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Dublin Institute of technology ARROW@DIT Articles School of Marketing 1996-01-01 Perceived Barriers to Innovation in Small to

Mediume Enterprises (SMES Thomas Cooney Dublin Institute of technology, thomas. cooney@dit. ie Follow this and additional works at:

http://arrow. dit. ie/buschmarart Part of the Marketing Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of

Marketing at ARROW@DIT. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of ARROW@DIT. For more information

please contact yvonne. desmond@dit. ie, arrow. admin@dit. ie This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution

-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. 0 License Recommended Citation Cooney, T. 1996) Perceived barriers to innovation in small to mediume enterprises (SMES.

Irish Marketing Review, Vol. 9, pp. 87-97 Dublin Institute of technology ARROW@DIT 1996-01-01

Perceived Barriers to Innovation in Small to Mediume Enterprises (SMES Thomas Cooney Recommended Citation untitled

INNO-Grips †Global Review of Innovation Policy Studies http://www. proinno-europe. eu/innogrips2

published on the INNO-Grips website Acknowledgements We would like to thank the experts who reviewed the exposã and interim draft of this Policy Brief:

Diversification and clustering of SMES for future growth...74 5. 5 Israel: Envisaged targeted support for high-growth sectors and SMES...

6 Findings about company (non-)growth from the IW Future Panel...81 6. 1 Methodological explanations...

Questions about (non-)growth in IW Future Panel...106 Annex 3: Worldwide policy initiatives for high-growth SMES...

Consistent statistical data is missing Comparable international data about high-growth SMES are missing, so that a consistent picture of

their prevalence cannot yet be drawn. The OECD -Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme found that in 2006,

European countries for which data were available A Eurobarometer study found that in several Euro -pean countries the share of high-growth firms in

clustering of SME business activities. Diversifica -tion policy initiatives focus on supporting SMES to move (1) up the technology ladder,(2) between

Findings from the IW Future Panel According to the IW Future Panel, a survey of sev

-eral thousand German enterprises, the single most important reason for growth stated by high-growth

For example, while the US are home to companies such as Google, Microsoft and Ama -zon which are all fairly young

in order to become the Googles, Microsofts or Amazons of tomorrow. The Euro -pean Commission†s â€oeinnovation Union†Communication of October 2010, one of seven flagships of the

data, theoretical ideas and empirical results. Chapter 4 analyses current policy developments, focusing on European and national policy approaches as well as specific issues related to entrepreneurship, access to

8 See the results of a Flash Eurobarometer survey in Gallup Organisation (2009), p. 5

Matrix of main data sources for INNO-Grips Policy Brief 2 Quantitative focus Qualitative focus

Primary data collection ï Representative enterprise survey (CATI ï INNO-Grips case studies and case briefs

Secondary data analysis ï OECD and Eurostat databases ï Data from industry associations ï Existing case studies from various

sources ï Literature evaluation (desk research 12 Research and development do not necessarily have to take place, considering for example user entrepreneurs who

develop solutions for their own interest and then start selling them because they discover others are interested in

their solution as well. Hint from Philipp Koellinger, study guide for this Policy Brief 13 Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics, â€oepolicyâ€, accessed 2 may 2010

ï Internet research with key search words such as â€oehigh-growth enterprisesâ€, â€oegazelles†Data from various secondary sources is used here not only for exhibiting numbers of high-growth enterprises

but also for other indicators such as venture capital provision Primary data collection The description of examples of successful support of high-growth innovative companies is a key element of

this Policy Brief. Chapter 5 includes three extended case studies about policies for high-growth SMES in

This panel includes several thousand German companies that replied to a written questionnaire providing information about their

issues of human capital, access to specialised technology and business consulting, R&d clustering technology scouting to identify R&d projects with commercial potential, technology transfer, and an

However, the study concludes that â€oefrom the nature of the data collected and the limited number of examples

unsatisfactory statistical data From a scientific point of view data availability is always unsatisfactory, but measurement of entrepreneurial

activity, including high-growth SMES, apparently remains particularly difficult. Internationally comparable data are scarce. The most notable initiative to make international data on entrepreneurship available may be the

joint OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme (EIP) launched in 2006. Some key findings from the EIP are presented in the following,

supplemented by data from other sources OECD The EIP provides data about high-growth enterprises

which may be taken as a proxy for data about high -growth innovative SMES. Data are available for 15 countries,

divided by manufacturing and services. 19 The most recent data available at the time of authoring this Policy Brief were for 2006.

For this year, Bulgaria was on top for both manufacturing (8. 6%high-growth enterprises) and services (8. 2%)†see Exhibit 4. The fol

-lowing countries were Italy (8%/7. 9%),Estonia (7. 1%/5. 6%),Brazil (6. 9%/5%)and the USA (5. 9

%/19 See OECD (2009), pp. 28-31 Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6

high-growth enterprises, the USA were nevertheless ahead of most other European countries for which data

Among the countries for which data are performed available, Bulgaria best (2. 3%gazelles in manufacturing, 1. 9%in services.

A Eurobarometer survey in 2009 of more than 9, 000 companies provided data for all EU-27 countries. 20 As

the denominator and the data source is different from the OECD data, both datasets cannot be compared.

-20 9, 063 companies were interviewed by telephone in the EU, Croatia, Iceland and Norway. Eligible respondents were

the related data 21 See Veugelers (2009), p. 2. The largest US companies were taken from the Financial times Global 500 of 2007, the

Firm-level data was provided by the Zentrum fã r Europã¤ische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim, Germany

Bruegel report are founded Microsoft 1975, the US€ fourth largest R&d spender), Amgen (1980, tenth largest in R&d) and Cisco (1984, 12th in R&d.

and contraction in Europe and the US, drawing from a purpose-built database of business growth in the period from 2002-2005 with individual records for six million businesses.

Companies like Microsoft, Genetech, Google and Facebook not only grew rapidly but also stimu -28 For recent studies on the issue of determinants of firm growth see Moreno/Casillas (2008;

A population survey of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010 in 21 innovation-oriented countries asked whether starting a company is considered an attractive professional option and whether successful

A Kauffmann Institute study of the US economy in 2010 with data for 2007 contained 5. 5 million firms.

longitudinal data sets found that â€oethe profitable low growth firms are both more likely to reach the desirable

and 26 by GIF2 at an average cost of 600,000 euro. 61 No valid data for

Fund), France (Gazelles Programme, France Gazelles fund), Ireland (High tech Startup programme Netherlands (Growth Accelerator â€oegroeiversnellerâ€),

/69 See Symbion homepage, English version, at http://symbion. dk/index. php? id=815 Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6

-ample in environmental technology, biotechnology, power efficiency and mobile information technology. The Program has created a specialized â€oebio Accelerace†for early stage biotech projects

It also tracks baseline data for its per -formance, such as employees, revenue growth and number of customers.

75 See https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php 76 See http://www. tem. fi/?

The core of the team is made up of the account manager from the regional office in charge and an advisor

from the IW Future Panel do however not confirm the importance of coaching for growth. 85

core technology becomes obsolete within a few years. Management often does not understand how to make

above, 86 the Canadian Industrial Technology Advisors, 87 and the coaching element of the German High tech

http://ventureconnection. sfu. ca/index. php?//grow/nrc irap industry technology advisors ita /88 Directly translated: â€oehigh Tech Start-up Fundsâ€;

Furthermore, findings from the IW Future Panel (see Section 6. 2) indicate that difficult access to finance is not a primary reason for non-growth of companies at least in

of growth finance can hardly be based on solid data. â€oeaccess to finance†for entrepreneurs and young busi

-nesses, both debt and equity capital, is one area where there is scarce availability of comparable data

often reliable data are not even available at the country level. 96 92 Definition of the European Venture capital Association, see http://www. evca. eu/toolbox/glossary. aspx?

The Eurobarometer survey quoted in the following provides insightful data and it is based on almost 10,000 interviews,

the operational level, the European commission established a permanent SME Finance Forum to monitor 98 Murray/Hyytinen/Maula (2009), p. 153

Website informing entrepreneurs about where to seek finance for certain stages in the life of an enterprise in a certain region may be helpful when all pieces

-cal data for EU companies, the report shows that â€oeinnovative companies are more likely to exportâ€, that â€oethey

Brief. 124 Finally, findings from the IW Future Panel (see Section 6. 2 of this Policy Brief) support the impor

The relationship between internationalisation and clustering may be of particular interest, since local clusters are seen often as breeding grounds for innovation.

-pean and national level. 126 One could assume that clustering and internationalisation mutually reinforce each

clusters and the relationship between clustering and internationalisation cannot be dealt with in depth in this Policy Brief, this finding strongly points to the importance of internationalisation for innovation

for example for operating the website and search tool, for promotional and informational local events as well as for advisory services e g. about EU

-tween clustering and internationalisation; see http://www. proinno-europe. eu/tactics 128 Dahl Fitjar/Rodrã guez-Pose (2011), p. 5

EEN provides an internet-based business platform to facilitate companies†networking activities. However SMES€ deeper participation in such platforms may be limited for several reasons:

-bile information technology The case studies conducted for this report provide some information about sectoral foci of policies for high

and clustering of SME business activities. Diversification policy initiatives focus, among other items, on sup -porting SMES to move between industries (new business activities in related industries) â€

/143 See http://ec. europa. eu/research/fp7/pdf/communication on simplification 2010 en. pdf 144 Minniti (2008), p. 788

-ios about the combined effectiveness of general SME policy and high-growth SME policy. In any case, such

Websites (English versions to ease readers†follow-up †Korean versions were used for this case study ï Korea Credit Guarantee Fund (KODIT:

http://www. kodit. co. kr/html/english/about kodit/intro/object. jsp ï Korea Federation of Small and Medium Business (Kbiz:

sub-programme named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade. SPRING collaborates with trade development agencies to assist promising local businesses with gov

named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade. Exhibit 5-5 provides an overview of the

to run core and expanding operations of the company. EIP seeks to expose local university and

Micro United Network Pte Ltd (http://www. microunited. com. sg) provides voice, video and data

through internet protocol product distribution services for multinational corporations. The com -pany was incorporated in 1999 in collaboration with an India-based technology company that

had years of experience in running niche distribution for internet-based products and solutions The company has business representations in countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand

service firms that assist start-ups in outsourcing their non-core work plays a significant role in the growth of

Websites ï Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR: http://www. a-star. edu. sg

<http://www. mof. gov. sg/budget 2010/download/FY2010 FLYERS FOR BUSINESSES. pdf >ï Singapore's National Day Rally 2010, Part 2:

http://blogs. straitstimes. com/2010/8/29/national-day-rally-part-2 ï SPRING Singapore http://www. spring. gov. sg

http://www. spring. gov. sg/Aboutus/AR/Documents/ar2009 2010/pdf/9-building-growth-enterprise. pdf

which data are available †when a combination of venture capital 150 See Cooper (2009 Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6

minimum of 20 employees or to 10 million Canadian dollars (CAD) in sales or both There is currently a critical shortage of capital for technology based firms.

-lapsed from a peak of 5. 9 billion CAD placed in 2000 to just over 1 billion CAD in each of the past three

-lion CAD in 2009 to 300 million in 2010.154 Description of Canadian capital Financing Market Business Angels:

According to the Canadian Angel Investment Network their members are currently investing over CAD 3 bil

VC investments by the VC community in Canada have decreased from a peak of CAD 5. 9

billion dollars in 2000 to just over CAD one billion dollars for each of the past three years (2008-2010.

over CAD 5 million dollars over 75%of the funds come from foreign sources. However, the total foreign

sources have dropped from 41%in 2007 to 26%in 2008 with CAD 549 million dollars to only 22%of the

154 See Thompson Reuters 2011 slide 18, http://www. canadavc. com/files/2010englishoverview. pdf 155 See http://www. angelinvestmentnetwork. ca/about

CAD 334 million dollars in 2nd quarter 2009. In the federal budget 2010, the regulatory requirement for for

funds but there is no data available to measure the investment performance of this group of funds

venture capital (CAD 18 billion dollars) between 1995 and 2005 showed much higher levels of gazelles crea

%For firms (193) known to have received VC funding CAD 1. 6 billion dollars including the

though they had the data, the review did not assess the presence of high growth firms or gazelle aspects. 160

http://www. nap. edu/catalog. php? record id=11963 160 See: An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at the Department of defense (2009

http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65 Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6

http://www. cvca. ca/files/Downloads/Government involvement in the vc industry intl comparisons may 2010. pdf 163 See Hellmann 2005 study Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6

If Europe plans to put programming into place for which SMES will be expected to apply,

http://www3. imperial. ac. uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/52835696. PDF ï BDC Annual Report 2010-http://www. bdc. ca/en/Documents/annualreport/AR ROLE ACT BDC 10. pdf and

http://www. bdc. ca/en/Documents/annualreport/AR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS BDC 10. pdf ï Brander, Du and Hellmann, 2010 June:

The Effects of Government-Sponsored Venture capital: International Evidence ï CVCA, Canadian Venture capital Association (2009: Why Venture capital is Essential to the Canadian Econ

http://www. cvca. ca/files/Downloads/CVCA VC IMPACT STUDY JAN 2009 FINAL ENGLISH. pdf 2010 October ï CVCA (2010) and Kirk Falconer (2010) Thompson-Reuters. See

http://www. cvca. ca/files/News/CVCA Q4 2010 VC PRESS RELEASE FINAL FEB 16 2011. pdf and http://www. canadavc. com/files/public/Reseau%20capital 02-11 %20english. pdf

ï Cooper, Denys (2009: High Growth and Survival of Government Funded SMES with Venture capital in Can

http://www. cvca. ca/files/Downloads/Government involvement in the vc industry intl comparisons may 20 10. pdf ï Gompers/Lerner (2004: The Venture capital Cycle, Chapter 13

http://www. google. ca/#hl=en&biw=958&bih=444&q=lerner+impact+sbir&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs rfai=&fp=23e

9afdc1c4696ce ï Hellmann, Ilyaszade and Lee, 2010 An Evaluation of the Venture capital Program in British columbia

http://strategy. sauder. ubc. ca/hellmann/pdfs/Hellmann%20schure%202010%20venture%20capital%20report. p df

Awards-U s. Small Business Administration Tech-Net Database; Responses-NRC Phase II Survey and NIH Phase II Survey and updates. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/bookshelf/br. fcgi?

http://www. nasvf. org/pdfs/VCFUNDSREPORT. pdf ï Venture Impact: The Economic Importance of Venture capital Backed Companies to the U s. Economy, 2008

-companies-to-the-u-s-ec. html ï Wessner, Charles W. ed.)(2009: An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at the

(Available at http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65 Websites ï Ontario programs:

http://www. ovcf. com /ï Quebec programs: http://www. newswire. ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/03/c6611. html

ï BC Tax credit: web article: http://mikevolker. com/2010/09/b-c-investment-tax-credit-program /Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6

74 5. 4 Japan: Diversification and clustering of SMES for future growth Summary Although the fall out from the 2008 Lehman brothers collapse continues to skew the Japa

-nese government†s SME (small and medium-sized enterprise) policies towards finance and employment safety net issues, the strategic line of discussion in 2010 gravitates around the

diversification and clustering of SME business activities. Diversification policy initiatives focus on supporting SMES to move (1) up the technology ladder (product development),

Clustering policy initiatives focus on promoting (1) local clusters, such as regional linkages among small and medium manufacturers, and (2) network

and clustering policy initiatives, the government†s 2009 New Growth Strategy (Basic Policies Toward a Radiant Japan identifies SMES as an engine for future high economic growth

-nology and information technology, employment and human resources, and financing Addressing barriers to access finance Beyond its regular annual reports, the SME Agency has been active recently in commissioning numerous

(1) technology development and IT (information technology) adoption and (2) new business activities Further policy fields Further important fields of current Japanese SME policy include the following

http://www. npu. go. jp/policy/policy04/pdf/20100706/20100706 newgrowstrategy. pdf ï New Growth Strategy (Basic Policies) for a Radiant Japan.

http://www. npu. go. jp/policy/pdf/1230sinseichousenryaku e. pdf ï Teikoku Databank Ltd. 2009. Survey of Networks of Transactions.

According to the OCS data most of the grants are provided to high growth SMES, though the OCS makes great efforts to increase the

(2) projects to upgrade traditional industry, aimed at developing new technology or products;(3) co

The companies that received Magneton support come from different high tech fields, such as communication, biotech, software, new materials.

An evaluation of Magneton found that most of the pro -jects approved and funded by Magneton were considered successful by the industrial partner,

Websites ï Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor (MOIT), http://www. moit. gov. il ï Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS), http://www. moit. gov. il/Cmstamat/Rsrc/Madaanenglish/Madaanenglish. html

ï MATIMOP-the Israeli Industry Center for R&d, http://www. matimop. org. il /ï http://www. moit. gov. il/NR/exeres/6bd93006-D1f7-4244-BD58-96c5dc05a5df, frameless. htm

6 Findings about company (non-)growth from the IW Future Panel 6. 1 Methodological explanations

About the IW Future Panel A specific set of questions about reasons for growth and non-growth of SMES, commissioned by the INNO

-Grips, was included in the 16th wave of the IW-Zukunftspanel (IW Future Panel) of IW Consult, the consulting

Companies in the IW Future Panel are more innovative and more export-oriented than the av

In all surveys of the IW Future Panel the enterprises are asked about their growth by employment and turn

Other items with outstandingly high percentages may confirm this interpretation of the data. 83%of the high

Reasons for high growth of companies in the IW Future Panel 31 49 71 0

Reasons for non-growth of companies in the IW Future Panel 39 10 4 0

Reasons for growth of young high-growth enterprises (â€oegazellesâ€) in the IW Future Panel 23

Improving the data base for company finance A further issue is the data base on which policies to enhance finance can build.

Access to finance for entre -preneurs is an area with scarce comparable data across countries (see section 4. 2. 2). In order to ensure

evidence-based policies for high-growth SMES, the European commission could seek to further improve the development of related databases

180 See European commission (2010), p. 14-15; see also EVCA (2010), p. 13 181 The EC launched a â€oeconsultation on a new European regime for venture capital†in June 2011

Here again SMES have to scan the EEN technology database or to subscribe for the EEN

This is not a very user friendly solution and does not favour increased SME participation in FP7

open call topics †not just open calls †and technologies from the EEN database ranked by relevance.

The access to meta-data would be straightforward. It would empower the user to discover new knowledge and open opportunities

without having to process extensive data and information from various sources. In this way, the EEN could

contribute more to SME growth and possibly high growth Improving the understanding of combined innovation and internationalisation policies

these factors and their interplay are difficult to monitor, policies favouring specific types of companies are

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007 Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneur -ship. GERA: London. Available at http://www. gemconsortium. org/download. asp?

fid=606 Autio, Erkko (2007b: Support Initiatives for High-Growth SMES: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for

http://ec. europa. eu/cip/files/docs/eip-final-evaluation-report en. pdf Cunningham, Paul (2008:

Available at http://repec. imdea. org/pdf/imdea-wp2011-05. pdf Davidsson, Per; Steffens, Paul;

Available at http://www. ifn. se/Wfiles/wp/wp733. pdf INNO-Grips (2011: Summary of the expert workshop â€oepolicies in support of high-growth innovative SMES€

Available at http://www. proinno-europe. eu/sites/default/files/IG-WS2 HIGH -growth smes summary v1. 0. pdf

Janczak, Sergio; Bares, Franck (2010: High growth SMES: The Evolution of the Gazelles and Some Evi

http://www. tem. fi/files/24929/Innoevalfi full report 28 oct 2009. pdf Gallup Organisation (2009: Access to finance. Analytical report.

Available at http://www. tem. fi/files/29659/TEM KASVUYRITYSKATSAUS 2011. pdf Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6

and interpreting innovation data. The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities. Third edition. A joint publication of OECD and Eurostat

Download at http://www. oseo. fr/oseo/oseo in english2 (accessed 19 october 2010 Parker, Simon C.;Storey, David J.,Witteloostuijn Arjen van (2005:

http://www. dur. ac. uk/resources/dbs/businessschool/research%20paper012. pdf. Also in: Small Busi

-europe. eu/sites/default/files/newsroom/2010/12/Innogripsii report barriers. to . internationalisation. a nd . growth 0. pdf Shane, Scott (2009:

Why encouraging more people to become entrepreneurs is bad public policy. In: Small Business Economics, Volume 33, Number 2, pp. 141-149

http://www. kauffman. org/uploadedfiles/high-growth-firms-study. pdf Storey, D. J. 1994. Understanding the Small Business sector.

Available at http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF ENTREPRENEURSHIP REPORT 2011. pdf Wiklund, Johan; Patzelt, Holger; Shepherd, Dean A. 2009:

Websites Allan Martel Consulting: http://www. allanmartelconsulting. com, last accessed May 2011 Autorola: http://www. autorola. co. uk, last accessed May 2011

https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php, last accessed May 2011 Exponential. Training & Assessment, EU Projects:

ISI Web of Knowledge: http://www. isiwebofknowledge. com, last accessed May 2011 Korea Eximbank: http://www. koreaexim. go. kr/en2/index. jsp,

-cnrc. gc. ca/eng/ibp/irap. html, last accessed June 2011 NESTA. Making innovation flourish, Investment criteria

Questions about (non-)growth in IW Future Panel The following questions were included in the IW Zukunftspanel (IW Future Panel) in spring 2011.194

Note: The interviewees filled in the questionnaire online; no computer-assisted telephone interviews Nr. Basis Question/Information Answers

1<Filter for companies growing 20%or more in each of the previous three years

Country Name of activity, organisation Objectives and main characteristics Website Focus level EU Denmark Accelerace

sites/accelerace/engli sh /**Estonia Arengufond â€oethe Development Fund performs risk capital investments into the starting and growth-oriented technology com

http://www. oseo. fr/os eo/oseo in english2 **Ireland High Potential Start-up (HPSU Funding by Enter

html ***Gazelle Valley by High-tech Incuba -tor in Xi†an The High-tech Incubator in Xi†an set up a Gazelle Valley in May 2007 to support the

html ***Singapore Spring Singapore Spring Singapore is the government statutory board responsible for growing local SMES

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