalan Internet Exchange (CATNIX) as an autonomous system (AS) via optical fibre with IPV4 and IPV6

Guifi. net COMMUNITY NETWORKS The work by Tor on creating secure, privacy-aware and crypto tools that bounce Internet users†and websites†traffic

through †relays†run by thousands of volunteers around the world, making it extremely hard for anyone to identify the source

of the information or the location of the user, is one example of open networks enabling citizens to protect their digital rights

TOR also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features and provides

The Tor network†s 4000-plus volunteer-led model relays over half a million daily users

OPEN DATA Innovative ways to capture use, analyse, and interpret open data coming from people and

from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no

longer only government or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data.

By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable

citizens to hold government to account for what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds

Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies and driving forward the open data movement.

The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased transparency and accountability, as well

as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions, and the public. For instance, citizens are gaining greater insight into how their tax payments are being spent

Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by break -ing the competitive advantage gained by proprietary access to data

and data lock in Innovation is most likely to occur when data is available online in open, structured

computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved

and that communities are entitled to share the value and social benefits of public assets. Thus, open data, together with

open and standardised APIS is crucial for open innovation, as developers are able to access and use public data and mesh it with other sources of data produced by the

crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the increasing number

of mobile devices. Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller faster, smarter, more networked and personal.

Dataflows are also burgeoning as the Internet of things integrates a vast universe of network-aware sensors, actuators

video cameras, RFID-tagged objects and other devices that see, hear, move, coordinate and †reason†with each other

For instance, the city of Vienna has, with its Open Data in Vienna programme demonstrated the potential in opening up its data.

The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific community. Released data ranges from

statistics and geographic data on traffic and transport to economic figures. It then in -vited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data

which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis

on the Meiraha project, which focuses on opening up and visualising the Estonian budget. The citizen science project Globe at Night is yet another example of this

where citizens using the camera and geo-tagging functions on their smartphones help the research project measure global levels of light pollution,

effectively coupling open data and citizen science 42 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

Helsinki Region Infoshare OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS Through an entity called Helsinki Region Infoshare34, Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in

formats that make it easy for software developers, researchers, journalists and others to analyse, combine or turn into web

-based or mobile applications that citizens may find useful. The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly

over the last few years through projects funded by the European commission, such as City SDK that help cities to standardise

their interfaces and reuse solutions across Europe 43growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

There are other local governments around the world that are successfully developing open data portals. In the United states, the cities of Chicago, San francisco, Philadelphia

and New york are only a few of the examples worth mentioning. British columbia in Canada, the region of Piedmonte in Italy,

and Metropolitan Rennes in France have also set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices

and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil Open Data

Open Data Challenge OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS There are several examples where Governments and the developer communities interact.

One of them is the examples of competitions and challenges. One of Europe†s biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15.

It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the Openforum Academy and Share-PSI. eu. It offered 20,000 Euros in prizes to win and

revieved a total of 430 entries from 24 European union member states. There were several categories: Prize Idea, Prize App

Price Visualization, Better Data Award, Open Data Award, and Talis Award for Linked data. In total, 13 awards were given

There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized since 2009 and

Apps for Amsterdam promoted by the City of Amsterdam to make accessible to developers and citizens the data of the City

44 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe OPEN KNOWLEDGE Co-production of new knowledge

and crowd mobilisation based on open content, open source and open access PUBLIC DOMAIN Communia The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in

which citizens can use online services and platforms for mass scale social collaboration. Ordinary people today use blogs, wikis, social networks and hundreds of other collaborative platforms

to manage their daily lives, solve social challenges, and to participate in e-campaigns crowdfunding etc.

Commons4eu, partners got together to explore the development of collaborative web projectsâ and bottom-up broadband technologies15.

-tidisciplinary research projects are the Network of Excellence on Internet Science EINS), that aims to integrate multidisciplinary scientific understanding of Internet

networks and their co-evolution with society, and the Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICS), promoted by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology

emerged, such as Apps for Goodi or the Open Data Institute†s (UK) open data training

Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making and using open hard ware solutions and

moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly avail

-able so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend and sell the design or hardware based on that design.

The hardware†s source, the design from which it is made is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it.

Ideally, open-source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content and open-source design tools to maximise the ability

of individuals to make and use hardware. Open-source hardware gives people the free -dom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce

through the open exchange of designs The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the

potential in open hardware The core to Arduino is a simple, ultra low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microproces

-sor which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn

an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor. In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer

and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic

devices using an open-source hardware board. Arduino has grown to become popular, selling more than one million units to

date, largely because of its creators†decision to make the board†s design †open sourceâ€,

international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social innovation initiatives

relying on open hardware, such as Safecastâ and theâ Smart Citizen Kit. The Smart 47growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

Smart Citizen Kit OPEN HARDWARE Citizen Kit is based an Arduino sensor kit that provides sophisticated sensor network tools to citizens,

The Smart Citizen Kit is based on two core components; the †kit †itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.

The kit is an electronic board based on the Arduino equipped with sensors that capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light.

The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.

A number of cities, including Manchester in the UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data and have

launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things

Iot). ) People, places, and objects can be instrumented with tracking and sensing devices that continuously stream

and measure data about real-world activity. This is possible due to the increasing number of powerful smart personal devices, which facilitate the

anywhere/anytime access to the Internet, and to new services So-called Cyber Physical Systems (CPS),

which are becoming increasingly important in this context. The network -ing of embedded ICT systems both with one another and with the Internet, is giving

rise to what has been named as Industry 4. 019 This smart infrastructure is also increasingly â€oegetting to know people†by aggregating

personal and social data in massive data centres. This can also mean increased surveil -lance, prediction and control of people and the environment.

However, as outlined by Rob Van Kranenburg, â€oesuccessful Iot means the best possible feedback on our physical

and mental health, the best possible deals based on a real time monitoring for resource allocation, the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information

from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities†(Van Kranenburg 2014

SC IE NC E AN D TE CH NO LO GY FIN ANC E AN

Open Hardware Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures

Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe Confine Crisisnet Desis Network Everyaware Fablab Fairphone Freicoin

Open Hardware Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures

Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe Confine Crisisnet Desis Network Everyaware Fablab Fairphone Freicoin

WEB SERVICE RESEARCH PROJECT EDUCATION AND TRAINING NETWORK ADVOCATING AND CAMPAIGNING EVENT INCUBATORS AND ACCELERATORS

software foundation Wayra Unltd Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Guifi. net Confine Smart Santander Makerfaire The different methods by which these organisations are supporting DSI

streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving a †big picture†of European DSI

Using the network data, stored as W3c Linked Data at http://data. digitalsocial. eu in combination with our hybrid iterative

strategy of case study interviews, work -shops and events relevant to these com -munities, we have identified DSI actors as

part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before

Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of rela

the case of the DSI social network col -lected in this study, the nodes in a graph

-essary to harness the collective intel -ligence of DSI organisations to solve large-scale European social problems

social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in de -tail. The graph of the networks is given

crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten Frysklab Democratie. Nu openpetition. de Petitions. nlfoundation Wesign. it Dialogic iminds

around open hardware and open net -works and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam

Open data for open access is the last dense community (4. 95 per cent), with

working on open data, such as Salford in the UK. Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall

it is the most highly interconnected and intermixed with open networks. Open knowledge is the most popular techno

-munities, such as those around open data are connected developing communities Nonetheless, the vast majority of commu

crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten Frysklab Democratie. Nu openpetition. de Petitions. nlfoundation Wesign. it Dialogic iminds

such as those of open data, open knowl -edge, open hardware and open networks Even if an organisation is not central and

so has only a few links, it may be these few important links that connect other -wise disconnected communities.

-bining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks 56 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

data (turquoise Successful actors in DSI have managed to leverage large networks using the Internet in order to accomplish innova

-tion at scale by the network effect. We can define scale in terms of †scale-freeâ€

social innovation in the data in Figure 4 at least for organisations with more than 3 connections.

Looking at the data, if we want a single scaling European DSI network, an additional magnitude more of

Digital Social Innovation website could introduce innovators to both other local innovators and innovators sharing similar

Big data and cloud computing Collective awareness platforms collective intelligence CENTRALISED TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS DISTRIBUTED COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS

COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web

entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Innovation and innovation policy are not new to the European union.

Delivering on the Europe 2020 objectives of smart and inclusive growth depends on research and innovation as key drivers of social

and economic development and envi -ronmental sustainability. The European Commission has announced an ambitious Digital Single Market Package that will

create the conditions for a vibrant digital economy and society by complementing the telecommunications regulatory en

-vironment, modernising copyright rules simplifying rules for consumers making online and digital purchases, enhanc -ing cybe-security and mainstreaming

digitalisation The Digital Agenda for Europe20 Innovation Union21, and Horizon 202022 present an integrated approach

Smart Cities, the Future Internet Public -Private Partnership Programme (FI-PPP and the European Cloud computing

Strategy. Their main goals are to promote and standardise pan-European technology platforms, as well as the integration of the

The development of the Future Internet is addressed mainly through a number of technical projects, such as the FI PPP23

and the 5g PPP24. There are also a num -ber of projects in the areas of einclusion

A EU Big data strategy is becoming a pri -ority for the competitiveness of European industries.

Public Private Partnership on big data with industry. The focus is driven business with little attention to societal challenges

for the creation of an open data incuba -tor within Horizon 2020 aims to help SMES

cloud computing and legal advice. Further support, investment advice and funding oppertunities for SMES and young compa

Internet of things (Iot) focus area, where the IERC-Internet of things European Research Cluster25 coordinates a variety of Iot R&i projects

59growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Grassroots Innovation in Europe: adapted from Sestini, F

Di gita l) In nova tion Digital) Social Innovation FI-PPP Venture capital Big data and cloud computing

Collective awareness platforms collective intelligence CENTRALISED TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS DISTRIBUTED COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES

Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup

Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is

the bottom-up, human-centred approach that is characterised by emergent forms of community intelligence. Relevant bottom

-up initiatives are the Collective Awareness Platform for Sustainability and Social Innovation (CAPS), Web entrepreneurs

young entrepreneurs in the field of active and healthy ageing, digital champions, in -novation camps and so on

In particular CAPS facilitates SI processes and democratic decision-making through distributed platforms that foster collec -tive intelligence and leverage the potential

for crowdsourcing, citizen science, open democracy, and the collaborative economy These platforms based on open technol

-ogy can gather and integrate information in order to allow participation and citizens†feedback, as well as integrating peer

information and sensor data to improve collective wellbeing Furthermore, there are initiatives in the area of open access, such as Global System

metaphor of emergent collective intel -ligence, and combines the informal na -ture of social networks with a methodo

-logical approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process Besides the standard tools available in

most social networks, Futurium participa -tory tools offer several features to sup -port collective foresight, such as scenario

-wards a more user-centred approach to poliy-making that is participative in the generation of potential ideas.

in the user interface and this is highly ef -fective in facilitating consensus and in the inclusion of minority arguments

identity and payment data Many US companies have patents on identity, social and payment data.

There is a need to require the European Public sector and EC funded projects to not fall into this trap

and provide open data sets in particular on social identity and payment. Public data sets will remove barriers for social

innovators who often rely too much on proprietary data 2. EU public Digital ID with

citizen control Create a European standardised public digital ID for all citizens with guidelines and rules to

Big data and cloud companies but also States have a lot of control over an individual†s online identity

crowdsourcing People can use their time as asset and use mutual credit systems and alternative money

social network Distributes and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy

collective debate, deliberation and voting. I would call it Yups com: Yups for the positive votes

software patents Banning software patents and defending Network Neutrality will keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affordable

Software packages that are patented can be expensive and less accessible to potential individual innovators. Also the

Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish

7. Gender Equality in DSI Promote gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT in DSI by tackling

open data distributed repositories, distributed cloud, distributed search decentralised social networking public identity management and encrypted email service

The Internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies

that control all the layers of the ecosystem (app store, cloud machine learning, devices), and are imposing their rules of the

game. Europe needs to invest in future infrastructures that reflect the European values, support SMES and civic innovators and

deliver public good. Distributed privacy-aware enabling infrastructures can also reestablish trust ENABLING INFRASTRUCTURES IMPACT AND

MEASUREMENT 2 3 4 5 6 7 181920 10. Implement social value and social impact standards

open data, ubiqui -tous broadband Enabling some of the radical, disruptive innovations emerging from digital SI †new

-ver, number of users, size of organisation employees etc What they were trying to achieve with their

the creation of the internet, the R&d fund -ing at CERN led to the invention of the

Web) Encourage people to think about Who could implement it (European Commission, national governments, mu -nicipal etc

we†ll email their pledge back to them af -ter six months (this keeps people on their

Open data Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership

The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality

Magna carta for the Internet Enabling open infrastructures Innovation Labs Incubators & accelerators Knowledge sharing & networking

Training Standards of evidence framework Impact assessment tools for aocial innovation ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS REGULATION LEGAL FRAMEWORKS

Open data Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership

The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality

Magna carta for the Internet Enabling open infrastructures Innovation Labs Incubators & accelerators Knowledge sharing & networking

Training Standards of evidence framework Impact assessment tools for aocial innovation ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS REGULATION LEGAL FRAMEWORKS

They combine investments in new hardware and software with experi -ments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions

open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers, and that open standards and interoperability are implemented.

source software should be easy to acquire from government at all levels Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched

(and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special at -tention was paid to open source procurement.

In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled.

Participating in open procurement calls should be made easy Public procurement of innovative solutions Commissioning tools could also be set up to see if the deployment of the DSI strategy

is supported the Google programme Google for Entrepreneurs36 that in 2011 created a campus where innovation and start-ups can meet

The Impact Hub of Vienna37 is a network of several cities across the world which, according to their websites,

waste, data to education. In 2014 Nesta revived the 300 year old Longitude Prize and

The Open Data Challenge Series42 is a collaboration between Nesta and the Open Data Institute and has been very suc

-cessful, attracting developers and social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions to social challenges using open data

The European Social Innovation Challenge44 was launched by the European commission in 2013 in memory of Diogo

-serving citizens†rights and data protec -tion. One of the first steps of DSI policy implementation should be to integrate

-ve transparency/open data and privacy /data protection as complementary issues and not as opposites. In fact, the right

to data protection and privacy, as given in both legal frameworks (such as data protection) and technologies (such as en

-cryption) should apply to individual citi -zens. Conversely, institutions †and in par -ticular public institutions and work done

with public money †should be open and transparent There are more specific regulatory instru -ments that could be key in enabling the

standards should be at the core of the technical infrastructure. Open standards should have an adequate legal and governance backing,

-tween data, devices, services and networks Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stake

funding and all public-funded software should use open standards. For a definition of open standards, see Openstand Principles48

so that innovators can build data mashups on top of a distributed data infrastructure (technological neutrality) without fear of unfair licens

-ing issues Open standard licences, for exampleâ Creative Commons (CC) licencesâ could allow the reuse of PSI without the need to develop

tool that allows the waiving copyright and database rights on PSI, it ensures full flex

-ibility for re-users and reduces the complications associated with handling numerous licences, with possibly conflicting provisions (Keller 2014.

The Internet is the best example of the power of interoperability. Its open architecture has given billions of

people around the world access to information, the possibility to add (web) content and services themselves, access to devices and modular applications that talk to one another

Today mobile devices with always-on Internetâ connectivity are becoming widespread 74 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

results show conflicting positions between citizens and institutional users on one side and corporate rights holders on the

OPEN PLATFORMS Users of the Internet ecosystem include the independent application and service provid -ers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in

a raw and processed form, as well as access to computing resources). Any privileged access provided to the owner/managers of the infrastructure would alter free competi

-tion. All functionality must be exposed by way of open APIS51 that expose data using open standards.

User data and metadata should be represented in open formats such as XML52 and RDF53 (which includes Linked Data54 and SPARQL end-points55.

Opening up access to an application†s source code exposes that code to a relatively large number

of developers, subjecting it to rigorous critical inquiry of a pool of reviewers larger than

the one proprietary developers have available to them internally Example of Legal Framework: Net Neutrality

OPEN DATA People are not passive consumers of the data, but actively engaged in producing it.

primary advantage of open data is that it prevents the concentration power by leverag -ing asymmetries of information and differentials of access.

Open access to data would enable developers to create applications and services built on freely acquired data, as

long as they respect provisions in the license. Private data should also have its privacy

dimension encoded using open standards and the correct licensing, as well as clear requirements for how to access this data

and determine its ownership, both by vendors and end-users. This should include the right to remove data by its creators

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 75 The preservation of Net Neutrality56 is a crucial to define

and governments should treat data traffic equally. Net neutrality protects freedom of expression and freedom of information online, reasserts the principle of fair

competition and guarantees that users may freely choose between services online. The European parliament adopted amend

Currently the telecoms single market proposal has being reviewed by the Council member States) of the EU

data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels, to begin opening data.

The European Commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately â 40 billion per annum.

European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data

Although changes in the European legal framework in the field of transparency and open data have already been implemented

Federated Social Web â€oedo-not-track†technologies should be implemented in order to give users control over their social data and sensitive information, to make it easier for businesses to

innovate on top of the infrastructure. There is a need for privacy-aware technologies based on trust and ethics, that can be filled by developing technical solutions that

are privacy enhancing †by designâ€. Technically, encouraging the use of HTTPS60, the use of virtual private networks61, adequate cryptographic public-key based infrastruc

A broader investigation on the implications of the current personal data market and the role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital

economies. New forms of data control and data collective ownership by citizens should be encouraged. For instance, in the UK, the government backedâ Midataâ pro

-gramme is encouraging companies to bring data back to public control, while the US has introduced green,

yellow and blue buttons to simplify the option of taking back your data (in energy, education and the Veterans Administration respectively

76 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DATA CONTROL AND DATA OWNERSHIP PRIVACY-AWARE

TECHNOLOGIES AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop

standards to make it easier to build and integrate social applications. These standards will give citizens greater control over

their own social data, allowing them to share their data selectively across various systems. The federated web standards will

also be implemented within the EC-funded D-CENT Project59 that is piloting federated social applications for participatory

democracy FEDERATED IDENTITY MANAGEMENT User data is moving more and more into the †Cloud†and people are getting their music

videos and applications digitally. The aggregated data extracted from the analysis of our identities (what companies define as â€oesocial graphsâ€) and behavioural patterns of the

user, is mined continuously and analysed with the main objective of maximising value extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance

In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and prevent lock in, therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the

Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry) and go (no barriers

to exit) regardless of who they are (no discrimination) and what systems they use. Thus

management, fully respecting the users†privacy and ownership of the data Personal data stores There are also new available solutions, such as Mydex, Qiy,

Citizenme65 and many others that are part of an emerging sector of Open Personal data Stores66, Privacy Dashboards,

and Trust frameworks to manage identity, that have emerged out of a new vision of identity management and trust that is advocating for a New deal on Data67 to balance the power be

The EU data protection reform package 77growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe The Data protection reform is currently being discussed by Member States The aim is to to build a single and comprehensive

data protection framework to develop tools and initiatives to enhance citizen awareness, and to ensure that businesses

receive guidance on data anonymisation and pseudonymisation. This should prevent any unauthorised collection processing and tracking of personal information

and profiling, including citizens†preferences, medical and health records and so on. Companies should be compelled to be transparent about how they collect users†personal data,

and the real value they extract from trading personal information. Citizens should be able to claim their digital rights,

personal data is used, the right to avoid having information collected in one context and then used for an unrelated purpose

personal data. Firms might begin to reduce the length of period over which information is retained and adopt certification

A Magna carta for the Internet Tim Berners Lee, the inventor of the Web is advocating for a sort of Magna carta for the Internet to estabilish basic rights

and freedoms, to keep the Internet open, without surveillance and censorship, and to halt power abuses from Governments

and corporations. The Magna carta for the Internet goes along with recent UN General assembly (UNGA) resolution on The

Right to privacy in the Digital Age. 68. A Magna carta for all Web users could be directly crowd-sourced from the Web itself

engaging effectively in multi-stakeholder processes Distributed and open architectures Community and bottom-up networking 5. 3 RESEARCH AND INNOVATION SUPPORT

from Telcos and systems integrators such as FIPP or 5g PPP, there is scope for more experimental approach that invest on alternative infrastructures that are decentralised

Community and bottom-up networking is an emerging mode of the Future Internet, where communities of citizens can

commercial telecom companies or by local public providers. As shown by the European project Confine and Bub for

This includes the need for distributed data repositories and management systems, distributed secure Clouds, distributed search, and federated social networking

It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole

new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Government labs Nesta and Bloomberg Philanthropy in their study71 of government funded innovation

Maker spaces (such as Fablabs), real-life testing and experimentation environments where users and producers can co

and promote their role in bringing users, developers, and entrepreneurs together to create new digital products, new public services or learning programmes

This should include the use of social networking platforms, independent media and other news applications. For instance, the elaboration of a newsletter or creating a DSI

strategy blog would be a helpful instrument to spread the message from the European Commission and to provide updated information about policy deployment

and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training, or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge

Foundation on open data, and by organisations such as Tactical tech or Open Rights Group on privacy and digital rights

Most reports about innovation refer to GDP and financial return as one of the main in

user and financial value generated by digital social innovation organisations and their projects The Triple Helix outlines how social tech ventures,

and investors, should focus on three types of value †Social Value, User Value and Financial Value †when developing and scaling their project (s) 76

or analysing existing data sets to understand the extent of the social issue •Online responses to the proposed service from partners or potential

demonstrate value to users i e it is a product or service that people want to pick up

•Qualitative interviews with key users of the product or service to test need and demand for the approach including the specific user problems the

product or service would solve •Observing potential users to see if the product works in their context

•Quantitative responses to the idea, for example survey potential users to test whether needs established within qualitative interviews apply to a larger user

group •Online responses to the proposed service from potential users, using analytics software to test demand

Fi na n -ci al V al ue There has to be a market for

the venture to be sustainable and the venture has to be active in it. The generation

of sustainable income is understood as financial value which comes as the result of realising user or social value

•Establishing an agency or provider who has the responsibility or interest in addressing the social need the product or service is attempting to address

tools digital social innovations can apply to capture the impact of their work, from user

draw upon existing data and research from other sources Level 2 You are gathering data that shows

some change amongst those using your product /service At this stage, data can begin to show effect but

it will not evidence direct causality. You could consider such methods as: pre and post survey

cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service

standardisation of delivery and you will need data on costs of production and acceptable price point

The Global Open Data Index developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation80 and the Webindex developed by the World

Wide Web Foundation81 illustrate examples of how this could be captured and measured. Another metric to focus on could

statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey), which could evolve

à Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses

Building on the above discussion, this table outlines the measures that a framework for assessing DSI should includ

In general, European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies,

as well as national research institutes and traditional universities. Building on existing schemes, such as innovation partnerships and PPPS with bigger telecommunications corporations, new schemes

could be created to provide financial support for large-scale DSI experiments across Europe. This could involve making it easier

Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the digital economy and the emerging Internet of things have their roots in

strong public investment that funded general-purpose technologies and basic research. However, noninstitutional actors (hackers geeks, social innovators and activists) are key in this process

As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website, and in

and digital engagement of users provided by procured services CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS WHAT SHOULD POLICYMAKERS DO

or consortia of these to compete with telecommunications corporations to for public contracts 3. Support the scaling of DSI, through reuse and repurposing of existing solutions, by encouraging (and where possible making

Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,

plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures At regulatory level, The Digital agenda emphasises the need to adopt open standards and interoperable solutions to

fully exploit the development of existing and emerging technologies. These open standards should not be optional;

become public policy guidelines at the core of the technical infrastructure Technical solutions do not work by themselves,

what public data is, and the question of who controls it, is becoming more important.

Thus data portability, federated identity management and trust frameworks should be encouraged. Defining sensible governance modalities for the data infrastructure and the DSI ecosystem will require a large col

-laboration between public and private Ultimately, just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support.

The incubator programme run by the UK€ s Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support

Rob van Kranenburg Cofounder of Bricolabs/Founder of the Internet of things Council/Community Manager of Roger Torrenti CEO, Sigma Orionis

Daniel Kaplan Founder and CEO, The next-Generation Internet Foundation Simona Levi Founder, Forum for the Access to Culture and Knowledge

-currency final-v2. pdf 7 http://www. goteo. org/project /zapatos-open-source? lang=en 8 http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu

11 http://www. nesta. org. uk/sites/default /files/good incubation wv. pdf 1 Combinatorial innovation means

combining ideas that already exist into new forms, or combining new ideas with old ones-where major breakthroughs

â€oedoes the Web Extend the Mind†available online at: http://www. ibiblio org/hhalpin/homepage/publications

/websci2013-halpin-web-extend-the-mind pdf and published as Harry Halpin â€oedoes the web extend the mind?

†Proceedings of the ACM Web Science Conference (2013): 139-147 3 Over-the-topâ is a general term for

service providers that develop services that are utilized over a network that is owned by traditional network operators

Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness

platforms: Engines for sustainability and ethicsâ€.  Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE 31.4 (2012): 54-62

5 http://www. nesta. org. uk/publications /making-sense-uk-collaborative-economy Manchester Institute of Innovation

and%20conclusion linked. pdf European Commission†s Reports â€oestrengthening Social Innovation in Europe. Journey to effective assessment

/strengthening-social-innovation en. pdf â€oeguide to Social Innovation†http://ec. europa. eu/regional policy /sources/docgener/presenta/social inno

-vation/social innovation 2013. pdf A4si Project: http://ia4si. eu /Impact Assessment for Social Innovation https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda

/sites/digital-agenda/files/IA4SI%20 %E2%80%93%20fact-sheet%20 v02. pdf Nesta and Young Foundation Discussion

Paper â€oehow to Innovate: The tools for social innovation†(2008 http://socialinnovationexchange. org /sites/default/files/event/attachments

/Copy%20of%20generating social Innovation%20v4. pdf Innovation platform. Measurement for policy https://www. innovation -policyplatform. org/content

/measurement-policy? topic-filters=11379 RESINDEX http://www. sinnergiak. org/wp-content /uploads/2014/06/cuaderno resindex

cast. pdf http://www. sinnergiak. org/index. php /resindex-regional-social-innovation -index /SIMPACT Project

http://www. simpact-project. eu /http://www. simpact-project. eu/dialogue /indicatorlabs. htm http://www. bath. ac. uk/casp/projects

A Faster Algorithm for Betweenness Centrality, Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25 (2): 163-177 Clauset, A. et al.

Social network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press D. Watts and S. Strogatz (1998

19 http://www. bmbf. de/en/19955. php about-city-budgets-heres-what-happened 31 http://council. nyc. gov/html/action

/pb. shtml 32 https://www. gov. uk /government/publications /open-source-procurement-toolkit 33 http://ec. europa. eu/internal market

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