Digital technologies and the Internet have transformed many areas of business †from Google and Amazon to Airbnb and Kickstarter.
Huge sums of public money have supported digital innovation in business, as well as in fields ranging from
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using
networks †where they connect their devices, such as phones and Internet modems, to collectively share resources and solve
which was founded in 2000 as a response to the lack of broadband Internet in rural Catalonia
where commercial Internet providers weren†t providing a connection. The idea was to build a †mesh network†where each
person in the network used a small radio transmitter that functioned like a wireless router to become a node in the Guifi net
and provides Internet connection to those who would otherwise not be able to access it 6 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
The Internet is approximately 40 years old, and its capacity for generating societal and economic value is understood relatively well, yet its potential for solving large-scale
good, even though the web itself was founded at CERN to further a vision of scientific knowledge sharing.
the web†s incredible growth, the use of platforms like Facebook to serve social good has
therefore, exists at the heart of the Internet. Despite the existence of a technical networking layer that could spread power
impressive success stories in obtaining a global reach, in particular campaigning sites such as Avaaz and parts of the collaborative economy and the maker movement.
context of Future Internet in Europe EXPLORING DSI NETWORK EFFECT PART PART PART 4 5 6
Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe 15growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
of the network effect of the Internet i e. that the benefit of a network and its
costs), as the Internet is increasingly the technical underpinning of the sociotechni -cal fabric of our societies
-ed by the Internet and 2) the level of online services built on top of these networks. Metcalfe†s Law,(i e. that the
like widespread smartphone usage For example, despite the Internet being a military-funded research project and the
web a scientific project at their inceptions the Internet and web were based on open standards and a radically decentralised
architecture that could be harnessed by any actor. So the Web was able to reach a
critical mass of connectivity so that both commercial entities (like Google) and noncommercial entities (like Wikipedia
were able to exploit the â€oenetwork effect. †Beyond the Internet, many new technol -ogies such as open hardware may have
positive network externalities. Â This network effect applies in a straight -forward manner for some services such
as social networking sites like Facebook and sites that require large user-bases like Wikipedia or Airbnb,
but it may not apply easily to some other services such as e -democracy platforms, caring networks and
local currencies. For each kind of social -ly innovative service, we want to de -termine how they can maximise their
impact using the infrastructure made available by the widespread usage of digital tools such as the Internet
There are many cases of DSI being spread throughout society and we attempt to define and cluster these in this report.
They include: the collaborative economy, local exchange and trading systems, digital currencies, and awareness networks
Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe 16 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
mediated attention, the Internet forms a natural digital substrate for collective intelligence Looking forward, collective intelligence is
-ment, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive
to the Internet globally in the next ten years, whilst over twenty billion objects will be connected to the Internet, trans
-mitting data coming from people, sensors the environment and objects themselves However, we cannot expect the Internet
by itself to drive innovation to help citi -zens address major societal challenges If we observe the Internet during its early
phases when it was funded primarily by research and defense, its founding princi -ples, such as network neutrality, equita
web browsers to be implemented over dif -ferent underlying platforms, avoiding pro -prietary systems and vendor lock in on the
web. This was a hard and contested battle which turned out to be the best way to do
-etary social networks, big data providers implementations of the Internet of things is convenient for users but also â€oelocks us
-cess to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary †app stores. †The lack of standards forces
A main Internet trend-threat is recognised today: an increasing con -centration of power in services in the
of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search
market, Facebook dominating the social networking and identity ecosystem, while Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the
Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applica -tions worldwide; Facebook has enabled
the building of thousands of apps and helped people to connect and organise However, one danger is that firms cap
INTERNET IN EUROPE The world wide web became successful because it was built on a set of royalty-free open stand
by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives Take for example the commercial success
of Google: Google has built already one of the world†s largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results
and can repurpose their technology in or -der to expand into other data-driven ser
The future of the Internet should remain pluralistic, so that there is space for DSI alongside commercial services in the
Digital social innovation could play a central role in the development of the Future Internet and
Free Content Blogs Social networks E-democracy PEOPLE SOCIETY COLLABORATION DISTRIBUTED BIG BROTHER Commercial services Entertainment (eg.
IPTV DRM-heavy apolitical INDIVIDUALISM BUSINESS COMPETITION CENTRALLY CONTROLLED Open and distributed digital ecosystems to foster grassroots social innovation
align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs and that decentralise power to citizens
A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the †Big Brother†scenario, with big industrial
Internet ecosystem. Even more worrying, the latest NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass
Delivering a web service, Network, Research project, Research project, Advocating and campaign -ing, Maker and hacker spaces, Investing and Funding, Event, Incubators and Accelerators, Advisory or expert body, Education And Training. 3 Technology
Nesta research documented how 25%of UK adults used Internet technologies to share assets and resources in 2013 †20146
create and share on the web. It achieves this through two primary activities, Ouishare. net and collaborative economy events.
In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access
Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of
Openspending encourages transparency and accountability, whilst participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress developed by the OECD facilitate
Openspending is a data sharing community and web application that aims to track every government and corporate financial
with the support of the Open Ministry to mobilise a minimum of 50,000 votes for the proposal, primarily through social media
D-CENT is developing a decentralised social networking platform for large-scale collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen
and implement open social web standard standards, contributing to the W3c Federated Social Web Working group
32 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where
Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social network -ing, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,
-serving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards open data, free and open software and open hardware
Important developments to re-decentralise the Internet, leveraging P2p open technolo -gies, are happening at many levels.
For instance distributed social networking projects such as Diaspora, Status. net or easy-to-run servers like arkos â€
and accessibility of the Internet infrastructure Many activities in this space are driven by grassroots networks, like Observe Hack
of the Internet infrastructure. It includes projects that are using bottom up privacy-preserving and
model for the Future Internet across Europe and beyond, where communities of citizens build, operate and own open IP-based networks, a key infrastructure for individual and
telecom companies or by local governments tend to follow a well-known centralised net -work architecture and operation model,
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the †democratisation†of the access technologies, reducing
social networks, p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe and experiment with services and protocols.
and obstacles regarding Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks The Guifi. net initiative is developing a free,
open and neutral, mostly wireless telecommunication community network. It started in Catalonia in 2004 and as of January 2012 it has more than 15,300 working nodes,
Guifi. net is connected to the Catalan Internet Exchange (CATNIX) as an autonomous system (AS) via optical fibre with IPV4 and IPV6
Guifi. net COMMUNITY NETWORKS The work by Tor on creating secure, privacy-aware and crypto tools that bounce Internet users†and websites†traffic
through †relays†run by thousands of volunteers around the world, making it extremely hard for anyone to identify the source
Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
-vited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens.
and geo-tagging functions on their smartphones help the research project measure global levels of light pollution,
combine or turn into web -based or mobile applications that citizens may find useful. The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly
set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil
today use blogs, wikis, social networks and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives,
Commons4eu, partners got together to explore the development of collaborative web projectsâ and bottom-up broadband technologies15.
-tidisciplinary research projects are the Network of Excellence on Internet Science EINS), that aims to integrate multidisciplinary scientific understanding of Internet
networks and their co-evolution with society, and the Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICS), promoted by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology
Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly avail -able so that anyone can study,
equipped with sensors that capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a Wifi
anywhere/anytime access to the Internet, and to new services So-called Cyber Physical Systems (CPS),
-ing of embedded ICT systems both with one another and with the Internet, is giving rise to what has been named as Industry 4. 019
WEB SERVICE RESEARCH PROJECT EDUCATION AND TRAINING NETWORK ADVOCATING AND CAMPAIGNING EVENT INCUBATORS AND ACCELERATORS
part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before
Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of rela
the case of the DSI social network col -lected in this study, the nodes in a graph
social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in de -tail. The graph of the networks is given
Internet in order to accomplish innova -tion at scale by the network effect. We can define scale in terms of †scale-freeâ€
Digital Social Innovation website could introduce innovators to both other local innovators and innovators sharing similar
Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Innovation and innovation policy are not
new to the European union. Delivering on the Europe 2020 objectives of smart and inclusive growth depends on research
and innovation as key drivers of social and economic development and envi -ronmental sustainability. The European
the telecommunications regulatory en -vironment, modernising copyright rules simplifying rules for consumers making online and digital purchases, enhanc
Smart Cities, the Future Internet Public -Private Partnership Programme (FI-PPP and the European Cloud computing
The development of the Future Internet is addressed mainly through a number of technical projects, such as the FI PPP23
Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches
A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is the bottom-up, human-centred approach that is characterised by emergent forms of
community intelligence. Relevant bottom -up initiatives are the Collective Awareness Platform for Sustainability and Social
Innovation (CAPS), Web entrepreneurs young entrepreneurs in the field of active and healthy ageing, digital champions, in
-ture of social networks with a methodo -logical approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process
most social networks, Futurium participa -tory tools offer several features to sup -port collective foresight, such as scenario
social network Distributes and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy
Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish
decentralised social networking public identity management and encrypted email service The Internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current
Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the layers of the
ecosystem (app store, cloud machine learning, devices), and are imposing their rules of the game. Europe needs to invest in
future infrastructures that reflect the European values, support SMES and civic innovators and deliver public good.
the creation of the internet, the R&d fund -ing at CERN led to the invention of the
Web) Encourage people to think about Who could implement it (European Commission, national governments, mu -nicipal etc
we†ll email their pledge back to them af -ter six months (this keeps people on their
Magna carta for the Internet Enabling open infrastructures Innovation Labs Incubators & accelerators Knowledge sharing & networking
Magna carta for the Internet Enabling open infrastructures Innovation Labs Incubators & accelerators Knowledge sharing & networking
is supported the Google programme Google for Entrepreneurs36 that in 2011 created a campus where innovation and start-ups can meet
The Impact Hub of Vienna37 is a network of several cities across the world which, according to their websites,
The Internet is the best example of the power of interoperability. Its open architecture has given billions of
people around the world access to information, the possibility to add (web) content and services themselves, access to devices and modular applications that talk to one another
OPEN PLATFORMS Users of the Internet ecosystem include the independent application and service provid -ers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in
a raw and processed form, as well as access to computing resources). Any privileged access provided to the owner/managers of the infrastructure would alter free competi
Currently the telecoms single market proposal has being reviewed by the Council member States) of the EU
Federated Social Web â€oedo-not-track†technologies should be implemented in order to give users control over their social data and sensitive information, to make it easier for businesses to
An important effort towards a federated identity system Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop
The federated web standards will also be implemented within the EC-funded D-CENT Project59 that is piloting federated social applications for participatory
Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry) and go (no barriers
A Magna carta for the Internet Tim Berners Lee, the inventor of the Web is advocating for a sort of Magna carta for the Internet to estabilish basic rights
and freedoms, to keep the Internet open, without surveillance and censorship, and to halt power abuses from Governments
and corporations. The Magna carta for the Internet goes along with recent UN General assembly (UNGA) resolution on The
Right to privacy in the Digital Age. 68. A Magna carta for all Web users could be directly crowd-sourced from the Web itself
engaging effectively in multi-stakeholder processes Distributed and open architectures Community and bottom-up networking 5. 3 RESEARCH AND INNOVATION SUPPORT
Community and bottom-up networking is an emerging mode of the Future Internet, where communities of citizens can
commercial telecom companies or by local public providers. As shown by the European project Confine and Bub for
and management systems, distributed secure Clouds, distributed search, and federated social networking It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole
new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments
This should include the use of social networking platforms, independent media and other news applications. For instance, the elaboration of a newsletter or creating a DSI
strategy blog would be a helpful instrument to spread the message from the European Commission and to provide updated information about policy deployment
Wide Web Foundation81 illustrate examples of how this could be captured and measured. Another metric to focus on could
formerly nationalised telecommunications companies, as well as national research institutes and traditional universities. Building on existing schemes, such as innovation partnerships and PPPS with bigger telecommunications corporations, new schemes
could be created to provide financial support for large-scale DSI experiments across Europe. This could involve making it easier
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website, and in
or consortia of these to compete with telecommunications corporations to for public contracts 3. Support the scaling of DSI, through reuse and repurposing of existing solutions, by encouraging (and where possible making
and future Internet infrastructures At regulatory level, The Digital agenda emphasises the need to adopt open standards and interoperable solutions to
Daniel Kaplan Founder and CEO, The next-Generation Internet Foundation Simona Levi Founder, Forum for the Access to Culture and Knowledge
11 http://www. nesta. org. uk/sites/default /files/good incubation wv. pdf 1 Combinatorial innovation means
â€oedoes the Web Extend the Mind†available online at: http://www. ibiblio org/hhalpin/homepage/publications
/websci2013-halpin-web-extend-the-mind pdf and published as Harry Halpin â€oedoes the web extend the mind?
†Proceedings of the ACM Web Science Conference (2013): 139-147 3 Over-the-topâ is a general term for
service providers that develop services that are utilized over a network that is owned by traditional network operators
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness
platforms: Engines for sustainability and ethicsâ€.  Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE 31.4 (2012): 54-62
/sites/digital-agenda/files/IA4SI%20 %E2%80%93%20fact-sheet%20 v02. pdf Nesta and Young Foundation Discussion
/sites/default/files/event/attachments /Copy%20of%20generating social Innovation%20v4. pdf Innovation platform. Measurement for policy
Social network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press D. Watts and S. Strogatz (1998
/45 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Knowledge commons 46 http://bit. ly/1kivc4h 47 http://www. w3. org
standpoint, see the Communia website http://bit. ly/V2knnk 50 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki
/Reinventing innovation policy Policy Tools and Action 20 http://ec. europa. eu /information society/digital-agenda
/25 http://www. internet-of-things -research. eu 26 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda
51 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki /Interfaz de programaci%C3%B3n de aplicaciones 52 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki
/Extensible markup language 53 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki /Resource description framework 54 http://linkeddata. org /55 http://www. w3. org/TR
/rdf-sparql-query /56 http://www. theopeninter. net /57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Dataportability
58 http://www. w3. org/Social/WG 59 http://dcentproject. eu 60 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki
/Hypertext transfer protocol secure 61 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki /Red privada virtual 62 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /End-to-end encryption
63 https://abc4trust. eu /64 http://www. ftc. gov/system/files /documents/reports/data-brokers
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http://www. e-living. net/sites/default /files/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg
Page 35 Brendan Lea (2013) â€oeopen Data Institute Annual Summit 2013†online Flickr Open Data Institute Knowledge for
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http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Arduino#mediaviewer/File: Arduino316 jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 47
//budgetparticipatif. paris. fr/bp/jsp/site /Portal. jsp? document id=133&portlet id=100 Accessed 29th january 2015
com/2013/04/10/web-2-0-vs-web-3-0 -what-really-Is accessed-the-difference
http://do. minik. us/blog/oecd bli Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 85 online http://caps2020. eu Available
Palm smart phones and ipod digital audio players (mp3 players). ) An action learning framework for professional development was designed and
Personal mobile devices such as ipods and mobile phones are now ubiquitous amongst student populations in university, but many university teachers are less than confident in their use.
concepts and news bulletins with mobile phones;(3) Situated learning-activities that promote learning within an authentic context and culture (e g.,
the problematic use of mobile phones in schools (e g.,, Campbell, 2005) and the social and cultural shift in
combined mobile phones and PDAS) and ipods, in tertiary education. Originally, the project was focused on three devices commonly used by university students:
mobile phones, PDAS and mp3 players However, at the time, more and more mobile phones were incorporating PDAS into their functionality so
it was decided to use a hybrid of these two. Specifically, the project aimed to 1. Investigate the potential uses or †affordances†of the smartphone and ipod
2. Engage teachers from a Faculty of education using an action learning professional development framework to explore
through a dedicated website and a published handbook 5. Implement the professional development activities for mobile learning across other faculties at the
University of Wollongong and disseminate in web-based template form to other universities across Australia and overseas
The following questions framed the research 1. What are the technology affordances of smartphones and ipods for teaching
and learning in higher education 2. What are appropriate strategies for the professional development of higher education teachers in the
pedagogies related to the use of mobile phones (smartphones with PDA functions) and ipods. The project was conducted in four phases over two years,
for university teachers, the design of 12 pedagogies to be implemented with either the phone or the ipod
appointed, and a prototype project website was created. The leadership team, together with professional development and IT experts, met fortnightly for planning and monitoring,
smartphones and Apple 30g ipods were purchased by the University from Teaching and Learning funds for use in the professional development workshops and implementations with students in classes.
additional head phones and card readers. All participants in the project were issued with both an ipod and
of smartphones, and mp3 players in higher education m-learning professional development What are appropriate
phones mp3 (ipods •Investigation of technology affordances through research literature experts, and location of best practice
Web-based learning Literacy education Reflective practice Adult education •Final project conference to present findings
project website •Publication of edited book •Long-term evaluation Products from each phase Phase 1
Website of exemplars and strategy descriptions Phase 4 Final conference Edited book Project report Final public website
Evaluation Reeves & Hedberg 2003 Review of literature and existing initiatives Formative evaluation of PD workshops
project website Effectiveness evaluation of 12 learning environments Effectiveness evaluation of whole project Peer review of
smartphone for use prior to the commencement of the implementations with classes, so that they could
project website At the end of Phase 1, the project structures had been put into place (i e.,, project management, team
meetings, project website), a literature review had been conducted, and the educational affordances of the devices had been investigated and reported
communication from one site to another. When teachers had designed their learning tasks, they were able
blogs, content analysis of artefacts, and so on, to investigate the nature and effects of the pedagogical
supports and assessment items) and uploaded descriptions of pedagogies to the project website Proceedings ascilite Melbourne 2008:
and the project website. A final 2-day conference was held after all cases had been implemented and evaluated at the end of the second year of the project.
The project website also includes succinct case study descriptions and exemplars of the pedagogies developed for the m-learning devices.
conference papers and workshops, on the website and through other means such as listservs and electronic newsletters
a project website, literature review created as an Endnote library with embedded papers, a searchable catalogue of educational affordances of the mobile devices, a
updates for the website to reflect the progress of the project, creating a system to monitor and maintain
The project website served as a focal point for the project activities, schedule and resources. In each
phase, the substantive value of the website grew, both as an important communication device and as a
and the technology affordances page for the ipod on the project website Proceedings ascilite Melbourne 2008:
Web pages from the project website Conclusion Although general guidelines on the use of technology have been delineated by MCEETYA (2005
Campbell, Marilyn A. 2005) The impact of the mobile phone on young people's social life.
Adult educators†authentic use of smartphones to create digital teaching resources In Hello! Where are you in the landscape of educational technology?
teachers†action learning within a web environment. In P. Kommers, & G. Richards (Eds.),Edmedia
Mobile phones, Japanese youth, and the replacement of social contact. In R. Ling, & P. E
Mobile phones and the New zealand Youth. A report of results from the Internet Safety Group†s survey of teenage mobile phone use.
Netsafe: Wellington, NZ Norman, D. A. 1988. The psychology of everyday things. New york: Basic books Oliver, R,
Email: janh@uow. edu. au Please cite as: Herrington, J.,Mantei, J.,Herrington, A,.Olney I,
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