Embracing Digital Technology A New Strategic Imperative By Michael Fitzgerald, Nina Kruschwitz, Didier Bonnet and Michael Welch
Findings From the 2013 digital transformation global executive study and research project In collaboration with Research
or post articles, visit our website FAQ page http://sloanreview. mit. edu/faq /Customer service Email:
smr-help@mit. edu Phone: 617-253-7170 Authors MICHAEL FITZGERALD is the Digital Transfor
-mation contributing editor at MIT Sloan Management Re -view, covering the challenges that tradi -tional companies face
Andrew Mcafee, MIT Center for Digital Business Mark Norman, Zipcar; William Ruh, General electric; Kimberly Stevenson, Intel;
George Westerman MIT Center for Digital Business ACKNOWLEDGMENTS sloanreview. mit. edu EMBRACING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY •MIT sloan MANAGEMENT review 1
intel Gets urgent 10/Executing the Change •making a Case for digital transformation •incentives
technologies (social media, mobile, analytics or embedded devices) to enable major business improvements such as enhancing customer experience,
Wi-fi in Starbucks stores, along with a digital landing page with a variety of digital media choices
â€oewe were not just doing something smart around Wi-fi, but we were doing something innovative
Last year, they cut 10 seconds from every card or mobile phone transaction, reducing time-inline by 900,000 hours.
Starbucks is adding mobile payment processing to its stores, and is processing 3 million mobile payments per week.
Soon, customers will order directly from their mobile phones Using social media, mobile and other technologies to change customer relationships, operations
and the business model has helped Starbucks re-engage with customers and boosted overall perfor -mance. Its stock price has bounced also back up from roughly $8 in 2009 to nearly $73 in July 2013
DIGITAL IMMATURITY: A WIDESPREAD Problem many companies want Starbucks-like results, but most are far from achieving them,
and a core strategic consideration, 81 %believe their companies will be somewhat or much more competitive in two years.
information technology and specialty business at Wellpoint, the nation†s largest Blue Cross/Blue Shield licensee, said that â€oe i t†s not like we†re a consumer
Beginner companies probably use email, inter -net and various kinds of enterprise software. But they have been slow to adopt,
or are skeptical of more advanced digital technologies like social media and analytics Conservative companies deliberately hang back
-ployers, information, data, much more like a financial services type of scenario. Technology has always been
/the-digital-Advantage/index. html) †6 MIT sloan MANAGEMENT review •CAPGEMINI Consulting sloanreview. mit. edu
-cially through using social media. For example, Jon Bidwell, chief innovation officer at Chubb, a large specialty insurer, told us that social business tools and
Internet of things service strategy that will help it tell customers how to schedule maintenance and avoid
-ident of software at General electric, notes that â€oethere†s upside for us in the services.
Today†s emerging technologies, like social media mobile, analytics and embedded devices, demand different mindsets and skill sets than previous waves
tools, embraced social media, etc. all on day one That said, we used a lot of disjointed, free or low
few years, ††said Andrew Mcafee. â€oeunfortunately that†s not going to happen, so a critical skill at the top
-At intel, there is no lack of a sense of ur -gency; the company knows mobile
important provider of mobile processors, in -cluding turning down the opportunity to provide chips for the original iphone. intel†s
culture has long been built around maintain -ing market dominance through intense internal competition, said Kim stevenson, its
intel believes it needs a more collaborative culture to help it gain an edge in mobile processors
to start this cultural change, intel†s top 25 executives gathered for a strategy discussion
order for intel to compete effectively in the emerging mobile market. then it had to cre
-ate ways to bring people together. that would mean breaking down barriers to com -munication that existed in the company†s
Among steps intel took to improve com -munications were adding 220 video conferencing rooms, electronic white board
network. intel has also set up teams based on accounts, not internal departments intel is taking small, concrete steps to
-wards changing its culture, rather than massive, risky leaps. the small-step strategy is one many companies could adopt when try
intel gets urgent 10 MIT sloan MANAGEMENT review •CAPGEMINI Consulting sloanreview. mit. edu R e s e A r c H r e p o R t e m b R a c i n g D i g
generation of computing, and I think that every in -dustry leader will be the ones that transform first.
Andrew Mcafee, principal researcher at the Cen -ter for Digital Business, told us in an interview that
on many social media activities (at least to the satis -faction of the executive board) †said one survey
instead of the software servicing the people, it is the other way around. †Another said that the pace of digital transformation de
integrity of the data Lack of management skills Too much data Not enough data Very significant
Somewhat significant Neither Not at all significant Don†t know Don†t know Not very significant
How significant are each of the following in managing Key Performance Indicators (KPIS) around Digital Transformation
integrity of the data Lack of management skills Too much data Not enough data Very significant
Somewhat significant Neither Not at all significant Don†t know Don†t know Not very significant
How significant are each of the following in managing Key Performance Indicators (KPIS) around Digital Transformation
if companies could give their relationship to digital transformation a Facebook status, it would be â€oeit†s
With the new digital economy creating signifi -cant disruptions and opportunities, our global team of over 3, 600 talented individuals work with leading
2 Field of Action I-egovernment, Interoperability, Cyber security, Cloud computing, Open Data, Big Data and Social media...
34 2. 1 egovernment and Interoperability...34 2. 1. 1 Introduction...34 2. 1. 2 European context...
2. 2 Cyber security †Information systems and networks Security...45 2. 2. 1 Introduction...45 2. 2. 2 European context...
2. 3 Cloud computing...51 2. 3. 1 Introduction...51 2. 3. 2 European context...51
2. 4 Social media...56 2. 4. 1 Introduction...56 2. 4. 2 European context...56
2. 5 Open Data...61 2. 5. 1 Introduction...61 2. 5. 2 European Context...
2. 6 Big data...64 2. 6. 1 Introduction...64 2. 6. 2 European context...65
4 Field of action III-ecommerce, Research-Development and innovation in ICT...87 4. 1 ecommerce...
87 4. 1. 1 Introduction...87 4. 1. 2 European context...87 Page 4 of 170
SWOT for ICT in ecommerce...130 SWOT for R&d and Innovation in ICT...132 SWOT For Romanian ICT Infrastructure...
Eurostat, Europe 2020 Targets †all information are based on the latest available data Tailoring the Digital Agenda for Romania
characterized by the pervasive reach of the digital economy and the transformation properties that implementing ICT can have on several layers (legislation, innovation, procedural changes, behavioral
programming period, the investments in the field of ICT€ s will proceed under the umbrella of the National
ï Field of action 1-egovernment, Interoperability, Cyber security, Cloud computing, Open Data Big data and Social media †increase efficiency and reduce the public sector costs in Romania by
having a modern administration. Implementing and correlating the uniform vision of the fields of action 1 and 2 will generate for the period 2014-2020, an estimated impact on the Romanian
ï Field of action 3-ecommerce, Research & development and Innovation in ICT †builds on the
for Europe as framework of reference to define an overview on how to boost the digital economy for the
ï Field of Action 1. 5 †Open Data †National Anticorruption Strategy 2014 †2016
Covered by broadband above 30 Mbps 100%by 2020 80%by 2020 66.0%(2013 Subscriptions to fixed broadband above 100 Mbps 50%by 2020 45%by 2020 25.0%(2013
Population to buy online 50%by 2015 30%by 2020 8. 0%(2013 Population to buy online cross-border 20%by 2015 5%by 2020 1. 0%(2013
Regular internet usage overall Among disadvantaged people 75%by 2015 60%by 2015 60%by 2020
Population that has used never the internet 15%by 2015 30%by 2020 48.0%(2012 Citizens using egovernment
2. Pillar II †Interoperability & Standards †allows seamless integration of devices, applications, data
3. Pillar III †Trust & Security †increases the trust of web users in electronic services and online
skills and inclusion †bridges the digital divide for all consumers in order to benefit equally and fully from the advantages of ICT services
Open Data, Big Data and Social Media 1. 1. Increasing the transparency of public administration acts
through computerization of public services II-Interoperability and standards I-A vibrant digital single market VI-Enhancing digital
never used the internet Citizens using egovernment Returning completed forms 2. 2. Ensuring social inclusion for growth
3. ecommerce Research -Development and Innovation in ICT Improve the existing framework for electronic commerce
ecommerce for achieving economic growth and development at the European digital single market I-A vibrant digital
above 30 Mbps Subscriptions to fixed broadband above 100 Mbps Regular internet usage overall Among disadvantaged
people Population that has never used the internet Key cross-border public services, online 4. 2. Improving social
inclusion through access to broadband ICT infrastructure IV-Fast and ultra-fast internet access Whereas the strategy was developed by the Ministry for Information Society,
it was established in alignment with all of the Government actions, including agencies from Ministry of Health, Ministry of
Cloud computing Open Data, Big Data and Social Media Define the Informational Perimeter of Public services Ministry for Information
Society (responsible All Ministries offering public services (support egovernment and Interoperability %related public services Life Events brought on 4th
level of online sophistication (from the 36 Life Events identified Target: 100%by 2020 %online availability of Life
with user satisfaction above 3 (on a scale from 1 to 5 †User Satisfaction
Surveys are in the responsibility of each project owner. Target 80%by 2020 %of citizens using online
Identification of data registries and of relevant owners of data registries for interoperability The Technical Economic
committee Ministry for Information Society (responsible All Ministries offering public services Promote transparency and openness Ministry for Information
download official forms for Life Events Target: 50%by 2020 %of citizens/businesses using the online services
%of users using the online services for Life Events for complete electronic transactions Target: 25%by 2020
%of data registries implemented pertaining to Life Events from the overall data registries of Life Events.
Target: 80%by 2020 %of applications reused within public administration Target: 10%by 2020 %of adoption of e-identity
data Target: To be defined based on Appendix 5 Methodology Achieve a Cluster 3 rating for Maturity based on EU
Data base Consolidation of Knowledge Operative Council for Cyber security (COSC responsible All Ministries offering public services Ministry of Interior
Cloud computing, Data Management and Social Media #of applications performed based on Governmental Cloud Target: at least 2 per
Data Unique Point of Contact or Single Sign on Ministry for Information Society (responsible All Ministries offering
the core infrastructure Migration of the already existent services (both those directed towards citizens and those used as internal
promoted by social media Target: at least 10 by 2020 #of companies supported related to communication by social media
Target: at least 2 per county by 2020 Re-evaluation of the administrative capacity directly involved in the
Data centers Consolidation Ministry for Information Society (responsible All Ministries offering public services Define key principles and business
social media Ministry for Information Society (responsible All Ministries offering public services Promoting public debates Ministry for Information
Partnership initiative, as social media is in alignment with the three principles of Open Data Transparency, Participation and
Collaboration Support for use of Big data in public administration Ministry for Information Society (responsible All Ministries offering
public services Elaboration of a legal frame related to the free access to †FOI1 Ministry for Information
Open Data #of data sets and reports available for public use Target: at least 1 per
public body #of social projects /applications developed using open data Target: at least 1 per county by 2020
Identification and achievement of the possibilities of combination and data processing Ministry for Information Society (responsible
All Ministries offering public services Use of relevant standards and format to be used for presentation of data Ministry for Information
Society (responsible All Ministries offering public services Improvement of the degree of presentation of civil society and its
information generated by Open Data The Department for Online Services and Design responsible All Ministries offering
Data concepts The Department for Online Services and Design responsible All Ministries offering public services Identification of the possibilities of
supporters (civil society, data and information donor, investors etc Ministry for Information Society (responsible All Ministries offering
relevant data sets Ministry for Information Society (responsible The Department for Online Services and Design
Extend the data sets present on www. data. gov. ro Ministry for Information Society (responsible
All Ministries offering public services Definition of data sets to be collected Ministry for Information Society (responsible
All Ministries offering public services Big data #of applications developed using Big data databases Target: To be defined based on Appendix 5
Methodology Collection of data from multiple sources ï Paper document (physical environment ï Digital documents
ï Points of access to governmental web ï Websites located on Internet Ministry for Information
Society (responsible All Ministries offering public services Page 20 of 170 ï Social media ï Operational systems available
Definition of the analysis process for the data sets collected. Ministry for Information Society (responsible
All Ministries offering public services Field of action 2 †ICT in Education Health, Culture and einclusion
Provide equipment and relevant infrastructure in schools Ministry of Education responsible Ministry for Information Society (support
ICT in Education %individuals using the internet regularly Target: 75%by 2020 %individuals from the
category of those disfavored using the internet Target: 50%by 2020 %of pupils trained with
TIC skill Target: 75%by 2020 %education facilities using OER, Web 2. 0 in education
Target: 75%by 2020 %LLL resource e-learning systems Target: To be defined based on Appendix 5 Methodology
#of application developed using Big data databases Target: To be defined based on Appendix 5 Methodology Educate teachers on ICT technologies Ministry of Education
responsible Ministry for Information Society (support Provide ICT specific training courses directly related to the improvement of the quality of the learning process
Include Web 2. 0 platforms in the learning processes Ministry for Information Society (responsible Ministry of Education
Internet usage at the regional level Promoting the system of â€oelearning together†Involvement of HR services within
Promoting open database as an opportunity for informal education Provide trainings on the methodology of developing digital skills
%of data registries identified and implemented Target: 75%by 2020 #of applications performed based on Big
Data Target: At least 10 applications #of localities and medical centers benefiting from telemedicine services Target:
or e-accessibility and data confidentiality Creating more patient-centric coordinated and accountable care requires all service providers share
data Monitoring and Controlling Ministry of Health responsible Ministry for Information Society (support Bringing together inputs, delivery
Data portability and real time updates providing more visibility to government functioning Ministry of Health responsible
data generated in the healthcare informatics systems which can be analyzed and used for the
management of the healthcare system†s resources Ministry of Health responsible Ministry for Information Society (support
using Big data databases Target: To be defined based on Appendix 5 Methodology #of digitized units of Achieve the minimum contribution to
Internet usage at the regional level Promoting the system of â€oelearning together†Involvement of HR services within
Promoting open database as an opportunity for informal education Provide trainings on the methodology of developing digital skills
internet regularly Target: 75%by 2020 %individuals from the category of those disfavored using the
internet Target: 50%by 2020 %of individuals who have never used the internet Target: To be defined
based on Appendix 5 Methodology %of pupils trained with TIC skill Target: 75%by 2020 %education facilities using
OER, Web 2. 0 in education Target: 75%by 2020 #of application developed using Big data databases
Target: To be defined based on Appendix 5 Methodology Field of action 3 †ecommerce Research -Development and
Improvement of the regulatory framework for the support of the ecommerce system and the retail
commerce transfer in the electronic media Ministry for Information Society (responsible Ministry of Economy support
ICT in ecommerce %SMES which receive orders online Page 24 of 170 Innovation in ICT
internet to order goods and services from other countries members of the UE. Target: 10%by 2020
internet to order goods and services Target: 30%by 2020 #of competency centers developed on a regional
#of broadband internet connections Target: To be defined based on Appendix 5 Methodology #of fixed telephony lines
access to internet broadband (at least 30mbps Target: To be defined based on Appendix 5 Methodology Simplifying the Authorization Ministry for Information
even if the indicators given above are measured not at the present moment or data for these indicators are extremely cumbersome to obtain,
The order of decisions for investment in information systems is: Buy, Customize, Build. This means that generally, an entity
operation or maintenance of information systems. It is of utmost importance to create the correct climate
so that no data loss or breach is incurred Examples: All investments will take all the appropriate measures for ensuring security for services, data, and processes.
Security should cover all aspects of a service (financial security, operational security, transactional security. Security should not compromise usability
Where not in conflict with any explicit mention in the law, public entities should make their data publicly available.
and also reduce the costs associated with data quality. This action will enable individuals Page 28 of 170
and businesses to use data in ways most helpful to them including developing applications relevant to their own needs and interests
objective (including initial investment, maintenance, upgrades etc..For all decentralized initiatives, a centralized system needs to be
put in place †ensuring uniformity and efficiency for processes, data and technology 9. Facilitate innovation
Computing, Open Data Big data and Social media Field of Action II ICT in Education, Health Culture and einclusion
Field of Action III ecommerce Research †Development and Innovation in ICT Field of Action IV
Broadband and Digital Services infrastructures 1 2 3 4 Define the life events services Implement the governance structures for
Data center Consolidation Establish key principles for Social media Promote public debates Support for Open Government and Big
Data Common infrastructure Provide the frame for OER Stimulate students to get involved Educate on ICT Technologiesensure equitable access to cost-effective
healthcare Encourage Life Long Learning Patient-centric service model Web 2. 0 platforms in the learning process
Improve availability of telemedicine equipment Contribute to Europeana Develop specific cultural content Monitoring & evaluation of healthcare
for each Field of Actions was derived from statistical analysis of historical data in countries which implemented similar projects or impact assessments published by European commission/World bank
%Cloud computing and Social media 70,187, 239 EUR 1, 8 %Page 33 of 170 ICT In Education 207,365, 877 EUR 5, 2
%ecommerce 171,489, 313 EUR 4, 3 %Research-Development and Innovation in ICT 10,564, 304 EUR 0, 3
Cloud computing and Social media X X x ICT In Education X X ICT in Health X
ecommerce X Research-Development and Innovation In ICT X Broadband X x X Page 34 of 170
SECURITY, CLOUD COMPUTING, OPEN DATA, BIG DATA AND SOCIAL MEDIA 2. 1 EGOVERNMENT AND INTEROPERABILITY 2. 1. 1 Introduction
The combination of the use of advanced ICT, especially the Internet, and the support of new ways of
aspects of the interaction between the Government and its users (e-services, e-democracy, e
initiative to a restrictive definition of delivering transactional public services over the Internet, but mainly egovernment should mean â€oethe transformational approach enabled by the use of information technology
to offer better public services by the government, while engaging its citizens and supporting government operationsâ€
5. Electronic centralized system of authentication of users and unique identification of the users prepared so as to incorporate all needs of electronic identification resulted from the
an outlook on Romania†s future and will be in alignment with the long term development strategy
ï telecom infrastructure (calculated depending on%of internet users,%of subscribers of fixed telephony,%subscribers of mobile telephony,%internet subscribers in fixed line and
%broadband subscribers ï the index of human capital (generated depending on the education level noticed on adults and
well as implementing major information systems), the majority of initiatives faced challenges in terms of adoption, quality, legislation and uniformity.
software product and it may be accessed by any computer literate citizen that will be able to disseminate it to the rest of the
society All public bodies will adhere to this Line Action Identification of data registries The most practical option for actual
Page 40 of 170 and of relevant owners of data registries for interoperability Operational identification of actions related to
interoperability of informational systems used in the public administration is the conducting of a feasibility study with direct
the level of public administration, of data registries involved and of related owners of data registries and by marking the relations
and dependencies between the related informational flows All the public bodies will adhere to this Line
centralizing the data will be the Technical Economic Committee Promote transparency and openness Operational Use of open source and open standards and
providing access open to the application already purchased and susceptible to be implemented on the level of public
data sharing opportunities and to facilitate interoperability. Main actions ï The creation of the National Interoperability strategy and review
Opportunities for users to provide feedback should be integrated into the design of new electronic systems to facilitate suggestions
or through links with social media where appropriate All public bodies will adhere to this Line
single sign on mechanism allowing the users once authenticated, to use the services to which they are entitled or a unique element
Implementation of the web portals goes through stages; starting from an interface to citizens and SMES containing a catalogue of
Low%of Citizens are using web portals to submit forms and a smaller number of%of
o Site completeness o Maturity of Integrated Web Services o One Stop Portal Approach o Multi lingual site
o Forms/Process /Descriptions o Promotes Collaborative Platform o Helpdesk availability Romania offers provider-centric on-line
services, usually via the web sites/portals of the provider state entity; the current egovernment portal structures the access to
these sites Romania has a separate payment portal which allows citizens to make payments for
open data and actively invest in innovation of egovernment Services, by receiving feedback and ideas from citizens and
2. 2 CYBER SECURITY †INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS SECURITY 2. 2. 1 Introduction Preamble Trust and security in public services is national priority for the Romanian government
requirement for electronic infrastructure of data networks, electronic services and communications The occurrence of cyber incidents is determined mainly by human or procedural reasons.
the incidents were identified as the main cause of the lack of consistent security policies to protect data
and stored by computer networks Cyber security Definition Cyber security is defined as"the state of normality that results after provisioning proactive and reactive
Connect to strengthen the security of information systems in the EU and is comprised of 4 major priorities
2 http://www. cert-ro. eu/files/doc/Strategiadesecuritateciberneticaaromaniei. pdf Page 46 of 170 ï Freedom and openness
ï The laws, norms and EU's core values apply as much in the cyberspace as in the physical world
European commission Strategy http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/news/eu-cybersecurity-plan-protect-open-internet
personal data In this context, the responsibility of the national cyber infrastructure protection, whose compromise would undermine national security
In fighting against cyberattacks on the information systems, Member States must amend the existing criminal law on attacks against information systems.
The main purpose is to provide greater authority to the European legislation on cybercrime. The initiative will improve the security of citizens and businesses
as information systems repair costs are very high. At the national level, it will provide points of contact for complaints and information gathering on
incidents were identified as the main cause of the lack of consistent security policies to protect data that
and stored by computer networks A positive development in the field of cyber security is the setting up of CERT-RO (http://www. cert-ro. eu
social engineering-blogging, how to use your computer at home, how to use"social media",how to work
Page 48 of 170 outside the office, send and receive emails, use fax machines and all types of data structures is one of the
high priorities of the national structures with responsibilities in the field The National Cyber security System (NSCC) is the general framework for cooperation that brings together
public authorities and institutions with responsibilities and capabilities in the field, in order to coordinate national actions for cyberspace security, including the cooperation with academia and business trade
incidents of information systems Developing cooperation between the public and private sectors in order to ensure cyber security represents a priority for action at the national level,
ï 45%of the Romanian users use the Internet at least once a week ï 52%of the Romanian users are at least fairly confident in buying online or online banking
ï 33%of Romanian users are concerned about misuse of the their personal information online ï 37%of Romanian users are concerned about security related aspects of online payments
2. 2. 4 Strategic Lines of Development Strategic Lines of Development for Cyber security in Romania
Strategic Lines of Development Lines of Actions Description Establishing the necessary conceptual and organizational framework for cyber security
3 http://ec. europa. eu/public opinion/archives/ebs/ebs 404 en. pdf Page 49 of 170 Improve legislation
Construction of Data base with relevant information Operational Consolidating, at the level of the competent authorities, the potential
use of the Internet and computing equipment Responsible: Operative Council for Cyber security (COSC Training Operational
2. 3 CLOUD COMPUTING 2. 3. 1 Introduction Preamble Cloud computing is offering several potential benefits to public bodies,
including scalability, elasticity, high performance, resilience and security together with cost efficiency. Understanding and managing risks
related to the adoption and integration of cloud computing capabilities into public bodies is a key challenge.
and resilience issues related to cloud computing capabilities is prompting many public bodies to innovate, and some cases to rethink, their processes for assessing risk
ï Granular purchase of hardware and software solutions does not provide transparency on governmental level
Cloud computing can address all these issues by ï Enabling rapid and cost-effective procurement of information systems/services for all state
agencies ï Eliminating the duplication of effort ï Reducing risk management costs Cloud computing Definition Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale, over a
network. At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of converged infrastructure and shared services
2. 3. 2 European context On European level, intense activities are carried out for the standardization of concepts related with Cloud
Technologies. In the communication submitted by the European commission"Unleashing the Potential of Cloud computing in Europe",one provides the first definitions and European strategies in this field.
Based on the materials published by European commission, Cloud computing is understood as being a capacity of storing, processing
and accessing data encountered on remote calculation systems. In this model, the users may assign calculation resources almost unlimited for
which they need major capital investments The adoption in private sector of Cloud technologies within the European union exceeds 64%,however
the organizations are still circumspect in implementing them. The general inclination is to use hybrid
ï Standardization of the series of data and informational applications ï Adjusting the terms and conditions for contracts
Cloud computing Approach in Romania Cloud computing has several advantages which also Romanian Government and public authorities can
benefit from. Therefore, we have looked to the couple of European countries who already adopted cloud computing in the public sector
As a conclusion, the dominant cloud computing deployment model in those countries is a so-called G-Cloud (Governmental Cloud), a private or community
Strategic Lines of Development for Cloud computing in Romania Strategic Lines of Development Lines of Actions Description
the data connections, the security platforms (on the level of data centers Responsible: Ministry for
Information Society. All public bodies will adhere to this Line of Action Application of PCU pattern †Unique
The use of Cloud computing technology may support as well the achievement of more general targets, afferent to egovernment
reduction of duplication of databases existent in the public institutions, of web portals used in the interaction
with citizens, and of related complex services used by such institutions as support services. Responsible
forming the core infrastructure Enabler Migration of the already existent services (both those directed towards citizens and those used as
Reduction of number of data centers in the public institutions and consolidation of infrastructure Data centers Consolidation
Enabler Currently, the data centers are encountered within all governmental institutions The result of the action of reducing
the number or the size of data centers will be the centralization within a sole data center with a high
level of availability, security redundancy for protection in case of disasters, protection to data loss etc.
IT services which may be supplied by third parties †in outsourcing business model †must be identified first, and then planned
for migration to the cloud All services which are provided from the data centers in progress of being
consolidated will be submitted to analysis to check which of them must be ï either migrated as such
hardware, software and operations ï Reduction of costs for the migration of services towards new platforms
ï Shifting IT investments to more efficient computing platforms ï Ability to use shared applications for common Government functions (ERP, HR, SCM, GIS etc
government data centers ï Cost savings by providing common services, utilities, and facilities to multiple public institutions
dynamic computing and storage environments ï The IT infrastructure within the cloud that is faster, more secure,
ï Agencies can consolidate servers, departments can consolidate data centers and move to one email system,
and even across different departments services like payroll applications, can be shared ï Improved services for citizens by reducing the time by
which a governmental service is rendered ï Reduction of carbon emissions by optimizing the use of the resources of data center
decommissioning of redundant services and purchase of"green"systems with regards to energy consumption ï Increase of security on the level of data center by implementation of up-to-date, standard and
proved security solutions. Data will be much less prone to loss because the data backup processes
within a cloud environment will render the data much safer Page 56 of 170 2. 4 SOCIAL MEDIA
2. 4. 1 Introduction Preamble We have seen how the social media environment has evolved over the past years, from a communication
channel between citizens to a business marketing tool Social media, together with the wider internet have become useful business tools in other countries
currently helping governments to be part of the conversation. They have understood that they cannot isolate themselves and that they can provide better services
when consulting with and involving the citizen Social media Definition Social media are defined as specific Web 2. 0 communication tools which enables people to interact
generate and share content using the online environment. These social platforms can be seen in several
forms ï Social news: dedicated websites where the user can read about different topics, give feedback by
voting or commenting on the articles ï Social networks: platforms that allow the user to connect
and interact with other people, based on mutual interests and experiences, and also to publish
and recommend content based on personal/public accounts ï Blogs/Forums: platforms that are owned by people, communities or businesses of any kind which
deliver general or personalized content. The difference between them and a website is that blogs
& forums are generally build on free platforms or unique domains and can allow a more direct
Their users and beneficiaries can comment or add articles within these platforms ï Social bookmarking:
websites that allow the user to publish, recommend and comment any kind of content. Bu using the â€oebookmark†function,
the user can find and bookmark sites and information of interest that can be accessed from anywhere and also,
other users ï Photo/video sharing: websites where the user is given the possibility to create,
upload, publish share and receive feedback on photo and video content Social media are one of the most famous and used instruments for creating online communities, based on
shared values and interests. These virtual communities can create, use and share high volume of data and
information, can conduct to creating and developing new social trends and can determine their present
at the beginning of 2014 we know that there are 293 million social media users, of which 193 million accessing social media through mobile devices4.
Otherwise said, 40%of the total European population is represented by active social network users 4 Global Web Index, Q2, 2014 (https://www. globalwebindex. net/)via wearesocial. net
Page 57 of 170 A recent study conducted by TNS Digital Life states that 42%use social media at least once a week, while
27%use social media every day, or almost every day. These percentages give us an idea of how many
people one could reach using social media There are notable differences in the geographical use of social networking and social media technologies
amongst EU Member States; the biggest users of social media are UK, Germany, France, Italy and Spain
However, there is also a generational split as younger people use the Internet less outside social
networking sites in all Member States, while older people who use social networking sites are practically
Page 58 of 170 the same as the percentage of Internet users. The generational split has two main components:
15-39 and over 40. These differences have a major impact on the effective deployment and uptake of social
networking and social media by business and public sector organizations Romania†s intention is to use their good example and drive innovation further in our country, by tailoring
and implementing the good practices used so far, in this field of action. Through this field of action
Romania needs to pursue a revaluing of the current communication process of public entities in Romania
by modernizing communication channels. The context of this approach is favorable in Romania, as recent statistics (published by Quintly. com),
number of users for online media platforms (4. 78%users every 4 weeks Source: https://www. quintly. com/blog/2013/02/facebook-country-stats-february-2013-top-10-countries-lose-users
/Page 59 of 170 2. 4. 3 National context Social media Approach in Romania According to Global Web Index via wearesocial. org, in February, 2014 there were 7 mil. social media users
across Romania. Based on a study published by Eurostat in December 2012,73%of Romanians are using
the internet to read newspapers online. Posting messages on social media occupies with 48%the second
place in the classification of the motivation for using the internet, followed by searching for tourist
services, creation of a website and internet banking, the last reason being claimed only by 8%of users
However, the most common activities in online environment remain the sending/receiving emails and searching for information about goods and services
Public institutions in Romania (Ministries, Municipalities) need to involve the citizen, as their primary customer, in their work, their decisions, research and implementation.
The citizen should be considered the main source for feedback and solution improvement, because he is the main beneficiary of their
Social media and e-petitions are able to increase citizen involvement into the government decisions (acts.
Currently, the Romanian public institutions have low social media representation. Most of those institutions have developed a one way type of communication, reporting information,
Strategic Lines of Development for Social media in Romania Strategic Lines of Development Lines of Actions Description
of social media Operational Structure ï Single web portal with access to all public institutions websites and public services
ï Public institutions websites with real time feedback option implemented Communication ï Smart use of social media
channels: define the user profile, engage and empower him in conversations ï Use of reverse communication
mechanisms: proactive notifications and keeping the citizen in the loop Indicators ï Number of people connected to
public institutions through social media channels ï Number of public initiatives Page 60 of 170
promoted through social media ï Number of ideas, projects validated through relevant conversations facilitated through social media
Responsible: Ministry for Information Society. All public bodies will adhere to this Line of Action
Support of use of Social media for promoting governmental initiatives Promoting public debates Operational Making data available for the citizens
and increase their involvement to participate in public debates for the impact programs The citizen may have needs that
public institutions can†t respond, but which can be solved by initiatives of other citizens Citizen life improvement
promoting open data sets or relevant conversations facilitated through social media Responsible: Ministry for Information Society.
All public bodies will adhere to this Line of Action Support, sponsorship and empowerment of the citizen for
social media communication Support for Open Government Partnership initiative, as social media is in alignment with the three
principles of Open Data Transparency, Participation and Collaboration Enabler Support for use of Big data in public
administration Operational Indicators Number of public initiatives promoted through social media Number of ideas, projects validated
through relevant conversations facilitated through social media Responsible: Ministry for Information Society. All public bodies will adhere to this Line of Action
To embed social media as a mainstream channel used routinely to engage with citizens, business and
internally within the government will help the Government and public institutions to ï Enable the citizens as business partners in creating a better society by
o communicating with the citizens in the places they already are, using the channels that
ï Promoting the information initiatives of SME€ s related to the potential of social media for business
2. 5 OPEN DATA 2. 5. 1 Introduction Preamble Openness is a concept common to open source, open government and open data.
It is both a philosophy of action and a profession of faith, a practice and a goal.
But its application to the field of public data is not obvious. Open Government Data can be used to help the public better understand what the government
does and how will it performs, and to hold it accountable for wrongdoing or unachieved result.
data is a contributing factor to innovation in the private sector. As such, where not in conflict with any
explicit mention in the law, public entities should make their data publicly available The concept of â€oeopen Data†involves making available to public freely data accessible, reusable and re
-sharable. Open Data is applied in fields such as scientific environment and governmental environment Open Data relies on 3 principles
1. Transparency-the data is published by the directly competent institutions and it has to be easy to
understand, amend, reuse and mainly in a standard format in order to allow easy integration in other informational or analysis systems
2. Participation †the data may also be obtained from public demands therefore the citizen -administration interaction is provided
in order to serve their needs 3. Collaboration †open data will provide opportunities to work together (improvement of service
generation of data sets) with natural persons, as well as the groups in the public sector, non -profit, university and private in order to answer the needs of community
Open Data Definition Open data means that data should be freely available to everyone to use
and republish as they wish without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control.
The final goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other"Open"movements such as open source, open hardware
open content, and open access 2. 5. 2 European Context The European commission work in the area of open data is focusing on generating value through reuse of
a specific type of data †public sector information, sometimes also referred to as government data
Page 62 of 170 They are supporting open data for 4 reasons ï Public data has significant potential for reuse in new products and services
ï Addressing social challenges †having more data openly available will help us discover new and
innovative solutions ï Achieving efficiency gains through sharing data inside and between public administrations ï Fostering participation of citizens in political and social life and increasing transparency of government
In accordance with the Digital Agenda for Europe, the Member States can contribute to making open data
a reality through the rapid adoption, transposition and implementation of the revised Directive on the re
-use of public sector information. This will create the conditions for economic activity based on open data and will stimulate cross-border applications
Open Data place among governmental projects worldwide Commitment Activity Focus Area Number of projects egovernment 199
Open Data 190 Citizen Engagement 131 Access to Information/Freedom of Information 93 Budgets & Financial Planning 79
Sub-national Governance 57 Public servants/Civil service 50 Anti-Corruption 34 Procurement 29 Capacity Building/Training 28
Increasing the public access to open data; improving the delivery of public services in electronic format (egovernment;
Open Data Approach in Romania Openness and transparency are the key words on how the Government can be transformed.
The Open Data impact on the perception of citizen related to the corruption of the system of public administration is major due to the free, direct
Freeing up public data and putting it in people's hands can help them have more of a say in the reform of public services
Open data †making available to public freely accessible data, reusable and re -sharable Elaboration of a legal frame related to
the free access to open data †FOI6 Strategic Public open data refers to data
generated or collected by public authorities, which are made available to the citizens to reuse and redistribute
free of charge and in an accessible format The benefits of Open Data proved to be closed to the applicability of using the
information, than its availability. Thus the simple collection of data and presentation of it was not enough, the
added value to which the citizens answered was related to data processing and presentation of structured information in order to
Identification and achievement of the possibilities of combination and data processing Operational Definition and use of relevant standards
and format to be used for presentation of data (for example: open standards Strategic Improvement of the degree of
presentation of civil society and its capacity to use and integrate the 6 FOI †Freedom of Information
information generated by Open Data Enabler support both them and the civil society in taking certain decisions
products of data management, which generates a high efficiency and a lower cost Responsible: All public bodies will
and data sets: The Department for Online services and Design Responsible for training curricula: The Department for Online services and
Data concepts Enabler Identification of the possibilities of attraction of the necessary funds and concluding partnerships with possible
supporters (civil society, data and information donor, investors etc Operational Standardization of procedures Determining a procedure by which the
relevant data sets Enabler The public institutions are required to uniform the format of publication of open
data and the form selected should be adjusted to the public preferences Responsible: The Department for Online
Open data supplied by public institutions should be concentrated within a unique platform on national level
Extend the data sets present on www. data. gov. ro Strategic In order to facilitate public access, the
existent data was centralised in a list and a permanent supervision system was put in place
in order to secure the observance of norms related to open data. The next major step is stimulating the public authorities to upload more
data sets and update them frequently The institutions must insure the at least one quarter of data sets published on
the common platform has a high value Responsible: The Department for Online Services and Design 2. 6 BIG DATA
2. 6. 1 Introduction Preamble Page 65 of 170 Big data is a concept which refers to an informational initiative
which solves the issue related to processing high amounts of data within a limited interval By high amount of data one understands an interval included between dozens of Terabytes and several
Petabytes of information. An additional challenge is the fact that the data sets proposed for analysis have
a high dynamic, forming a set of data â€oein movement†which changes permanently, several times in real
time. The third challenge is related to the format in which such information is encountered and may be
approached, varying between structured, semi-structured formats and non-structured formats The Big data systems may provide information both to governmental organisations and to citizens from
different sources which may be identified as follows ï Paper document (physical environment ï Digital documents ï Points of access to governmental web
ï Websites located on Internet ï Social media ï Operational systems available The information provided by Big data systems does not include personal information or information
restricted by mechanisms of control and confidentiality Big data Definition Big data is the term for a collection of data sets so large and complex that it becomes difficult to process
using on hand database management tools or traditional data processing applications. There's nothing new about the notion of big data,
which has been around since at least 2001. Big data is related with the information owned by your private organization
or public institution obtained and processed through new techniques to produce value in the best way possible
2. 6. 2 European context Data creation is occurring at an unexpected record rate. Market research analysts believes that
organizations that are best able to make real time business decisions using Big data solutions will thrive
while those that are unable to embrace and make use of this shift will increasingly find themselves at a
competitive disadvantage in the market and face potential failure Big data, a general term for the massive amount of digital data being collected from all sorts of sources,
is too large, raw, or unstructured for analysis through conventional relational database techniques. Many white papers, journal articles,
and business reports have proposed ways governments can use big data to help them serve their citizens
and overcome national challenges (such as rising health care costs, job creation, natural disasters and nationals security
At the European level, the improvement of the analytics and data processing, especially Big data, will allow to
ï transform Europe's service industries by generating a wide range of innovative information products and services
ï increase the productivity of all sectors of the economy through improved business intelligence ï more adequately address many of the challenges that face our societies
ï improve research and speed up innovation Page 66 of 170 ï achieve cost reductions through more personalized services
ï get insights from data that can prevent or deter fraud and abuse Currently, the European Technology Platform for Software and Services NESSI, together with partners
from the FP7 project Big, has drafted a Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) on Big data Value
for Europe. The objective of the SRIA is to describe the main research challenges and needs for advancing
Big data Value in Europe in the next 5 to 10 years 2. 6. 3 National context
Big data analytics can improve efficiency and effectiveness across the broad range of government responsibilities, by improving existing processes and operations and enabling completely new ones.
Big data Approach in Romania Concepts Lines of Action Comments Big data-refers to an informational initiative which
solves the issue related to processing high amounts of data an interval included between dozens of Terabytes and several
Petabytes of information), within a limited interval Definition of data sets to be collected Strategic
Challenges ï that the data sets suggested for analysis have a high dynamic forming a set of data â€oein
movement†which changes permanently, several times in real time ï The format in which such information is encountered and
may be approached, varies between semi-structured formats and non-structured formats Responsible: All public bodies will
adhere to this Line of Action Collection of data from multiple sources ï Paper document (physical
environment ï Digital documents ï Points of access to governmental web ï Websites located on Internet
ï Social media ï Operational systems available Operational ï Definition of the analysis process for the data sets
collected Strategic Use the Big data concepts in order to optimize, reduce costs or bring value added services
Example of fields where Big data project have proven feasible -Health (statistical analysis of cases The Government is increasingly
dependant on large variety of programs and services, which Page 67 of 170 telemedicine, etc -Culture
-ecommerce -Security Enabler produce and require massive amounts of data, often unstructured and increasingly in real-time
The benefits of leveraging Big data concepts include -Reduced overpayments -Better fraud and abuse -Improve efficiency
-Improved program integrity and preservation of limited budgets for eligible citizens Page 68 of 170
3 FIELD OF ACTION II †ICT IN EDUCATION, HEALTH, CULTURE AND EINCLUSION 3. 1 ICT IN EDUCATION
3. 1. 1 Introduction Preamble The education landscape is experiencing radical change which is redesign of the existing infrastructure of
computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies and telephony. The benefits are translated into improvement in efficiency and effectiveness of education at all levels and in both formal and non-formal
An advanced digital society requires that most citizens can regularly access the Internet and benefit from
and 60%of people in disadvantaged groups using the Internet on a regular basis, and of reducing the percentage of population that has used never it to below 15
%A forerunner factor of using computers and the Internet in the learning process is the pupil access to these
technologies. Besides the horizontal measures of improvement in the number of broadband connections development of digital infrastructure and increase of digital inclusion, the best practices show as
This kind of education relies mainly on OER resources and Web 2. 0 on learning and evaluation based on
Based on the Eurostat data for 2015, only 1, 6%of Romanian adults (25-64 years) continue to engage in
software (for teaching, testing) will encourage the ICT-assisted teaching and will impose an objective
Using ICT (OER and Web 2. 0) in the learning process and in the Life Long
OER is both an open source of digital content, as well as an opportunity to develop digital interaction with the
Include Web 2. 0 platforms in the learning processes Enabler For a more flexible learning process
technologies type Web 2. 0 across all member countries. This activity requires a flexible education system
within which ICT skills act as core competences Web 2. 0 platforms are currently used for professional development
as well as for enhancing training within the classroom By using Web 2. 0 tools pupils and
students can prepare both complex inter/trans-disciplinary curriculum projects and extracurricular projects to develop social and
Social media sites can be used for documentation on innovative concepts such as"classrooms in the mirror"or distribution of the latest
Web 2. 0 applications for schools Responsible: Ministry of Education with support from Ministry for
provided by the Internet will increase student engagement. Using ICT will also allow the adaptation of
and processing medical data. The increasing processing power of portable devices in particular has led to the development
ï Strengthening and diversifying the unique integrated health information system ï Upgrading and consolidation of nomenclatures (classification of diseases groupings etc.
data (ex. High definition images, sounds, life video transmissions, recordings related to the patient) from one place to another, at a certain distance.
This transfer of medical data might use different types of technologies, including †but not being limited only to the technologies
telephone lines, Internet, Intranet and satellites. Telemedicine is used by the suppliers in a more and more increased number of medical specialties which include the dermatology, oncology, radiology, surgery
In terms of Infrastructure, 97%of the Romanian GP practices use a computer during a patient consultation
and 65%of them use the computer to electronic storage of individual medical patient data. 7
Romania displays its best ehealth performance in the area of patient data storage and the use of a
computer for consultation purposes. Half of Romanian practices register administrative patient data and about one-third of GP practices store at least one type of medical electronic patient data.
The electronic transfer of individual patient data has arrived not yet on the agenda of Romanian GPS.
Only 6%of Romanian GP practices exchange medical data with other careers and only around 2%of the practices
transfer administrative patient data to reimburse via networked connections. The exchange of medical data via networked connections is established equally little:
only 2%of the GP practices participating in the survey reported having exchanged medical data with other care providers while 4%received results
from laboratories this way As of 2010 all public hospitals (427) and all family doctors (over 11500) have a minimal IT endowment.
A survey conducted in 2008 showed that 411 public hospitals subordinated to the Ministry of Health had an
average of around 8 hospital beds per computer, half of them used in clinical and pre-clinical fields
ehealth use by GPS in Romania Source http://www. ehealth-indicators. eu 7 Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2014
electronic transfer of medical data e g. high picture definition, sounds live video transmissions, records, all
medical data transfer can use various technologies, including-but not limited to the following listing
-regular phone lines, Internet Intranet and satellites. Telemedicine is used by providers in an increasing number of specialties including
dermatology, oncology, radiology surgery, cardiology and psychiatry Improving the availability of the telemedicine equipment will
or e-accessibility and data confidentiality Strategic Creating more patient-centric coordinated and accountable care
data Enabler •Healthy life expectancy at birth remains lower than the EU27 Member States 57.1 as compared to 62.2
Data portability and real time updates providing more visibility to government functioning Strategic •According to WB report
•Lack of accurate data on citizens leading to ineffective campaign Page 77 of 170
ï remove duplication of data within the system ï increase the efficiency of the medical and
ï remove redundant data of the system ï improve the process of healthcare delivery ï avoid errors
data generated in the healthcare informatics systems which can be analyzed and used for the
management of the healthcare system†s resources Enabler Using Big data to manage the information generated by the IT
system will help increase transparency and flexibility of the medical system The analysis of the data collected in
the system could establish the level of demand and any potential seasonal factors, which will facilitate
Supporting the effort of digitization of all European cultural content and providing a platform for aggregating
upload them on the Internet. This investment has led to an unprecedented period of technical research
have developed different models and methodologies for Digitization The European Digital Library is the maximum interest focus point of the ITC strategy in the field of culture
requires the right conditions for proceeding with digitization, online accessibility and preservation of cultural content.
ï Monitors progress towards the implementation of the Commission's Recommendations ï Facilitates the exchange of information and good
ï Provides most of the funding for digitization and implement decisions taken jointly at European level
the â€oebiblionet†Romania programme (including voice recognition software and other specialized Internet functions and capabilities such as email, search engines, online music, chat, and radio broadcasts.
with the goal of becoming a specially designated public library branch providing visually impaired persons with access to technology to help them reach their personal and professional goals
Just 19%of disadvantaged people in Romania are compared regular Internet users to 51%across the EU
adults to a range of ICT skills, including email, browsing the Internet, online banking and commerce, and
social media National Indicators pertaining to ICT in Culture In order to estimate the necessary ICT investment in culture,
one considered the estimations published on European union level concerning the digitalization of digital content. With respect to the situation and
Computer access is currently available in around 65%-70%of public libraries in Romania, and our country
the action of digitization of the cultural patrimony of Romania is represented by the preservation of
The digitization of the cultural content specific to Romanian communities will have a major impact on the degree of the citizensâ€
on internet, and with very low preoccupation for traditional occupations †and increasing their interest in traditional practices
App/widget which proposes to its users one cultural event per day based on smart usage of user†s
personal profile and her/his current location Page 83 of 170 Responsible: Ministry of Culture with
ICT infrastructure, easy and affordable Internet usage, generalized ability and easier access to useful information.
which aims to end the digital divide, a term used to describe the fact that the world can be divided into people who do
Ability to access ICT networks does not involve people capacities to use the Internet and ICT equipment or
8 http://ec. europa. eu/information society/activities/einclusion/docs/gdansk roadmap. pdf Page 84 of 170
Social%20inclusion 23%20mai. pdf In 2012, the rate of absolute poverty11 in urban environment was of 2. 4,
9http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/0,,contentmdk: 21948518 menupk: 64282137 pagepk: 41367 pipk:
40941,00. html 10http://www. fonduri-ue. ro/res/filepicker users/cd25a597fd-62/2012 -2020/Dezbateri%20parteneriale/Rezultatele%20analizei%20documentare/03. 06.2013/7.
Social%20inclusion 23%20mai. pdf 11 The rate of absolute poverty represents the share of individuals from households with consumption expenses per adult lower than the
12 http://www. worldvision. ro/downloads/allgemein/Raport bunastarea copilului din mediul rural. pdf Page 85 of 170 In what concerns individuals with disabilities in Romania, their number reached in 2012 about 690,000
Although the tendency of increase of the number of individuals using internet to search for information and
%Degree of using computer, depending on residence Number of individuals, aged between 16-74 years using the computer, depending on residence
Residence Year Variation 2007 -2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total 6, 847,343 6, 719,591 7, 464,651 8, 325,674 8, 401,940 23
between the two areas of residence, due to reduction of prices of computers in recent years, migration of
13 Eurostat, Raport BMI-Romania Telecommunication, 2011 Page 86 of 170 groups targeted for social inclusion
Internet usage at the regional level Strategic Promoting the system of â€oelearning together†Operational Involvement of HR services within
databases as an opportunity for informal education Enabler Provide trainings on the methodology of developing digital
4 FIELD OF ACTION III-ECOMMERCE, RESEARCH-DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION IN ICT 4. 1 ECOMMERCE
4. 1. 1 Introduction Preamble The online services play a more and more important role in the everyday life of the European union
information, communicating by means of the social networks, etc..The electronic commerce continues to increase significantly, even in the context of the actual economic crisis.
Europe use ecommerce service ecommerce Definition ecommerce (Electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet
especially the World wide web. Electronic commerce or ecommerce is currently a catalyst for other technologies, such as: electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, internet marketing, social
media, electronic data interchange. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is used sometimes 4. 1. 2 European context
Online Internet penetration and purchasing still differ in the various parts of Europe, according to the
maturity of the market, the level of trust, the availability of offers, the penetration of reliable payment
options, reliable and affordable delivery, Internet-usage and penetration, and consequently, the number of e-shoppers
European B2c ecommerce is developing extremely well. In 2010 Europe overtook the USA, the biggest
market in the world until then. The total Gross domestic product (GDP) of Europe in 2012 is estimated to
have reached around 16 trillion Euro, of which the GDP of the EU28 was just over 80%.
%ecommerce Europe estimates the share of the European Internet economy at 3. 5%,a percentage that is set to double
by 2016 and to triple by 2020 The development of the electronic commerce will generate concrete benefits for the consumers, in the
2. Lack of information of the online services operators and lack of protection of the internet users
purchasing an item over the internet should be a flexible process, facilitated through e-commerce 4. Too numerous abuses and litigations which are difficult to be solved
Approximately 35%of internet users avoid using online commerce channels due to this factor. Also, the financial costs related to the micro-payments are considered to be
ecommerce Approach in Romania The Eastern European region, led by Russia, has shown an impressive 32.6%growth,
Ecommerce Europe, 2013: e-sales of goods and services National Indicators pertaining to ecommerce According to the data provided by Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2014 for Romania, only 8%of population aged
between 16-74 years has used the internet in 2012 for the acquisition of goods and services for personal use
in Romania However, the overall trend registered a small increase; this increase started in 2006,
when only 1%of the population used the internet for the performance of online shopping,
followed by a fluctuant evolution during the following years. Until 2008 the value of the index increased to 4,
In Bucharest, 14%of population aged between 16-74 years used the internet for online shopping in 2011
Regarding the ecommerce use by the business environment, in 2013 only 9%of SMES and 13%of large
Strategic Lines of Development for ecommerce in Romania Strategic Lines of Development Lines of Action Comments
The main informatics risks and threats can be classified based on several criteria. So, a first criterion
ï Data integrity †intended alteration of the stored data or of the data transmitted inside
the electronic commerce systems ï Data availability †intended blockage of the data flows transmitted inside the
electronic commerce systems ï Data authenticity †intended modification of the stored data or of the data transmitted
inside the electronic commerce systems ï Data confidentiality †accessing personal data stored or transmitted inside the
electronic commerce systems All the risks and threats mentioned above represent critical situations which can affect in a first instance
citizen trust in the utilization of the electronic commerce systems Preparation of the strategy and of
the framework with respect to the copyright in Romania, for the support of the development of the
commercial sector with digital content (Strategic Responsible: Ministry for Information Society Support from an ICT prospective of
aligning the tax collection systems †ex. VAT, so that they will not represent a barrier for the e
-commerce development in Romania. (Enabler Responsible: Ministry for Information Society Increasing the level of information
and of the e-commerce users Improve the access to the online services (Operational Responsible: Ministry for
operators and internet Thus, the online services operators can benefit from important and relevant information by means of
15 Eurostat-Individuals making purchases over the internet, 2013; Eurostat-Individuals purchasing over the internet by regions
2012 Page 90 of 170 platforms such as Enterprise Network Europe, and the internet users may be protected through
access to Consumer Protection Cooperation network systems (by assuring the protection of personal data, by promoting the specialized
web sites for the comparison of the products provided online and by the development of Trustmarks
Support for the development and implementation of the payment and online delivery systems Responsible: Ministry for Information
number of telephones â€oesmartphoneâ€) in Romania amounts 2. 5 million and will reach up to 7. 5 million in 2015 based on
Smartphones provide instant internet access, the consumers wanting in this context real-time transactions ï m-wallet †represents the
transformation of the mobile telephone in a virtual wallet which might contain: bank cards, which can be used both in the online
/mobile commerce, as well as in the traders†locations which are equipped with POS, discount coupons, identity cards etc
the ITC sector, 47.2%of the overall turnover recorded in 2011 is generated by the Telecommunication sub
-sector, 24.8%by the Software and IT services sub-sector, and the rest of 28.0%is assigned to the Hardware
sub-sector At the beginning of 2011, in Romania, 14,595 of SMES activated in the ITC field, representing approximately
http://www. insse. ro/cms/files/publicatii/Romania%20in%20cifre %202012. pdf Page 94 of 170
connection at speeds of above 30 Mbps and only 50%could be covered with connections at speeds of
over 100 Mbps with a penetration rate of 26%,significantly lower than the one specified in the Digital
•Thirdly, the Commission adopts various measures within the Radio spectrum Policy in an effort to provide sufficient spectrum for future mobile broadband,
recognizing the increasing use of mobile and Wireless internet •Fourthly, the Commission adopts initiatives to ensure that in the European union ther are
available sufficient funds for development in areas that are underserved. If in densely populated areas("black")operators are ready to invest
(i) access to speeds of above 30 Mbps for all Europeans, and (ii subscription of internet connection above 100 Mbps for 50%or more of European households.
These goals will only be achieved if the infrastructure deployment costs are lowered across the EU 5. 1. 3 National context
state-of-the-art telecommunications networks, assuring nationwide coverage. For this purpose, the construction of fiber-optic networks will be promoted, with national coverage and a wide spread of
as close as possible to the end user and with appropriate levels of symmetry and interactivity, to guarantee a greater two-way transmission of information.
advances developments of the wireless communications sector in Romania, we envisage that these networks will be integrated and thus complement existing wireless infrastructure constructed according to
New Generation Wireless technology (e g. LTE), allowing for mobility, and extending the levels of access
coverage Thus the primary objective of the National Plan for the Development of NGN Infrastructure is the
Broadband internet connections 10. 6m connections (2012 Number of fixed telephony lines 4. 43m (2012 Subscribers to rebroadcasting services 6. 03 M (2012
According to ANCOM€ s biannual reports, the demand for broadband Internet services recorded a genuine boom starting from 2006 †with respect to both fixed and mobile technologies
%Romania also provides a broadband Internet coverage for 90%of total population, and 78%coverage for rural area
level of a database regarding public properties, in view of favoring the identification of future sites for networks and
elements of the electronic communications networks •The simplification of the authorization procedure for the construction of electronic
%Share of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and service activities in information technology overall the turnover of enterprises with
TIC main activity %24.8%30.5 %Share of the turnover of enterprises with main activity of telecommunication overall
the turnover of enterprises with TIC main activity %47.2%49.8 %Turnover of the activity of editing software products and service activities
in technology of information (mil. lei 9959,5 11361,1 Share of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and
service activities in information technology overall the turnover of economic activity %1. 0%1. 1 %Source: http://www. insse. ro/cms/files/publicatii/Societatea%20informationala%202014. pdf
Active SME€ s ITC€ in Romania At the beginning of the year 2011, in Romania 14.595 of SMES were activating in the TIC field
representing around 3%of the overall number of SMES registered and active in Romania during the same
ecommerce Based on the data supplied by Eurostat, the percentage of population aged between 16-74 years who
used the internet in 2013 to purchase personal goods and services in Romania was of only 8%,increasing
the value registered in 2012 of 5%.Overall, in this field it is noticed a slow increase,
only 1%of population was using the internet for purchases, followed by a fluctuating evolution during the
internet for shopping in 2011 was of 14, %registering a significant increase opposite to the value of 7
broadband internet connections on fixed points. If in June 2010 the value of such index was of 2, 93 million
within 2 years, until June 2012, the overall number of broadband internet connections on fixed points
reached 66%,with 55%of population shared subscriptions with at least 30 Mbps and 25%of subscriptions
were with at least 100 Mbps. The Mobile broadband take-up is 41%in total subscriptions per 100 people
The 4g mobile broadband coverage is as a 25%of total population Digital Division between urban and rural, Romania
20 Eurostat-Individuals making purchases over the internet, 2013; Eurostat-Individuals purchasing over the internet by regions
2012 Page 106 of 170 Penetration rate on every 100 inhabitants 26,1%8, 8 %Broadband internet connections on fixed points(%of overall number
of connections 76,9%23,1 %>144kbps<2mbps 1, 2%0, 5 %>=2mbps<10mbps 15,4%5, 6
In 2013,45%of the population was using the Internet regularly (at least once a week), significantly below
%Internet users on a daily basis has reached in 2013 a 32%score Furthermore, a huge 42%of the population has used still never the Internet,
more than double the rate for the EU average of 20%.%With regard to disadvantaged people, the rate was 24%,30%points below the
broadband internet connections on fixed points. If in June 2010 the value of such index was of 2, 93
million, within 2 years, until June 2012, the overall number of broadband internet connections on fixed
%This form of digital divide has been and will be for several years included on digital agenda of development of Romania,
In what concerns the report between the households with access to internet and those with access to
out of 14%households with access to internet only 5%had broadband connection, in 2013,56%of
In 2013, the coverage of fast broadband, of minimum 30 Mbps was of 55%and the minimum of 100 Mbps
Access to Internet in Romania 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Inhabitants with access to internet(%)38%42%47%54%58
%Access to internet from home(%)28%31%36%N/A 46 %Access to internet from workplace(%)10%11%12%N/A 14
%Access to internet from institutions of education(%)6%6%7%N/A 7 %Access to internet from other places(%)3%2%3%N/A 3
%Source: Eurostat, 201321 Socio-demographic profile of internet users in Romania ï In 2013, just over half of the Romanian households (52.9%)have Internet access at home, the
majority (73.2%)located in the urban area ï In 2013, the Internet connection was most widespread among households located in the region
Bucharest-Ilfov (72.5%of households had followed Internet access at home by the regions West and North West (58.3%and 56.9%),Southeast (51.2%)and Central (49.5%).
%)The lowest share of households with Internet connection is in the North East (45.7%)and South Muntenia (47.2
%ï The main segments of Internet users opposite to their occupational status are those of skilled/unskilled workers (20%),pupils/students (19%)and engineers, physicians, architects
professors and economists (15%.%The proportions are almost identical in case of users using fixed connections, whereas the Internet users using mobile connections come significantly as well from
the category of contractors, free-lancers, managers or administrators (13 %ï Most of internet users come,
without significant differences between those using fixed or mobile connections, from the households formed of 3-4 individuals (59%),with a higher share of those
with three members Mobile broadband penetration has increased but it is still at insufficient quotas and fixed high-speed
Internet remains still a privilege of big cities. In 2012, third generation mobile broadband (HSPA) was
available to 96.2%of Romanian population (96.3%in the EU). Meanwhile, 4th generation (LTE) was
available only for 23.6%of population, compared with the EU average of 26.2%.%The take-up rate of
In 2013,5%of citizens in Romania made use of the internet for egovernment services. Out of these, 2%of
users returned to the Government authorities filled forms On the level of enterprises, 63%of Romanian enterprises are using the Internet up to the 3rd degree of
sophistication †transactional egovernment services for interaction with public authorities (which is below the EU27 average of 87%)and almost 20%are submitting offers through SEAP
21 http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/information society/data/main tables Page 108 of 170
23 http://www. insse. ro/cms/files/ISI/publicatia si 13. pdf Page 110 of 170 Page 111 of 170
http://www. insse. ro/cms/files/publicatii/Romania%20in%20cifre%202013 ro. pdf Administrative division of Romania, December 31 2012
1temporary data 2 Including member of an agricultural society or of an nonagricultural cooperative Source:
Data calculated for people of work age (15 †64 years Source: Statistical research of work force in households (AMIGO
3temporary data â€=Missing data Source: Eurostat survey, 2012 & 2013 Page 121 of 170
Household coverage with access to internet %Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 UE-27 66 70 73 76
Austria 70 73 75 79 Belgium 67 73 77 78 Bulgaria 30 33 45 51
2temporary data â€=Missing data Source: Eurostat survey, 2012 & 2013 Page 123 of 170
APPENDIX 3 †SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT FOR EGOVERNMENT AND INTEROPERABILITY Strengths Weaknesses The existence of a strong ICT (Information and
the informatics systems The insulation of the public institution†s computerisation The lack of certain investment programmes with a
of a unique identification of the users The relatively reduced number of computerised public services depending on their level of sophistication
The solution involving granular acquisition of hardware and software does not provide transparency at governmental level
Opportunities Threats and constraints The development of an infrastructure for the egovernment of the public services
Computing and the data centres†management Increase of the utilisation of the online media for the
informatics The absence of the population†s trust in the cybernetic security of the online systems
the interoperability between the informatics systems implemented at national level and for the improvement of cybernetic security
ï Support for the use of open sources and standards for future facilitation and assurance of
interoperability of the informatics systems ï Introducing technologies such as Cloud computing and of unitary management systems of data
centres for the decrease of administrative expenses and for increasing the effectiveness level of public administration
ï Use of the social media for communication improvement both within governmental institutions as well as for support of activities developed by the private sector†s representatives
Increase in the internet use within the rural environment The computerisation of the pre-academic system, by
The development of the infrastructure for internet access in Romania The utilisation of the OER and Web 2. 0 technologies for
educational purposes, providing flexibility to the educational process The intensification of the transnational collaboration between universities
ï Development of flexible OER and WEB 2. 0 technologies and their utilisation for educational
internet utilisation among all groups of inhabitants and among all the regions of the country The opportunities which were identified at the ICT level in education will be used partly to propose a
ï Preparation and promotion of the OER and Web 2. 0 instruments†usage for continuous training
Providing computers for the family practitioners The absence of a national registry of the persons who suffer
The limited utilisation of the informatics systems The lack of coherent collection and analysis of the data
resulted from the healthcare†s informatics system Low level of interoperability for the applications in the
healthcare system Insufficient informatics support (telemedicine) for the customers †citizens and patients The lack of availability of the medical practitioners†with
increased ICT competencies Opportunities Threats and constraints The development of the informatics infrastructure in Romania, in order to be able to support the ICT
utilisation The development of certain regional, national and European e-Heath projects Standardisation in compliance with the EU Directives
The existence of a significant volume of data generated in the healthcare informatics systems which
can be analysed and used for the management of the healthcare system†s resources The sub-financing of the healthcare system
ï Increase of informatics support granted to the population by means of promoting and implementing telemedicine technologies, both for the relationship between the doctors as well as
ï Provision of the interoperability of informatics systems in the healthcare field, targeting the utilisation of common standards for the performance of the pan-European communication of
ï Utilisation of certain Big data technologies for the review of data generated by healthcare informatics system and reporting of these data so that they will stand for management and
assignment base of the available resources etc Detailed conclusions are described in the second field of action
competencies among the users The degree of provision of the cultural institutions with ICT equipment
SWOT FOR ICT IN ECOMMERCE Strengths Weaknesses The awarding of funds available through the EU 2014
software The rapid launch of the new products The existence of fake web sites The acceptance of the new on-line payment systems by the
phones, tablets etc The preparation of technologies for the monitoring of the fraud attempts of the payment systems and the
unique identification of the users The increase of the competitiveness, the development of a competitive environment, having a result
Informatics fraud and criminality The lack of universal acceptance of the bank cards Significant fiscal system differences between the member
ï Improvement of the level of informing the online service operators and of the internet users ï Support for development and implementation of online payment and delivery systems in order to
ï Easy resolution of abuses and litigations specific for the ecommerce system by means of special
artificial intelligence The increase of the volume of transferable data between the ICT systems The development of new working places by means of
the development of the sectors with competitive regional advantages such as the ITC sector The development of the industry driven research
3g mobile coverage (96%)and the most recent fast development of LTE coverage, driving fixed to mobile
substitution However, the low purchasing power, the demographic structure of the population as well as the low e-literacy of the
older population result in low penetration of Internet connections even in grey and/or black areas;
Deployment of 4g networks requires significant investment and operators are prudent in coverage plans (Romania has
good 3g coverage but below average for 4g Page 136 of 170 further developments of the market
Centers and IT/Software development hubs as well as providing cloud services to the rest of the European
data in the ID 2. Handing the stamp necessary to vote 3. Choosing the candidate
2. Registration of data in the register of Local Public Finance Public service High Oct 2013
Registration with a library 1. Communication of personal data 2. Filling in a library sheet, based on
the personal data indicated before 3. Registration in the database of a library Low ï 11309
libraries in 2012 Source: National Institute of Statistics Looking for a job 1. Submitting an application to be
recorded in the data base of ANOFM 2. Submitting a resume 3. Selecting the areas of interest
3. Programming 4. Receiving confirmation ï 1, 358 health units in 2011 of which 464 hospitals
2. Submission of data to identify parents 3. Issue of birth certificate High ï In 2008
and Databases Marriage 1. Making an appointment at the registry office 2. Presenting the necessary
sure that all the necessary data is collected for the following phases and that the project will
ï§Evidence of stakeholder involvement and feedback from the targeted users requesting the initiative through the means of consultation
ï Monitor †This phase in the lifecycle of an initiative will check progress against the planned targets
purposes, the Ministries will send consolidated data for each initiative to the Technical Economic Committee in a format published by the Ministry for Information Society in which the status of the
ï Ensure that the necessary data is collected for the Monitoring and Evaluation phases Page 154 of 170
ï Monitor ï Statement ï Current dimension ï Current Performance ï Policy Context ï Process Analys is
1 http://ec. europa. eu/europe2020/pdf/csr2014/csr2014 romania en. pdf Page 155 of 170 Architecture initiative, being one of the most important factors of the business perspective of the
Government Enterprise Architecture †the core initiative for egovernment ï Creating the legislation and operational framework for implementing Government Enterprise
Business, Data, Application, Technology and People perspectives. The main objective of the Government Enterprise Architecture will be to define a uniform set of standards, policies and
o Creating the necessary legal framework with clear ownership for services, data and initiatives o Creating the as-is map with public systems available or in the implementation phase
o Creating the to-be roadmap for public administration in terms of Business, Data Technology and Applications that adheres to the Digital Agenda Strategy
Framework should be reducing the number of redundant data sources in public administration and increasing the ability to provide services that are cross-organization by using standard data
formats PURPOSE: NATIONAL INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK BENEFITS: ENSURE INTEROPERABILITY BETWEEN NATIONAL SYSTEMS. ADHERE TO BEST PRACTICES.
Software Delivery Process, Design Guidelines for the Public Entities, necessary key data points for any public service, system lifecycle management, infrastructure management
ï C1-Center on user needs †All public services exist to server their customers, their needs and
identify all types of potential users, understand what they want and need and create or reform
make them easier to user and also increase the collaboration between public entities. This can be met only by planned and systematic
Users should have a choice of service delivery in terms of payment methods, location of points of
The users of a public service should be able to quickly identify what kind of services are available,
data or processes in order to ensure trust in that specific public service ï C6-Be accessible-Identify and work to eliminate barriers to access to services for people
productive for both the internal and external users. A public service should be able to demonstrate how it can contribute to national,
In order to make the Technical Economical Committee fully operational, a series of information systems need to be created.
The first system is the National Register for Information systems (NRIS), which will hold general and
specific information pertaining to information systems in Romania (Authority, Description, Funding Technical Components, Supplier, Integrations with other systems, Lifecycle status, Exceptions etc..
data available to the general public and to other public entities. The committee will use this system for
The second system, National Register for Data and Metadata (NRDM), will act as the repository for data
data sets and types of data handled by a specific project. This system will evolve into automated access gateway to all the National Registers.
will ensure that the appropriate owners of data at the Government level are responsible and accountable
for data which they provide. Clear responsibilities for data sets and data types will be identified and defined by the Technical Economical Committee and steps will be taken to safeguard against public
entities using data sets which are provided not by the responsible bodies BENEFITS: KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR DATA TYPES AND DATA STANDARDS.
REDUCING OVERLAPPING RESPONSABILITIES ON THE DATA IN ROMANIA RESPONSIBLE: TECHNICAL ECONOMICAL COMMITTEE SUPPORT: ALL PUBLIC ENTITIES
TIMELINE: END OF 2016 Governing rules for Broadband Infrastructure ï Mapping and a detailed analysis of the coverage
ANCOM to implement a mapping of the national telecommunications/broadband infrastructure as per obligations imposed by Law 154/2012
ï Public consultation All measures will be communicated publicly and public consultation will allow stakeholders and public
Special Telecommunications Service Ministry of Health Ministry of Transport Ministry of Public Finance Ministry of Agriculture
Romanian Association for the Software and Electronics Industry National Association for Internet service providers Association of Producers and Distributors of ITC Equipments
Romanian Association for Telecom Operators Association for Technology and Internet EOS Foundation Romania First Workshop
-Cloud computing in public sector -Fast access †internet broadband -Presenting the socioeconomic study for the Digital Agenda Romania
-Debate & Conclusions Date April 11th 2013 Third Workshop Agenda -Presenting the draft version of the National Strategy for Digital Agenda in
Mbps Subscription s to fixed broadband above 100 Mbps SMES to make online sales Population to
buy online cross-border Population to buy online Among disadvantag ed people Regular internet usage
overall Population that has never used the internet Citizens using egovernme nt Returning completed forms
%related public services Life Events brought on 4th level of online sophistication (from the 36 Life
Events with user satisfaction above 3 on a scale from 1 to 5 †User
Satisfaction Surveys are in the responsibility of each project owner indirect indirect indirect direct indirect direct indirect indirect indirect direct direct
Mbps Subscription s to fixed broadband above 100 Mbps SMES to make online sales Population to
buy online cross-border Population to buy online Among disadvantag ed people Regular internet usage
overall Population that has never used the internet Citizens using egovernme nt Returning completed forms
%of citizens/businesses using the online services pertaining to Life Events to obtain information direct indirect indirect direct indirect direct direct direct indirect direct direct
%of users using the online services for Life Events for complete electronic transactions direct direct indirect direct indirect indirect direct direct direct direct direct
%of data registries implemented pertaining to Life Events from the overall data registries of Life Events
indirect indirect indirect direct indirect direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect %of applications reused within
Mbps Subscription s to fixed broadband above 100 Mbps SMES to make online sales Population to
buy online cross-border Population to buy online Among disadvantag ed people Regular internet usage
overall Population that has never used the internet Citizens using egovernme nt Returning completed forms
%of staff costs related to IT services from an overall budget for each entity direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect
private data indirect indirect indirect direct direct direct direct direct indirect direct direct Achieve a Cluster 3 rating for
on Big data direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect direct direct #of public initiatives promoted by
social media direct indirect indirect direct indirect direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect #of companies supported related to
communication by social media direct indirect indirect direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect Page 167 of 170
Mbps Subscription s to fixed broadband above 100 Mbps SMES to make online sales Population to
buy online cross-border Population to buy online Among disadvantag ed people Regular internet usage
overall Population that has never used the internet Citizens using egovernme nt Returning completed forms
#of data sets and reports available for public use direct indirect indirect indirect direct direct direct direct direct direct direct
#of social projects/applications developed using open data direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect direct direct indirect indirect indirect
#of applications developed using Big Data databases direct direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect
%individuals using the internet regularly direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect
%individuals from the category of those disfavored using the internet direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect direct indirect direct direct indirect
%of pupils trained with TIC skill. indirect direct direct direct direct direct direct direct indirect direct direct
Web 2. 0 in education direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct indirect direct indirect
Data databases direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect %of data registries identified and
implemented direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect #of applications performed based
on Big data direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect Page 168 of 170
Mbps Subscription s to fixed broadband above 100 Mbps SMES to make online sales Population to
buy online cross-border Population to buy online Among disadvantag ed people Regular internet usage
overall Population that has never used the internet Citizens using egovernme nt Returning completed forms
#of localities and medical centers benefiting from telemedicine services direct direct direct direct indirect indirect direct direct indirect direct direct
Data databases direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect #of digitized units of cultural
%individuals using the internet regularly direct direct direct direct indirect indirect direct direct indirect indirect indirect
those disfavored using the internet direct indirect indirect direct indirect direct direct direct indirect direct direct
used the internet direct indirect indirect direct indirect direct indirect direct direct direct direct Page 169 of 170
Mbps Subscription s to fixed broadband above 100 Mbps SMES to make online sales Population to
buy online cross-border Population to buy online Among disadvantag ed people Regular internet usage
overall Population that has never used the internet Citizens using egovernme nt Returning completed forms
%of pupils trained with TIC skill. indirect indirect indirect direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect direct direct
Web 2. 0 in education direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct indirect direct indirect
Data databases indirect indirect direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect %SMES which receives orders online direct direct indirect direct indirect direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect
%individuals who use the internet to order goods and services from other countries members of the UE
%individuals who use the internet to order goods and services direct indirect indirect direct direct direct direct direct indirect indirect indirect
Mbps Subscription s to fixed broadband above 100 Mbps SMES to make online sales Population to
buy online cross-border Population to buy online Among disadvantag ed people Regular internet usage
overall Population that has never used the internet Citizens using egovernme nt Returning completed forms
%of individuals who have developed competencies, certifications by means of ICT communities developed through the improvement of the ICT innovation
#of active connections-Mobile Internet access direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct
#of broadband internet connections direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct
internet broadband (at least 30mbps indirect direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct direct
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