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and computer systems in parallel. 8, 9 Workarounds abound, the potential streamlining of work processes is hard to realise, and staff
and computer systems that introduce new patient risks, staff frustration, and outcomes below expectation •The focus must shift from automation of clinical work to
requiring more elegant machines and software, according to the technophiles†arguments. Nor is it mostly a behavioural problem
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26 Beynon-Davies P, Lloyd-Williams M. When health information systems fail. Top Health Inf Manage 1999;
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Nurses and information technology. Final report. Canberra: Commonwealth of australia, 2007. http://www. anf. org. au/it project/PDF/IT PROJECT. pdf (accessed Aug 2010
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Fax:++34 9544 88300 http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu /http://www. jrc. ec. europa. eu
working paper presents original data on innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3) in European union (EU) regions and Member States, obtained from the Eye@RIS3 open data tool for
sharing information on the areas identified as priority areas by 198 innovation strategies. It also
Finally, we compare the main areas of planned investment with sectoral data on firms, employment and patents, with the conclusion that the connection between priorities and the
smart specialisation, prioritisation, innovation policy, open data, structural funds Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their gratitude to a number of colleagues for their kind
the development of the Eye@RIS3 tool and the database 2 1. Introduction This working paper presents the first comprehensive mapping of innovation priorities and
developed Eye@RIS3, an open data tool for gathering and diffusing information on the envisaged
During the current programming period (2014†2020) of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), regional and national authorities should develop RIS3
use these data to give an overview of the most common priority areas and to explore the extent to
For the current programming period 2014†2020), regional and national policy makers are required to develop RIS3 before investing
One of the main challenges when collecting data on these domains or prioritised areas is
and users/civil society to develop a better understanding of both future and private investment
3. Developing an open data tool for mapping innovation priorities Eye@RIS3 is an interactive open data tool that gives an overview of the envisaged RIS3 priorities of
regions and countries in Europe. The tool gives regional and national innovation communities visibility and an opportunity to be recognised by potential counterparts looking for collaboration in
open data tool to help strategy development and to facilitate interregional and transnational cooperation, rather than as a source of statistical data.
The majority of data have been added by S3 Platform staff and a minority by policy makers themselves
To have listed priorities in the Eye@RIS3 database does not mean that the particular strategy or
priorities have been approved by the Commission as meeting the RIS3 ex ante conditionality criteria. Furthermore, the listed priorities have not been verified as being areas of strength.
they will concentrate in the upcoming programming period. Many of the activities indicated by the
Currently, the data consist of 1 307 priorities from 20 EU countries, 174 EU regions, 6 non-EU
countries without regional RIS3, national data have been added. In total, the sample covers almost all of the EU-28 territory, with the exception of three Italian regions
The database contains data at NUTS1, 2 and 3 levels, since there are large variations in our sample
5) The data used in this paper were retrieved on 5 december 2014, at which time there was almost full coverage across
Since then, additional data have been added 6 Regional and national innovation priorities are at the heart of the database.
For each priority, we have information on four main categories, as follows:(1) a free-text description of the priority,(2
but it ensures a user friendly tool that indicates in which directions regions and states want to develop their R&i priorities.
The database also contains information on the source of each entry With regard to data quality, there are a number of caveats.
First of all, the data are not yet suitable for econometric analyses, since all entries must be confirmed and double-checked against the final
versions of strategies. However, the database is continuously being updated with the aim of having up-to-date information.
When the negotiations of Operational Programmes and the implementation of Action Plans are finalised, the data can be validated fully.
It must be kept in mind that, originally the main rationale for developing the tool was to increase transparency
%Computer, electronic and optical products 28 2. 1 %Nanotechnology and engineering 26 2. 0 %Grand total 805 61.6
%Computer, electronic and optical products 23 1. 8 %Grand total 742 56.8 %Table 6: Most common priorities within the sub-category of †EU-objectivesâ€
category names in the Eye@RIS3 database; we have merged these in a umbrella terms. The most
This figure is based on data from 218 regions and countries from the Eye@RIS3 database.
of all regions and countries in the database (n=198. The x-axis depicts the degree of correspondence of regional and
data entry among the sub-categories. The most common combinations of the subcategories are listed in Table 9
This figure is based on data from 218 regions and countries from the Eye@RIS3 database.
Looking at sub-category data, we found that, grosso modo, regions and countries have not chosen
data. In total, there were 231 combinations of 1 307 encoded priorities. The by far most common
This figure is based data from 218 regions and countries from the Eye@RIS3 database. The y-axis is the share of all
regions and countries in the database (n=198. The x-axis depicts the degree of correspondence of regional and national
small extent, be an outcome of our coding and interpretation of data. However, in general, we do
will now examine data on their actual economic structure. This helps us to better understand the
For this, we have used Eurostat data on the number of organisations, employment data and patent applications in absolute terms,
as well as growth figures in absolute and relative terms. We have compared these data with the most common RIS3 priorities to determine how the
priorities relate to the economic structure. This analytical exercise does not allow regional matching but looks at EU totals
are reflected not strongly in the data on local units in absolute numbers We also looked at the sectors that,
related businesses and RIS3 priorities are ICT and computer programming; this is possibly linked to other scientific activities since RIS3 deal with R&i
SBS data by NUTS 2 regions and NACE Rev. 2 (from 2008 onwards), number of local units
Eurostat employment data for 2010, SBS data by NACE Rev. 2 for the EU-28 (and Norway) with missing data for
No data were available for the wholesale and retail sectors Finally, we examine Eurostat patent data covering patent applications to the European Patent
Office (EPO), in terms of both absolute numbers and growth in absolute and relative numbers There were relatively few connections between regional priorities and the growth of the number of
ï ICT and †electric communication technique†and †computing, calculating, counting†ï energy and †generation, conversion or distribution of powerâ€
compare or due to lacking patent data categories and lack of easily assignable NACE codes for
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities Administrative and support service activities 19 On the other hand, priority choices could simply be based more on future plans than on existing or
This working paper has presented data from the Eye@RIS3 database, an open data tool which
priorities, we explored combinations of both main category and sub-category priority data. We found that very few regions and countries have developed similar combinations.
Finally, we compared Eye@RIS3 data with Eurostat data on numbers of local units in different
relevant data or it might simply indicate that priorities are geared towards future potential rather than existing areas of activity.
performance indicated by regional data on labour, organisations, publications and patents 21 References Aho, E.,Cornu, J.,Georghiou, L,
-research/pdf/download en/kfg policy brief no9. pdf Foray, D. 2015. Smart specialisation: opportunities and challenges for regional innovation policy
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities Information service activities Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities
Programming and broadcasting activities Publishing activities Telecommunications Manufacturing and industry Basic metals and of fabricated metal products
Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations Biotechnology Chemicals and chemical products Coke and refined petroleum products
Computer, electronic and optical products Electrical equipment Food, beverage and tobacco products Furniture Handicrafts Machinery and equipment n e c
Printing and reproduction of recorded media Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Rubber and plastic products
Open data and sharing of public sector information KETS Advanced manufacturing systems Advanced materials Industrial biotechnology
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu
/How to obtain EU publications Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu
You can obtain their contact details by sending a fax to (352) 29 29-42758
This working paper presents original data on innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3) in European union (EU) regions and Member States, obtained from the Eye@RIS3 open data tool
for sharing information on the areas identified as priority areas by 198 innovation strategies. It also contextualises these
data on firms, employment and patents, with the conclusion that the connection between priorities and the economic and
Global Internet consumer traffic growth trends over time 16 Figure 2: Global consumer Internet traffic 17
Figure 3: The evolution over time of consumer bandwidth demand during the busy hour 20
Predicted 100 Mbps FTTC/VDSL European household coverage in 2020 31 Figure 7: Percentage of households passed by cable (2010) 36
Predicted LTE coverage in 2020 39 Figure 12: Broadband adoption (lines) by technology and Member State 40
needed to achieve 4 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload speed 42 Figure 15: The broadband deployment â€oegap†in the United states 43
Figure 16: Cost of covering different geotypes, from most dense to least dense, in Spain 44
Cost and ARPU per customer per month for FTTH P2p Ethernet at 70 %penetration 45
The traditional one-way cable TV network 50 Figure 20: Characteristics of a HFC/DOCSIS cable infrastructure 51
Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â) 60 Figure 24: Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â) with a requirement
for a guaranteed 10 Mbps 61 Figure 25: Cost of meeting DAE objectives with and without cable in various scenarios 63
Figure 26: Incremental deployment costs for Europe as a whole, Basic and Advanced scenarios, with and without cable 65
Internet households by average traffic per month 18 Table 2: Average and busy hour global consumer household bandwidth requirements 19
Typical maximum achievable speeds for various wireless solutions 33 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The goals of the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE),
only fibre but also cable and fixed and mobile wireless Cable can and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in
areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, thus providing cost savings;
and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities -based fixed network alternative to an FTTX network, thus enhancing competition
broadband for all Europeans in 2013,2) deployment of 30 Mbps broadband capability to all Europeans by 2020,
and (3) adoption of 100 Mbps broadband by 50%of European households by 2020 The detailed meaning of these goals is,
mean, and to what extent must they be reflected in the core network We would propose that the DAE objectives should be interpreted such that networks
Per projections based on Cisco VNI data, average global bandwidth demand per household in 2020 (the target data for achieving the DAE€ s objectives for
ultra-fast broadband) is less than 2 Mbps The evolution over time of consumer bandwidth demand during the busy hour
Source: Cisco VNI 2011 data, 1 WIK calculations Ultra-fast broadband access is useful, but in light of realistic consumer demand it is not
necessary to assume that every broadband user will consume maximum capacity all the time. The network should assume some shared use of bandwidth.
Portions of the network where capacity is shared can be enhanced incrementally as demand grows Ability of different technologies to meet realistic consumer demand
Eurodocsis 3. 0 cable systems already comfortably exceed the 100 Mbps called for in the DAE. Even with current technology, cable networks are capable of meeting realistic
Mbps 3 Similar considerations apply to 4g wireless systems. There are surely limitations on the ability of wireless solutions alone to meet DAE objectives in dense population centres
but wireless might play a greater role in low-to-medium density areas than many have
assumed Broadband coverage in Europe today There are many different technologies that could be used to meet DAE objectives, notably
including the fixed telecommunications network, but also including cable television networks, as well as fixed and mobile wireless services
•Wireless systems benefit from deployment of LTE, and eventually from the deployment of LTE-Advanced
The relative cost of achieving each of the DAE objectives with each of these technologies
•For the fixed telecommunications network, there are significant uncertainties as to the quality of currently available data.
A study that has been conducted on behalf of the European commission will hopefully provide clarity •For cable, large portions of Europe have already been upgraded to Eurodocsis
•For wireless broadband, the footprint of LTE and LTE-Advanced can be expected to be at least as broad in 2020 as that of 2g and 3g networks today
Achievement of full broadband coverage (and especially of ultra-fast broadband) in Europe is complicated by (1) variations in population density from region to region
solely on fibre-based telecommunications solutions is unlikely without some degree of public policy intervention and/or subsidy
television network Technical characteristics of a cable broadband network Our focus in this study is on systems that are based on Hybrid Fibre Coaxial (HFC
of both (and, for that matter, also the evolution of the mobile network) is to a significant degree fibre-based
characteristics of coaxial cable systems with those of a high capacity fibre optic-based distribution system The upgrade to HFC cable systems to enable state-of-the-art bandwidth is comprised of
two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards, and (2) driving fibre progressively closer to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand
•The cost of upgrading existing digital cable systems to Eurodocsis 3. 0 is minimal •The cost of driving fibre into the network can be significant;
however, the upgrade can be undertaken as and when needed. This cost can vary greatly depending on how the existing cable plant was deployed,
is substantially less expensive than deploying new fibre-based telecommunications networks, thanks to the benefits of sharing existing coaxial cable to multiple
Moreover, these upgrades have been in progress for some time (and are continuing), so part of the cost has already been incurred
comparison with customer willingness to pay for the upgrades; consequently, there is no need for subsidy Many capacity enhancements improve both upstream and downstream capacity.
there has been little customer demand for upstream data bandwidth. The biggest single impediment is that such a shift would conflict with analogue FM radio
LTE was more expensive than fixed solutions where population density exceeded 3, 000 inhabitants per square
Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population density declines.
Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â Source: Feijoo/Gomez-Barroso (2010a The recently published study by J. Hätã nen of the European Investment Bank (EIB
DOCSIS 6/12/30 Mbps LTE-2. 6 GHZ EUR 6 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
Aggregate incremental cost of achieving DAE objectives for the EU as a whole, with and without cable Source:
and mobile compete Facilities-based inter-modal competition, even if limited to discrete geographic areas may have the tendency to constrain prices to reasonable levels across much larger
A more technologically neutral approach to the DAE, drawing on cable and LTE, could provide real benefits
Cable can and does serve as (1) an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in
areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, providing cost savings; or (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities-based
ARPU Average Revenue per User BW Bandwidth; the capacity of a channel to carry information, typically
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (version 2/3; see Section 5. 2 DSL Digital Subscriber Line;
device that is commonly provided by telecommunications operators; it connects multiple costumer digital subscriber lines to
the entire local loop between MDF and the end user is still based on copper FTTC Fibre to the Cabinet;
GB Gigabyte GDP Gross domestic product GHZ Gigahertz GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network; in a GPON system the
bandwidth is shared by all users connected to a given splitter; see Section 4. 1. 1
HE Headend HFC Hybrid Fibre Coaxial; cable network based on fibre and coaxial physical transmission infrastructure;
KPN â€oekoninklijke KPN N. V. â€, Dutch telecommunications company 10 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
LTE/LTE -Advanced Long-term-Evolution, the newest standards for wireless communication of high-speed data Mbps Mega bit per second (one million bits per second
MDF Main distribution frame MDU Multiple Dwelling Unit MHZ Megahertz NBN National Broadband Network (Australia
NGA Next Generation Access NOC Network Operation Centre NPV Net Present Value NRA National Regulatory authority
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network P2p Point-to-Point; an architecture based on a single dedicated fibre
strand (or a fibre pair) for each end user between an Optical Street Distribution Frame and the end user
ROI Return on Investment RSPG Radio spectrum Policy Group RSPP Radio spectrum Policy Program SMP Significant Market Power;
a firm is deemed â€oe†to have significant market power if, either individually or jointly with others, it enjoys
a position equivalent to dominance, that is to say a position of economic strength affording it the power to behave to an
TB Terabyte (1 Terabyte=1000 Gigabytes VDSL/VDSL2 Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (version 2;
Wimax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WTP Willingness to Pay 4g Fourth-generation mobile communication standard
11 1 INTRODUCTION Key Findings â The goals of the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE),
and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly
uneconomic, thus providing cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities-based fixed network alternative to an FTTX
â Wireless also functions in a useful complementary role (1) to provide coverage in low density and/or high cost areas,(2) as a competitive alternative to fixed
The DAE includes full broadband availability in 2013,100%availability of 30 Mbps henceforth called â€oefast broadbandâ€) in 2020,
and 50%adoption of 100 Mbps (henceforth called â€oeultra-fast broadbandâ€) by 2020.2 The rationale for promoting widespread deployment
ultra-fast (30 Mbps or more) broadband, seems clear enough. Widespread availability of broadband is viewed widely as an important contributor to European economic well
//ec. europa. eu/information society/digital-agenda/documents/digital-agenda-communication-en. pdf K ey F
Cable can and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, thus providing
cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities
•What does it cost to upgrade existing cable infrastructure to Eurodocsis 3. 0 •To what extent has existing cable already been upgraded for broadband
http://www. eib. org/epec/resources/presentations/nga-roundtable-costa-elias. pdf 5 See Chapter 7 of this report
telecoms broadband? To what extent do the existence and/or upgrade of cable infrastructure accelerate the deployment of telecoms broadband
Section 2 reviews the DAE objectives. Section 3 considers the benefits to Europe of achieving DAE objectives.
Section 4 reviews the baseline in Europe today: the technologies available for fast and ultra-fast broadband, the geographic and population
of broadband for all Europeans in 2013,2) deployment of 30 Mbps broadband capability to all European by 2020,
and (3) adoption of 100 Mbps broadband by 50%of European households â The detailed meaning of these goals is less clear.
mean, and to what extent must they be reflected in the core network â We would propose that the DAE objectives should be interpreted such that
data, average global bandwidth demand per household in the busy hour in 2020 is less than 2 Mbps
â Ultra-fast broadband access is useful, but it is not necessary to assume that every
broadband user will consume maximum capacity all the time. The network should assume some shared use of bandwidth.
â Eurodocsis 3. 0 cable systems already comfortably exceed the 100 Mbps called for in the DAE.
â Similar considerations apply to 4g wireless systems. There are surely limitations on the ability of wireless solutions alone to meet DAE objectives in dense population
centres, but wireless might play a greater role in low-to-medium density areas than
•by 2020, to ensure that all Europeans have access to much higher Internet speeds
of above 30 Mbps, and •by 2020, to ensure that 50 %or more of European households subscribe to
Internet connections above 100 Mbps. 6 These goals would seem to be clear, but in fact a great deal of complexity and ambiguity
-fast broadband at speeds of 100 Mbps or more †to what degree might it be acceptable if they were concentrated in urban areas
growth in European Internet traffic over time, notably including the annual Cisco Virtual Networking Index (VNI.
8 Cisco analysts compile data from multiple sources in order to estimate current and future Internet traffic by region, by application, and fixed versus
mobile (see Figure 2). There is of course uncertainty with any projection of the future, but the Cisco analysis is competent and well respected
Global consumer Internet traffic Source: Cisco VNI (2012). 9 Internet traffic growth trends in Western europe are expected not to differ greatly from
global trends. Western European IP traffic is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 27%per year
(which is 1 Terabyte, or 1 TB) per month 9 Cisco VNI (2012), op cit 10 Cisco VNI (2012), op cit
File sharing Web/Data Internet Video 29%CAGR 2011-2016 Petabytes per Month 22 %23 %54
%18 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE Table 1: Internet households by average traffic per month
Number of households by Traffic per Month (Millions of Households 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CAGR
Households generating more than 50 GB per month 62 79 105 126 150 175 23
Translating the above Cisco data into Mbps demand, during the average hour and during the busy hour, we have depicted the results in Table 2. Data networks are generally
designed to carry near-peak traffic; thus, traffic during the busy hour12 is a good measure
because there is no upper bound to the offered load in an IP data network. See J. S. Marcus (1999:
>Mbps Busy Hr BW >Mbps 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ---552 555 540 512 465 419
50 0. 15 0. 27 62 79 105 126 150 175 100 0. 31 0. 53 35 49 61 77 103 125
Cisco VNI 2011 data, 14 WIK calculations Estimation of the mean aggregate bandwidth demand during the busy hour from the data
is straightforward, and is shown in Figure 3. The 2010-2015 figures are based directly on Cisco data,
while the 2016-2020 figures are an extrapolation reflecting an exponential regression of the 2010-2015 data.
The fit of the regression is very good 14 Ibid 20 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
Cisco VNI 2011 data, 15 WIK calculations What is particularly striking is that the mean global bandwidth demand per household
the average demand during the busy hour is well below 2 Mbps. This has important
share of total Internet traffic is expected to remain fairly constant over the next five years while the Central and Eastern European share grows somewhat.
last mile) and the core networks that connect those access networks to one another and to the world.
The policy implications for broadband access networks and for the core networks that support them at national and European level include
Mbps 21 •Ultra-fast broadband access is useful, but it is not necessary to assume that
every broadband user will consume maximum capacity all the time. This can be expected to hold true in 2020 and well beyond
•Eurodocsis 3. 0 cable systems already comfortably exceed the 100 Mbps called for in the DAE.
•Similar considerations apply to 4g wireless systems. Key questions relate to the number of individual users (not households) who must be served by each tower
and the degree to which bandwidth demands differ from those of fixed network users (due, for example, to smaller screen size.
There are surely limitations on the ability of wireless solutions alone to meet DAE objectives in dense population
centres, but wireless might play a greater role in low-to-medium density areas than many have assumed
17 This follows from the basic mathematics (queuing theory) that governs network performance. See J. S. Marcus
to do things that they were not previously able to do (e g. with slow dial-up Internet
Internet applications, services and content benefit by selling services to consumers or by selling advertising to a wide range of firms.
In a sophisticated study drawing on data from more than 6, 000 New zealand businesses Grimes et al.
Telecommunications Policy, vol. 33; P. 471-485 20 See Fornefeld, M.,Delauney, G. and D. Elixmann (2008:
presented at the International Telecommunications Society 17th Biennial Conference, Montreal, Canada 22 See Liebenau, J.,Atkinson, R.,Kärrberg, P.,Castro, D. and S. Ezell:(
LSE Enterprise ltd. & The Information technology and Innovation Foundation; April 23 Grimes, A.,Ren, C. and P. Stevens (2009:
Impacts of Internet connectivity on irm productivityâ€; Motu Working Paper 09-15; Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, October;
http://motu-www. motu. org. nz/wpapers/09 15. pdf 24 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
-fast broadband by new users. Howell and Grimes (2010), however, argue that fast or ultra
fast broadband users are most likely to be existing broadband users who are upgrading to
and Internet Policy (TPRC), Arlington, Virginia September 23-25; 2005; revised January 17, 2006 25 Howell, B. and A. Grimes (2010:
available at http://www. iscr. co. nz/f563, 16240/16240 feeding a need for speed v4. pdf 26 Crandall, R.,Lehr, W. and R. Litan (2007:
Countries with large Internet economies, including the United States, Japan and Germany, are receiving large benefits from broadband.
7. 18 in the OECD Communications Outlook 2011, multiplied by the estimated subscribers by access type.
When viewed on a basis normalised for GDP or for the number of broadband users, it
countries with substantial competition between the fixed telecommunications network and cable. Hungary, where cable competition is strong,
and telecommunications for years) does not do conspicuously well. It may well be that these differences in broadband surplus are primarily a function of the level of competition
conventional broadband (at speeds of less than, say, 10 Mbps) and ultra-fast broadband at speeds of 30 Mbps or greater.
A notable exception is a study that Analysys Mason and tech4i2 completed on behalf of the European commission. 29 The report has not yet been
which takes into account the respective investment expenditures for electronic equipment, construction and telecoms 30 Intermediate results were presented at a public workshop in Brussels in February 2012.
Household Demand for Broadband Internet Service Final report to the Broadband. gov Task force, Federal Communications Commission;
tv ia Li th ua ni a M al ta Po la nd R om
notably including the fixed telecommunications network, but also including cable television, as well as fixed and mobile wireless services
â In assessing the current status, it is important to distinguish between the coverage or deployment of each technology,
â Wireless systems benefit from deployment of LTE, and eventually from the deployment of LTE-Advanced
â The relative cost of achieving each of the DAE objectives with each of these
â For the fixed telecommunications network, there are significant uncertainties as to the quality of currently available data.
A study that has been conducted on behalf of the European commission will hopefully provide clarity â For cable, large portions of Europe have already been upgraded to Eurodocsis
â For wireless broadband, the footprint of LTE and LTE-Advanced can be expected to be at least as broad in 2020 as that of 2g and 3g networks today
â Achievement of full broadband coverage (and especially of ultra-fast broadband in Europe is complicated by (1) variations in population density from region to
that full achievement based solely on fibre-based telecommunications solutions is unlikely without some degree of public policy intervention and/or subsidy
30 Mbps deployment and 100 Mbps adoption, it is necessary to begin with a discussion of capabilities of the broadband technologies that are likely to be suitable for meeting
of conventional broadband (Section 4. 3) and of ultra-fast broadband at 30 Mbps and 100
Mbps (Section 4. 4 4. 1 Technologies for fast broadband Some have attempted to limit the discussion of Next Generation Access (NGA) in the
functionally equivalent to telecom fibre-based NGA today. Fixed and mobile wireless solutions also deliver capabilities that are relevant to the DAE,
and rapidly improving. It is thus useful at this point to briefly put these diverse technologies in perspective
main distribution frames (MDF) and the end users. The â€oenodes†in this local loop are the street cabinets.
the copper network between cabinet and end user however, remains unchanged. FTTC/VDSL technologies are very distance
they are able to deliver 50 Mbps provided the copper sub-loop is shorter than about 400-500 meters.
is based on fibre optic technology. In a Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU), each home has a fibre access. 36
http://ec. europa. eu/competition/consultations/2011 broadband guidelines/index en. html 33 Vectoring has the potential for very significant bit rate increase,
Alcatel-lucent antwoord op Ontwerpbesluit van de Raad van het BIPT van 20 december 2010 betreffende de
36 In a Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON), the typical bandwidth is up to 2. 5 Gbps downstream and up to 1, 25
Gbps upstream. In a GPON system, however, the bandwidth is shared by all users connected to a given splitter
Current implementations are based on splitting ratios of 1: 32 or 1: 64. By contrast, a Point-to-Point fibre architecture is
Many have assumed consequently that FTTC/VDSL is relevant to 30 Mbps DAE objectives, but no more;
however, this ignores the second life of copper. The second life of copper entails the use of new technologies,
including vectoring (based on advanced noise cancellation), pair bonding (which relies on a second copper pair being available
100 Mbps should be achievable. 38 Figure 6: Predicted 100 Mbps FTTC/VDSL European household coverage in 2020
Source: Yardley et al. 2012b 37 See RTR, â€oeconsultation input from RTR Gmbh (Austrian Regulatory authority for broadcasting and telecommunications) â€
input to â€oe European commission Consultation on costing methodologies for key wholesale access prices in electronic
Unlike the traditional cable infrastructure optimised for handling broadcast television programmes, modern Hybrid Fibre Coaxial (HFC) cable solutions are capable of
simultaneously carrying voice, data and video services. In a nutshell, the key elements of a cable network are39 one or more master headend (s)( together with a Network
transmission links between CMTS and end users comprise fibre and copper (coaxial infrastructure (Hybrid Fibre Coaxial, HFC.
users via copper based lines. Cable networks can offer Gigabit bitrates for IP traffic. The
customers within a given cable cluster, however, share this capacity. 40 We discuss cable capabilities at length in Section 5
4. 1. 3 Wireless solutions Wire less solutions based on Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplexed (OFDM technologies such as LTE or Wimax are becoming progressively more capable over
time, but they are ignored sometimes in discussions of the DAE because they are felt to
In the European Union†s Radio spectrum Policy Programme (RSPP), this is explicitly reflected in Recital 4:
which aims to deliver fast broadband internet in the future network-based knowledge economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at
least 30 Mbps for all Europeans by 2020. †39 See Chapter 5 for more details
â€oethe Mobile Communications Role in Next Generation Networks: The Case of Spainâ€, 22nd European Regional ITS Conference, Budapest
The Radio spectrum Policy Group (RSPG) has looked also at the issue, and observed â€oe The RSPP is also a key action in the Digital Agenda for Europe
fast broadband internet in the future network-based knowledge economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for
all Europeans by 2020. †42 Steady technological improvements are noteworthy. The migration to LTE, and then
to LTE Advanced, represents a substantial increase in the nominal speed of wireless data transmission, and also in efficiency in terms of bits per Hertz.
Typical realistically achievable speeds are less than those that are theoretically achievable, but are nonetheless impressive.
Efficiency gains come through the use of multiple antennae MIMO), and simply from making more spectrum available
LTE 10-100 Source: TNO/WIK. 43 As we explain in Section 4. 2. 4,
expected that substantially all wireless infrastructure in Europe will have been upgraded to either LTE or LTE Advanced
42 RSPG, â€oerspg Report on Improving Broadband Coverageâ€, RSPG11-393 Final, 16 november 2011 43 Nooren, P. J.,Marcus, J. S. and I. Philbeck (2012:
â€oestate-of-the-Art Mobile Internet connectivity and its Impact on e-commerceâ€, presentation to the IMCO Committee of the European parliament, 28 june 2012, WIK and TNO, available at
http://www. europarl. europa. eu/document/activities/cont/201206/20120628att47917/20120628att47917en. pdf 34 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
ADSL coverage, for many years. 46 These data have been reflected in a range of Commission studies,
telecommunications lines is heavily dependent on upgrading the existing fixed network which in turn depends on the coverage footprint
46 See IDATE (2011), Broadband Coverage in Europe, Final Report, 2011 Survey Data as of 31 december 2010,2011
at http://ec. europa. eu/information society/digital-agenda/scoreboard/docs/pillar/broadband coverage 2010. pdf 47 A DSLAM is a network device that is commonly provided by telecommunications operators.
It connects multiple customer digital subscriber lines to the network 48 Corrections for fixed network coverage were made in Poland and the Czech republic,
4. 2. 2 Coverage of telecoms networks In the Western European EU-15 Member States, we believe that the coverage of the
Screen Digest (2010), WIK calculations Content 80-100 %60-80 %40-60 %20-40 %0-20
Screen Digest (2011 Meanwhile, the â€oegap†between cable coverage and cable broadband penetration represents a significant opportunity for Europe and for the industry
Screen Digest (2011), WIK calculations 99 2 97 3 92 2 88 8 88 8
Cable Internet penetration as%of all households 2010 100 %80 %60 %40 %20 %0 %38 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
Remainder of internet-capable network DOCSIS3. 0 Percentage of premises passed 39 4. 2. 4 The potential for wi reless solutions
-effectively covered at 30 Mbps with the fixed network. Since the 100 Mbps target refers
only to adoption by 50%of households, we assume that there is no need for mobile to
meet this need. The 100 Mbps users can be located in areas that have higher density
In Australia, where an ultra-fast government-owned National Broadband Network (NBN is being deployed, 7%of the population is expected to be served by wireless or satellite
The coverage of LTE or LTE Advanced wireless in Europe can be expected to be at least
as great as that of 2g and 3g wireless today. 50 This seems to imply that most remote, low
density, or hard to reach locations can be served using LTE or LTE Advanced; however there will predictably be locations that cannot even be served cost-effectively by LTE
Figure 11: Predicted LTE coverage in 2020 Source: Yardley et al. 2012b 49 Nomadicity is the ability to use the service at different locations at different times,
but not the ability to use it while in motion 50 See Yardley, M. et al.
telecommunications (copper and in some cases fibre), cable, and sometimes other technologies as well. Note that Figure 12 reflects adoption rather than coverage
OPEX that would be required to deploy broadband (with 4 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload speed) to all households in the United states. Underserved areas tend to be
OPEX needed to achieve 4 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload speed Source: FCC: â€oethe Broadband Availability Gapâ€, April 2010
A striking finding is that a disproportionately large fraction of the â€oegap†is associated with covering a tiny fraction of the population.
â€oethe total expenditure per user remains relatively flat for zones I to VIII but then increases
of their higher cost per user. In conclusion, the graph shows a pattern of investment relatively close to the distribution of the proportion of the total population among the
reflecting detailed geographic data on the locations of streets, buildings, and business and residential customers.
Four fibre-based telecommunications architectures were considered: PMP GPON, P2p Ethernet, P2p GPON, and FTTB P2p DSL. 55 Neither cable television infrastructure nor
wireless was considered. The national territory was segmented then into twenty different areas (geotypes) based on population density
A key driver is the Average Revenue per User (ARPU. An ARPU of â 38 for ultra-fast
broadband was felt to be achievable; however, for a profitable deployment of FTTH P2p Ethernet covering the full national territory,
an average ARPU of â 44 would be required see Figure 17. In geotypes 1 through 7, where population density is greatest and where
Cost and ARPU p er customer per month for FTTH P2p Ethernet at 70 %penetration
network, close to the customer premises,(2) P2p Ethernet is Point-to-Point fibre access network with single fibres
per home and Ethernet switches concentrating the customer traffic at the central MPOP (ODF) sites.
but GPON splitters and OLT at the central MPOP sites, and (4) FTTB P2p DSL is Point-to-Point fibre access network with single fibre per building
remaining 30%of each cluster is assumed to be served (if at all) by mobile or cable This analysis (which is based solely on copper and fibre-based telecommunications
and does not otherwise reflect cable or mobile) has many implications that are probably relevant not only to Germany,
but to most of the Member States. Full achievement of the three DAE objectives based solely on fibre-based telecommunication technologies
without intervention or subsidy is unlikely in many Member States. Factoring cable broadband and wireless broadband into the analysis can help significantly to close this
for that matter, also the evolution of the mobile network) is to a significant degree fibre-based â Cable systems today have evolved into Hybrid Fibre Coaxial (HFC) networks that
high capacity fibre optic-based distribution system â The upgrade to HFC cable systems to enable state-of-the-art bandwidth is
comprised of two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards and (2) driving fibre progressively close to the end-user as and when needed to
meet customer demand. Both upgrades have been in progress for some time â The cost of upgrading existing digital cable systems to Eurodocsis 3. 0 is minimal
â The cost of driving fibre into the network can be significant; however, the upgrade
can be undertaken as and when needed. This cost can vary greatly depending on how the existing cable plant was deployed, the availability of existing ducts
deploying new fibre-based telecommunications networks, thanks to the benefits of sharing existing coaxial cable to multiple customer premises.
in comparison with customer willingness to pay for the upgrades; consequently there is no need for subsidy
demand for upstream data bandwidth. The biggest single impediment is that such a shift would conflict with analogue FM radio
of both (and, for that matter, also the evolution of the mobile network) is to a significant degree fibre-based
•Upgrade to HFC cable systems is comprised of two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards,
and (2) driving fibre progressively close to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand. Both upgrades have
been in progress for some time •Some cable operators choose to use purely fibre-based systems (e g.
The upgrades that we are considering in this chapter are concerned primarily with capacity, but there is also an issue regarding specifically upstream capability.
The Cisco VNI report (2011) notes that Internet traffic demand, contrary to what many have assumed, is becoming more asymmetric
over time, not less. â€oewith video growth, Internet traffic is evolving from a relatively steady stream of traffic (characteristic of P2p) to a more dynamic traffic pattern. †With the
exception of short-form video and video calling, most forms of Internet video do not
as many expected when user-generated content first became popular. The emergence of subscribers as content producers is an extremely important social, economic, and
The traditional cable TV network was optimised to deliver one-way analogue broadcast TV services to cable network subscribers.
As the following figure shows, the key elements of a traditional cable network are (1) headends,
e g. terrestrial and satellite antennas) for receiving TV signals, and for the conversion of signals into a suitable format which then are distributed over the cable network;
The traditional one-way cable TV network Source: Cable Europe Labs (2009: Cable network handbook; CEL-TR-HFC-V4 3-091001
facilities for the provision of television, IP and telephony services; and supra -regional, regional and local physical infrastructures.
are responsible for the reception of television channels (usually via fibre or satellite). ) Moreover, there are gateways to the PSTN (telephony equipment
gateways to the Internet (IP routers), and servers for providing a range of services. 60 Where there are multiple headends,
they are linked typically via supra -regional backbones based on fibre optics •Regional headends (also called â€oearea hubsâ€:
These headends are data centres requiring a power supply, and security arrangements. They are typically connected via a fibre transport ring (regional backbone.
Regional headends are responsible for the conversion of television signals into HF signals (compatible with cable networks) and for the coupling with IP signals.
Each regional headend contains optical transmitters and receivers, and can serve as the home of a
60 Examples are DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), games, web, e-mail (SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer
Internet International Gateways ON 2 ON n Fiber Ring HE1 Euro DOCSIS CMTS +Telephony equipment
+Router Connections Secondary IP Backbone Secondary Telephone Backbone Ring Primary Telephony Backbone Connections /Conversions Primary
IP Backbone NIUCM Teleph modem Telephony Switch Gateway Server Farms NOC Router 52 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System. The CMTS is the intelligence of a broadband cable system. Key functions include (1) addressing the receiving party
of an individual message, and (2) administering transmission rights in order to prevent collisions on the shared medium
Each fibre node connects a specific â€oecluster†of end user homes •The drop cable segment:
node and the end user households. It consists of coaxial copper infrastructure usually buried in the ground) branching out via splitters/taps.
current state of the art for Europe as regards delivery of data, voice, and video over a cable television system. 63 It is the cable technology platform that competes most directly
are no major impediments to the upgrade. Within the 2020 time frame that is relevant for
A Eurodocsis 2. 0 system can deliver raw downstream bit rates of from 38 Mbps (64
-QAM) to 51 Mbps (256-QAM) in an 8 MHZ channel, and raw upstream bit rates of about
30 Mbps (64-QAM) in a 6. 4 MHZ channel. 64 61 Splitters are bidirectional passive components used to split
more than 200 Mbps through the bonding of four channels, or more than 400 Mbps through the bonding of eight channels;
and •Upstream: more than 100 Mbps through the bonding of four channels Technical progress as to DOCSIS capabilities is,
however, very dynamic. It is therefore to be expected that substantially higher raw bit rates will be available downstream and
This yields 400 Mbps of usable throughput downstream. Development of CPE capable of 16 channels downstream and 8 channels upstream is already under way.
Indeed, Virgin Media has announced plans to offer 1. 5 Gbps service to selected customers on a trial basis, 66 and other cable operators have demonstrated
Due to the inherent characteristics of an HFC cable network, whatever data capacity is available is shared by all connected customers.
the data capacity can meet realistic customer requirements under quite a wide range of assumptions. First, one must bear in mind that the capacity required to support
linear video is separate from the capacity used to support data (as is also the case with
65 Moreover, DOCSIS 3. 0 supports Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6 66 â€oevirgin Media ups broadband pace to 1. 5gbpsâ€, Seek Broadband, 20 april 2011
is able to broadcast download speeds of up to 4. 7 Gbps. See KDG Press release May 31, 2012
http://www. kabeldeutschland. com/en/presse/pressemitteilung/unternehmensnachrichten/may-31-2012. html and http://www. digitalfernsehen. de/index. php?
id=87325. In order to implement such a solution in practice, it is necessary to bond a very high number of channels which,
traditional TV use (see Section 5. 3. 4 54 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
broadcasting infrastructure to a fully Internet-capable state-of-the-art Eurodocsis 3. 0 cable network, the first of which has long since been completed substantially throughout Europe
•Upgrade of the traditional analogue broadcast cable network to enable digital broadband communications •Upgrade to a Eurodocsis 3. 0 enabled network
•Upgrade of the Eurodocsis 3. 0 enabled network by progressively driving fibre deeper into the network if and as needed in order to meet capacity requirements
This process is already ongoing; thus, a portion of these costs have already been incurred
In understanding the cost and complexity of these upgrades, it is helpful to consider the physical and logical structure of the HFC/DOCSIS cable infrastructure, as depicted
5. 3. 1 Upgrade of traditional broadcast cable networks to enable broadband communications Considerable work is needed to enable a traditional cable network to deliver broadband
5. 3. 2 Upgrade from a DOCSIS 2. 0 to a DOCSIS 3. 0 enabled network
•Implementation of DOCSIS 3. 0 modules into the CMTS (an upgrade that is typically carried out for the entire CMTS
5. 3. 3 Upgrade of a DOCSIS 3 enabled network Cable is shared a medium; nonetheless, cable operators have considerable control over
the bandwidth available per user In an HFC/DOCSIS cable network, resources are shared among end-users in the fibre
As with any shared medium, competition for resources with other users can introduce delay, affecting the performance seen by the user
It is important to bear in mind that all modern data networks are shared in some degree Networks differ in where the sharing takes place.
Cable networks enjoy significantly lower unit costs than pure fibre-based networks thanks to shared coaxial cable;
serve a group of users. More fibre nodes can be deployed to a street cabinet. Depending
on specific circumstances, such upgrades might or might not require physical deployment of additional fibre
A number of Liberty Global networks, for example, are constructed using fibre rings that contain redundant fibre.
The upgrade will tend to be more expensive in those cases where civil works are required
upgrades can be undertaken gradually and incrementally, if and as needed Cable systems can thus be upgraded incrementally, to 2020 and well beyond, in order to
the 100 Mbps access speed threshold addressed in the DAE, even though a migration from today†s traffic patterns
also wireless systems) that share bandwidth among multiple users will continue to be relevant well into the future
•analogue TV channels •DIGITAL TV channels and Vod services •Euro DOCSIS (and Euro Packet Cable) services
A major revision to the frequency allocation plan would entail significant disruption, but it has been under discussion for some time,
Analogue TV channels in Europe require a frequency range of 8 MHZ per channel. With digital transmission, cable television can
now carry hundreds of channels, in comparison with analogue-only cable systems that carried only a bit over thirty channels.
support 30 to 35 analogue services, hundreds of standard definition TV services, and tens of high definition services
Analogue TV DIGITAL TV +Vod Eurodocsis and Europacketcable Eurodocsis and Europacketcable UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM 5 65 80.6 108 862
87 MHZ Filter 58 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE As a second and related point, it would be feasible to increase the available spectrum
which the upgrade from DOCSIS 2. 0 to DOCSIS 3. 0 has been handled One nasty problem would remain.
LTE was more expensive than fixed solutions where population density exceeded 3, 000 inhabitants per square kilometre (Km2.
Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population
speeds of 6, 12 or 30 Mbps, and using wireless (LTE at 2. 6 GHZ
Population density plays a huge role in these costs. They found that LTE was more
expensive than fixed solutions where population density exceeded 3, 000 inhabitants per square kilometre (Km2.
Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population density declines.
Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â Source: Feijoo/Gomez-Barroso (2010a 74 See Feijã o, C. and J.-L. GÃ mez-Barroso (2010a;
DOCSIS 6/12/30 Mbps LTE-2. 6 GHZ EUR 61 If, however, one assumes that there is a requirement for guaranteed bandwidth of 10
Mbps, then the fixed solutions are greatly superior to wireless. LTE costs are highly sensitive to overall bandwidth requirements,
and thus even more sensitive than fixed network costs to the number and density of users in type of geographic area (geotype
Figure 24: Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â) with a requirement for a guaranteed 10 Mbps
Source: Feijoo/Gomez-Barroso (2010a It is worth noting once again that Cisco VNI data strongly suggest that average data
consumption per household during the busy hour will be less than 2 Mbps, even in 2020. We are thus much closer to the situation of Figure 23 than that of Figure 24 for the
foreseeable future 0 500 1, 000 1, 500 2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 3, 500
4, 000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Population density FTTH-GPON
FTTC-VDSL DOCSIS 6/12/30 Mbps LTE-2. 6 GHZ EUR 62 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
6. 2 Overall incremental deployment costs The recently published study by J. Hätã nen of the European Investment Bank (EIB), 76
based in part on earlier nonpublic work by Pantelis Koutroumpis, represents one of the few studies of the costs of achieving DAE goals that explicitly considers technologies
Theoretical (advertised) download speed, with Internet centres in rural areas •Base: Theoretical (advertised) download speed
•Advanced: Actual (guaranteed) download speed •Maximum: Actual (guaranteed) download and upload speed In all scenarios except the first â€oeminimum†scenario, coverage to the household is assumed
to be required. These differing scenarios each implied different feasible solutions. For example, the Advanced scenario could be met with ADSL2, LTE, VDSL2, Eurodocsis
3. 0, FTTB, and FTTH, while the Maximum scenario could be satisfied only with pure fibre
solutions The EIB analysis considers the incremental cost in each Member State of achieving each of the three DAE objectives under each of the four scenarios.
incapable (at present, at least) of providing 30 Mbps, to say nothing of 100 Mbps, of usable symmetric capacity. 77
whether Europeans would accept the use of Internet centres (as envisioned in the Minimum scenario), except perhaps in the most exceedingly remote
30 Mbps of guaranteed symmetric bandwidth seems to be enormously in excess of the average busy hour of residential consumers, even in
The Basic scenario, where 30 Mbps and 100 Mbps can be interpreted as advertised speeds, are probably somewhat below the level of realistic consumer expectations in
the Cisco VNI 2011 analysis finds that Internet data traffic is become less symmetric over time, not more,
due to the increased use of video. â€oewith video growth, Internet traffic is evolving from a relatively steady stream of traffic (characteristic of P2p) to a more dynamic traffic pattern. â€
With the exception of short-form video and video calling, most forms of Internet video do not have a large upstream
when user-generated content first became popular. The emergence of subscribers as content producers is an extremely important social, economic
the data are plotted together 16.2 10.3 11.7 10.0 8. 8 6. 9 26.8 20.2 16.2
Feijoo/Gomez-Barroso also found that completing the network with LTE would cost â 10.5 billion;
however, the more realistic design would use LTE only in low density areas below 50 inh/Km2
areas of â€oe2+†competition, where the fixed network, cable and mobile all compete versus â€oe1+†competition, where only fixed
and mobile compete. Facilities-based inter-modal competition, even if limited to discrete geographic areas, may have the
telecommunications network. 79 Deployment of a fibre-based National Broadband Network NBN) in Australia comes at the expense of inhibiting inter-modal competition in order to
moreover at its core in the belief, or at least the hope, that increasing competition would in time obviate the
The cable industry can finance these upgrades itself, without public funding. The observation, rather, is that the degree to which cable (and to some degree
79 Both NTT East and West have an FTTB/FTTH market share of more than 95%in their respective geographical footprints
internet accessed over legacy telephone copper and TV cable networks. †70 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
wireless helps deliver them. Already, wireless solutions are essential for getting basic broadband to those in rural areas where wired
I want every European to have 30 Megabit coverage by 2020: and that†s where next generation wireless networks will play a very important
Already today, in some places, 4g offers those speeds †if not higher. I also want at
least half of Europeans to have ultra-fast access at over 100 Megabits by 2020:
particular Fibre-to-the-Home, upgraded Cable, Fibre-to-the-Cabinet and LTE. †81
upgrading TV cable, can be very cost-effective in delivering higher download capacity. †82
7. 2 Societal welfare benefits from facilities-based competition The values of competition are recognised well in the economic literature,
telecommunications incumbents, but it is a valuable complement to traditional regulatory mechanisms. Notably, since facilities-based competition is market-based,
Mobile Broadband Boost, †2012 Mobile World Congress Barcelona, 27 february 2012, available at http://europa. eu/rapid/pressreleasesaction. do?
In Germany, Deutsche telekom writes: â€oe†Cable network operators are no longer small players. They acquire every second new customer. †Therefore,
such as LTE. †85 They go on to provide concrete examples of their intent to threaten the
http://blogs. telekom com/2012/08/16/telekom-bringt-wettbewerb-in-monopolstrukturen/./â€oeauch auf diesem Markt sind die Kabelnetzbetreiber
Breitbandtechnologien wie LTE. †86 Interview with Swisscom CEO Carsten Schloter, Edition 28/2008: Die Weltwoche, â€oewir haben ja teilweise massiv
between areas of â€oe2+†competition, where the fixed network, cable and mobile all compete
and mobile compete. Facilities-based inter -modal competition, even if limited to discrete geographic areas, may have the tendency
89 Feijoo and Barroso, op cit. Note that the figure shows a maximum speed of 30 Mbps
today, however, cable broadband offers of 100 Mbps or more are commonplace in many European countries
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a cross-sectional analysis of U s. data, in: Issues in Economic policy no. 6, The Brookings Institute, July
-munication-en. pdf Feijã o, C. and J.-L. GÃ mez-Barroso (2010a: A Prospective Analysis of the Deployment of Next
Countries, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 197, OECD Publishing. http://dx. doi org/10.1787/5k9bcwkg3hwf-en
Impacts of Internet connectivity on irm productivity; Motu Working Paper 09-15; Motu Economic and Public Policy Research
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Producti -vity and growth in Europe: ICT and the e-economy, EIB Papers, Volume 16, No. 2
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2010,2011, at http://ec. europa. eu/information society/digital-agenda/scoreboard/docs/pillar /broadband coverage 2010. pdf Jay, S. and T. Plã ckebaum (2011:
Financial requirements for nationwide fi bre access coverage 22nd European regional ITS conference, Budapest, 18-21 september 2011
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Recovery, LSE Enterprise ltd. & The Information technology and Innovation Foundation, April Marcus, J. S. 1999:
/index en. html Nooren, P.,Marcus, J. S. and I. Philbeck (2012: State-of-the-art Mobile Internet connectivity
and its Impact on e-commerce, presentation to the IMCO Committee of the European Parli -ament, 28 june 2012, WIK and TNO;
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Internet Service; Final report to the Broadband. gov Task force, Federal Communications Commission, 3 february Radio spectrum Policy Group (2011:
RSPG Report on Improving Broadband Coverage RSPG11-393 Final, 16 november 76 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
Austrian Regulatory authority for broadcasting and telecommunications) November 2011 available at: http://ec. europa. eu/information society/policy/ecomm/doc/library/public consult
/cost accounting/56 rtr. pdf Screen Digest (2010: European Broadband Cable 2010, August Screen Digest (2011: European Broadband Cable 2011, August
Thompson, H. and C. Garbacz (2008: Broadband impacts on State GDP: Direct and indirect impacts, paper presented at the International Telecommunications Society 17th Biennial Con
-ference, Montreal, Canada FCC (2010a: The Broadband Availability Gap, April FCC (2010b: The National Broadband Plan, March
van der Putten (2011: Alcatel-lucent antwoord op Ontwerpbesluit van de Raad van het BIPT van 20 december 2010 betreffende de Analyse van de Breedbandmarkten, 18 february 2011
Yardley, M.,Bates, P.,Foley, P. and A. Daley (2012a: The socioeconomic impact of bandwidth
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