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2. 1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than...
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging...17 Figure E. 1. 3: Intranational Twitter followers outweigh their countries†share of the overall global Twitter
population...18 Figure E. 2. 1: Projections for progress from traditional towards rational-secular values in scenarios with
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 2012.28 Figure E. 4. 3: Google user data requests...
29 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some
of the data requested...30 9 Introduction 1. 1. The context for this study and the European Strategy and
Policy Analysis System effort Over recent years, the European union has experienced a number of challenges. Facing these issues has
and analysis of the quantitative data available. Our approach is designed to identify the consensus as well as the disagreement on a given trend within a specific theme, and therefore
and modelling of super-complex interactions through computing and emerging technologies such as 3-D printing.
United states, Canada, Northern europe) in the case of 3-D printing (Desmoulin-Canselier 2012; Ratto 2012).
internet (although the question of whether it will still be possible for governments to restrict citizensâ€
access to the internet in 2030 arose, as did the impact of this on the relationship between governments
technologies. †Leapfrogging†has taken place in some ICT-related areas (e g. mobile phone adoption), but it is plausible that,
new applications (e g. related to consumer uses of ubiquitous computing) will see the emergence of new inequalities and policy challenges
that there is a correlation between levels of digitisation and composite well-being proxy indicators such as the United nations Human Development Index (HDI) and the indices compiled by Gallup and the
2. 1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than
underpins beliefs about the sustained growth in the use of platforms for creating and sharing user
rising profits from progress in the fields of cloud computing and new business models associated with data
This trend is underpinned further by the fast growth of smartphones, tablets and other devices enabling
data. In fact, 24%of Europeans reported having accessed the internet through a mobile phone and 6
%reported using a tablet. Similarly, the fact that only 17%of the population reported using the internet for
looking for jobs and 5%reported having participated in an online course also suggests that there is
potential to be captured easily. Despite the gradual decrease in digital divides, the potential is even clearer
if we keep in mind the differences in technology access and use still present between and within individual
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging3 Source: Unimccann 2013 2. 2. Limited global connectedness Although there appears to be a quasi-univocal consensus on the sustained pace of the growth in
connectivity at a global scale through social computing, a closer look at the evidence for connectedness
While the majority of the global population is projected to be connected to the web in the forthcoming
decades, internet traffic remains mainly domestic (Ghemawat & Altman 2012. Although social network 3 The term †active internet users†refers to individuals who use the internet every day or every other day (Unimccann
2012). ) Microblogging is the use of social network services specifically created for the sharing of brief entries and
content, such as Jaiku or Twitter 18 services are perceived as global platforms, 84.2%of Facebook relationships and a large percentage of
Twitter relationships were found to be clustered along country lines (Gonzalez et al. 2011; Kulshrestha et al.,
, 2012; Ugander et al. 2011), as illustrated in Figure E. 1. 3. Consequently, the future may be potentially
less globalised and more determined by local and national cultures and preferences as opposed to a rising
global value system based on the deepening and broadening of global networks Although the level of globalisation of connected technologies is uncertain,
there is some evidence that the use of these technologies may have significant impacts on the online and offline behaviour of users.
This influence, merging online and offline spheres, is exerted mainly through the potential to connect individuals, facilitate the flow of information
and change the options for self-expression and exerting influence over others. Ultimately, it is likely that the growing population of individuals using social
build their identity and opinions on the basis on interactions with other users in both private and
data protection) but may be leveraged in the formulation of specific initiatives across all areas †for example, by exploiting social media to encourage healthy behaviour in adolescents (WHO 2012
Figure E. 1. 3: Intranational Twitter followers outweigh their countries†share of the overall global
Twitter population Source: Kulshresta et al. 2011 19 20 Chapter 3. Progress in technology will require society to
reflect on values and ethics Social functions are mediated increasingly through technology, which may have an effect on the way
possible by Internet of things technologies and Big data analytics. Therefore, it may be possible that as an effect of technological change the significance of mental categories,
At the same time, there is potential for a global culture to develop around the internet, in which users
technological determinism, implying that increased global access to information technologies will lead to a diffusion of †Western†secular (as opposed to traditional) values.
dominant nations online, having the greatest numbers of users despite lower levels of adaptation questions arise over the future balance of cultures on the web (Dutton, Dutta and Law, 2011;
Van Oranje-Nassau et al. 2009 A previous RAND study modelled the diffusion of rational values for three scenarios with different levels
represented by the degree of access to the internet) and rational†secular values. The lack of such a
and individual users and stakeholders find themselves increasingly locked in to specific technologies, business models and social identities
offered through platforms for user-generated content is enabled by technological progress (Facer & Sandford 2010
Big data analytics and network-based open policymaking †in decisionmaking and providing services to the citizen.
censoring and limiting internet use by individuals will continue to be present (Cave et al. 2009;
the costs of producing user-generated content have enabled citizens around the world to engage in public
organisations to leverage Big data analytics (from location-based health data to engaging with public opinion) is likely to have an impact on the evidence base that informs policymaking in governments that
At the same time, big (and open) data policies will create a need for policies that make sure there is no discrimination between more and less digitally savvy
which assesses the technical features of national websites as well as e-government policies and strategies applied in general and by specific sectors for delivery of essential services (United nations, 2012
According to the literature, a positive relationship between internet penetration and democracy exists although the scale of the influence is not uniform.
For instance, although analysis found that internet penetration signiï cantly increased democracy ratings, this relationship varied signiï cantly by region
These findings suggest that the internet is not by itself sufficient to promote regime changes,
As extensions of the effects potentially exerted by offline networks online social networks have been found to be an effective influencing tool for political participation in
some cases, such as the 2010 elections for the US Congress (Bond 2012), but the effect of these tools and
participation into offline activism (Christensen 2011. Similarly, the evidence suggests that the use of social network services may be a tool for the empowerment of minorities.
However, minorities and young people †whose participation indicates that these services have a prodemocratic effect †are usually
which assesses the technical features of national websites as well as e-government policies and strategies applied in general and by specific sectors for delivery of essential services (United nations, 2012
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 20128 Source: ONI (2012 Governments and public actors also engage in social media,
using it both as a tool for interaction with citizens and as a pool of data for surveillance purposes.
Since the beginning of the 2000s analysis by Opennet and Freedom House has found that development turned towards continuous increase in forms
Another aspect of the interaction of values with the †network society†is the changing role that internet
websites cutting across a range of topics (e g. political, social and internet tools, such as Skype.
the web censorship category is focused primarily on websites that express views in opposition to those of the current
Opennet Initiative Data FAQ https://opennet. net/oni-faq 29 political actor. The future role of corporate actors in enabling democratic movements is controversial
Google user data requests9 Source: Google transparency reports 9 The category includes the following countries, from
which Google reported having received requests (not all countries are reported to have filed requests in all years covered:
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary Italy, The netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United kingdom. It comprises user-data requests, which
may specify any users or accounts used to store or provide information on Google†s services
30 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at
least some of the data requested10 Source: Google transparency reports However, it has to be kept in mind that data mining is not only a tool for the surveillance of citizens and
the limitation of freedom of speech. Several governments have shared their databases with the public to spark innovation through data analytics
and seek answers to societal problems. 11 10 For EU countries, see footnote 10 above.
Governments ask companies to remove or review content for many different reasons. For example, some content removals are requested owing to allegations of defamation, while others
are owing to allegations that the content violates local laws prohibiting hate speech or adult content.
Laws surrounding these issues vary by country, and the requests reflect the legal context of a given jurisdiction
http://open-data. europa. eu/open-data 31 Matrix for key trends in connectivity Trend Drivers
Digitisation indices, HDI wellness indicators evaluation indicators for individual programmes +Medium term Need for adequate measurements and
benchmarking data (EU UN +Short to medium term Unequal accessibility and ubiquity of services and citizen engagement across
data mining create tensions between citizens and governments Technological progress and growing degree of interconnectedness, growing
Government data requests revealed by ISPS composite indicators such as Opennet Initiative data anecdotal evidence
sentiment analysis outputs +Short to medium term Social acceptance, social conflicts wildcards such as internet/surveillance
policies of foreign states High Spread of rational†secular value systems will develop independently from interconnectedness
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