Synopsis: Ict: Communication systems: Telecommunication:

innovation, †available for download from<http://www. youngfoundation. org > 2006 Tagore LLC innovations/spring 2006 145

much greater than are cars, telecommunications, or steel. These growing social sec -tors are all fields in which commercial, voluntary,

Wikipedia and the Open university; holistic health care and hospices; microcredit and consumer cooperatives; the fair trade movement

The institutions pioneered new social models such as phone-based health diag -noses, extended schooling, and patient-led health care. 2 This tradition of practical

or the Internet to strengthen local communities. Indeed the Internet is now generating a host of new business models that are set to have

enormous impact in the social field. 7 Other possibilities may derive from new organizational forms,

(which combined the telephone, nurses, and diagnostic software; magazines sold by homeless people; the linkage of gay rights

The web-based com -pany Innocentive, for example, offers cash rewards for innovators who have work

-phones and a tiny contract with the neighboring police station A key virtue of quick pro

as with the telephone); what became Wikipedia was a failure in its first outing In business, people talk of the â€oechasm†that innovations have to cross as they

pass from being promising pilot ideas to becoming mainstream products or serv -ices. There are likely to be quite long phases

Internet, innovations can spread very quickly, and indeed there can be little point in doing local pilots

because the economics of web-based pilots may make it as inexpensive to launch on a national or continental scale.

than just a telephone counseling service; the ECT Group in the U k. started as a

venture units (like Nokia; some grow through acquisition of other innovative companies as well as their own innovation (Cisco for example;

Email<editors@innovationsjournal. net >The Process of Social Innovation 5. CIDA believes itself to be the world†s only â€oefree, †open-access, holistic, higher educational facili

Andrea Vinassa writing on<http://www. workinfo. com/free/Downloads/243. htm>(accessed May 24,2006

9. See Global Ideas Bank,<http://www. globalideasbank. org/site/home/>./>The top 500 ideas that

will change the world are at http://www. globalideasbank. org/site/store/detail. php? articleid=178

/MIT Community Innovation Lab<http://web. mit. edu/cilab/>;/>ETSU Innovation Lab http://www. etsu. edu/innovationlab

send an important email You indicate you want to take the quickest most expensive route

Location aware smartphone detects 10 o†clock meeting and calls driverless car to pick you up

social media give them the access to their world that would once have been associated with cars. â€

however, SMES are networked heavily in a web of business and social links with their suppliers, clients,

and information over Internet links enabling networked transactions, and the distribution of all the digital †objects†present within the infrastructure.

ICT networks, social networks, and knowledge networks. The networked connections enabled by the Internet and the World wide web grew along

the links of the preexisting and underlying social, professional, collaboration, and business networks between governments, researchers, businesses, companies, and friends.

from the single computer to the local area network (LAN) at ï rst, and eventually to the global Internet.

Networked computers motivated the development of distributed architectures and shared resources, culminating in the peer-to

social networking with a process rather than an event. This required the integration of the technological approach

Microsoft to Google. It looks at new institutional and transaction costs economics (Coase, ï oe937;

over the Internet. Crowdsourcing has been used the ï rst time by (Howe 2006 ï oeï oe) http://www. openmoney. org.

and therefore also to the Internet and its applications/services. It was remarked by Lessig when he observed that â€oethe code is the law of cyberspaceâ€

The Internet†s structure determines how the Internet is regulated. The Internet†s role in innovation, based on

â€oethe remarkable social impact and economic success of the Internet is in many ways directly attributable to the architectural

The Internet was designed with no gatekeepers over new content or services The Internet is layered based on a,

end-to-end model that allows people at each level of the network to innovate free of any central control.

the Internet has created a platform for innovation. Cerf, 2005 In a similar way, the eï €ort in developing the architectural principles upon

is fundamentally an extension and a conceptualisation of the evolution of the Internet and of the Web

The Web is engineered an space created through formally speciï ed languages and protocols Berners-Lee, 2006

In the Web, due to the pressure of user needs, we see a continuous evolution of the protocols and artiï cial languages

semantic web stack of W3c. 23 In the ecosystem metaphor this research activity can be described as the phylogenetic

The cathedral of the Semantic web is replaced by a bazaar of descriptions and formalisms. The Digital Ecosystem can support such a bazaar of fragments of knowledge at

Semantic web Stack and how to express business deï nitions for business use (to represent policies, practices and

¢perceive to exist is mostly what exists in the media or on the Internet. The information,

infrastructure and middleware, the software services and applications, all the attendant web technologies, and all the software development, requirements capture,

The software engineering approach and the Semantic web approach are based on the description of some aspect of

in most technological ï elds, is actually rather obviously the basis of the Web 2. 0 phenomenon.

Access to code allows the growth of social networks able to build and transform their business/economic environment

latest software and web technologies, with social systems and social processes, and with the construction of a shared

â€oea Framework for Web Science†Foundations and trends in Web Science, Vol. ï oe. No ï oe (2006.

ï oe-ï oe30 Bessen, J (2002. â€oeopen Source Software: Free Provision of Complex Public Goodsâ€, SSRN-id588763. http://citeseer

Cybernetica Web (Principia Cybernetica, Brussels), http://cleamcï oeï oe. vub. ac. be/SECORCYB. html last visited

Terapia Cognitiva Web, Santiago) http://www. inteco. cl/articulos/006/doc ingï oe. htm last visited ï oe/6/2007

An Introductionâ€, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard Law school. http://cyber. law. harvard. edu/bold/devel03/modules/episodeii. html

Telecommunications and Post, The hague, August Schã N d A (ï oe973. Beyond the Stable State: Public and private learning in a changing society, Harmondsworth

2013) identify six types of online social networking platforms with the potential to enable social innovation.

as Wikipedia, can democratise the processes of developing and managing technology and knowledge. Conversely, digital technologies are also an integral part of the socio-technical

The Young Foundation and the Web: Digital Social Innovation The Young Foundation 2012. Social Innovation Overview:

Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www. worldbank. org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14

This work is a product of the staff of The World bank with external contributions. The findings

fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail pubrights@worldbank. org ISBN (paper: 978-1-4648-0351-2

Resources on the Doing Business website...91 4 Spain Doing Business 2015 INTRODUCTION Doing Business sheds light on how easy

available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org 5 Spain Doing Business 2015

obtaining a landline telephone connection For more details on the changes, see the â€oewhat is

For a list of these economies, see the Doing Business website http://www. doingbusiness. org

website (http://www. doingbusiness. org. For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter

Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org. For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the

•Project design of installation of telecommunications infrastructure Real Decreto 346/2011 •Project design of the use of solar energy for heating (either as an

inspection is provided on the official website of the Municipality of Madrid, www. munimadrid. es. The legal basis is Agreement of the Local

getting electricity indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org. For details on the procedures reflected

website (http://www. doingbusiness. org. For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter

internet is valid. This document is an â€oeinformative Land Registry Extract†containing the same information as an Ownership and encumbrances

regulations are available on the Doing Business website http://www. doingbusiness. org. The data on labor

RESOURCES ON THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE Current features News on the Doing Business project http://www. doingbusiness. org

Doing Business Iphone app Doing Business at a Glance†presenting the full report, rankings and highlights for each topic for

the iphone, ipad and ipod touch http://www. doingbusiness. org/specialfeatures /iphone 92 Spain Doing Business 2015

Digital Social Innovation Interim report Contract no. 30-CE-0531673/00-86 Main Author: Francesca Bria (Nesta

What is the value of Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe?

This research aims to explore the potential of the network effect of the Internet (activity i e. the service

Indeed, the â€oenetwork effect†of the Internet may still be in its early technical phases and early implementation to maximize social good

decentralized social networking, and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness However, today it stills fail to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems,

and reach of commercial Internet models and the relative weakness of alternatives, mainly filling marginal niches

Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. One of the motiva

grassroots communities play to enable bottom-up social innovation that leverage the power of the Internet

transparency and accountability, participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress devel -oped by the OECD that facilitate the linking of National statistics to actual individual living conditions

infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and

Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora, and the promotion and diffusion of knowledge systems in the Public domain, such as Com

Most, if not all of the above examples of civil society digital social innovation take place via the Internet or

The Internet is approximately 40 years old, and its capacity for generating societal and economic value is

the last 20 years or so have seen the commercialisation of the Internet take prece -dence.

added value of the innovation enabled by the Future Internet, and focuses in particular on Digital Social In

effect of the Internet and merging novel technology trendsâ such as open data, crowd-mapping, open hard

communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers but also policy makers and decision makers at various levels

-structure and promoting the generative web-enabled survey. Key activities were conducted also as part of WP4,

-gagement work across social media and community channels to spread the survey and the crowd-mapping

Daniel Kaplan Founder and CEO, The next-Generation Internet Foundation Simona Levi Founder, Forum for the Access to Culture and Knowledge

This research aims to explore the potential of the network effect of the Internet (i e. that the benefit of a

A primary example of Digital Social Innovation is the Web itself. As it was based on open digital technol

the Web was able to reach a critical mass of connectivity and exploit the â€oenetwork effectâ€oe described by the Metcalfe†s Law,

 The Internet and the Web are the technical underpinnings that represent a densely intertwined techno-social fabric of our societies,

the â€oenetwork effect†of the Internet may still be in its early technical phases and early implementation to

-pansion of Internet-based services has generated a great economic wealth. However this growth has result

-ed in an imbalance between the dramatic scale and reach of commercial Internet models and the relative

above examples of civil society digital social innovation take place via the Internet or are enabled highly by

the Internet. The intention of this research is to carry out an honest analysis of the field,

•How to accelerate innovations that better align the capacities of the Internet to social needs †The

Internet in Europe The attempt to define a successful DSI model for Europe is contextualised in the broader debate around

European Innovation models and the Future of the Internet, since if Europe wants to implement a systemic

ICT and the Internet are critical to help Europe sustain long-term eco -nomic growth and create new jobs

While the original advent of the Internet and ubiquitous digital technologies led to a speculative bubble

now the Internet seems to have more deep inroads into all parts of manufacturing and

However, the Internet by itself seems to unable to drive innovation out of the crisis of 2008

More than 5 billion additional people will connect to the Internet globally in the next 10 years

To fully exploit the potential provided by Internet services a high-speed Internet access is required for all

If we observe the evolution of the Internet, principles, such as network neutrality, equitable service, and peer-to-peer architecture were crucial to build a universal, open and distributed infrastructure

because the Web was built on a set of royalty-free open standards decided through an inclusive and transparent process that, via standards

allowing the Web to be implemented by anyone over different underlying systems, avoiding proprietary systems and vendor lock in

The emerging cloud model,(proprietary social networks, big data providers, the Internet of things im -plementation), are currently following a different model that allows us convenience but at the expense of

social data held on third-party sites. The lack of standards forces developers to create multiple versions of

Analysing all the possible Future Internet scenarios (Oxford Internet Institute 2010), we see two opposing innovation models that could emerge (see Figure 5

A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the â€oebig Brother†scenario, showing that big industrial players (mainly US based) will reinforce their dominant

of the Internet ecosystem •Open ecosystems to foster grassroots digital social innovation and entrepreneurship:

to accelerate innovations that align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs, and that decen

Indeed, the â€oenetwork effect†of the Internet may still be in its early phases as well.

and the long-awaited deployment of the semantic web, can potentially serve collective action and awareness.

The Web is today increasingly more enmeshed with our daily lives, forming a uni -versally distributed intelligence constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time,

-tion plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. Honest competition based on open

Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. One of the motiva

grassroots communities play to enable bottom-up social innovation that leverage the power of the Internet

Adapted from â€oetowards a Future Internetâ€, the Oxford Internet Study 2010 in Sestini, F. presentation

and digital data accessed via the Internet Digital Social Innovation can deploy collective intelligence by connecting multiple individuals and groups

In this way, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its in -creasing ubiquity and its massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge

This type of innovation was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled platforms In this way, simply labeling images with the â€oeesp game†of Von Ahn is digital innovation,

but simply makes it easier for Google to index and search through images (von Ahn and Dabbish 2005.

and in this era must be enabled Internet digital social innovation †are needed to create new arrangements between the social

formation and diffusion of novel collaborative solutions offline in the â€oereal worldâ€. In this process, social

network effect of Internet collective platforms strengthen the social networks of offline communities and amplify their collective intelligence.

unimaginable before the rise of the Internet. †What is important to note about the above definition is that the focus of this study is strictly on those

developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the Internet of things, and knowledge co-creation networks

on the website for users to download and investigate, just as any custom code developed in the course of

developing the Website, Database and Dynamic Visualisations will be shared back with the relevant open source communities

and its structure determines the mapping capabilities of the website. Therefore the sur -vey has been designed

mapping infrastructure and social networking tool. These can evolve organically together with the growth of the DSI innovators community

A digest email encourages users to complete any missing data in respect of this. Therefore, any organisation can exist on the map

Overall, the website survey provides the foundation for the empirical results that are to be used in the rest

Care has therefore been taken to make the website as easy to use as possible with the aim for it to go viral across the European Digital Social Innovation community.

over two hundred organisations that have registered with the website. However, to date, the survey is only available in English,

Thus, the next stage for the website will be to consider how to produce a multilingual version

Currently the web -site is focused on the geographic mapping of organisations. Over the next stage of the DSI report, various

as the difficulties in detecting the most effective combinations of online and offline organisations and

of sharing and collaboration at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet, and their abili

In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial pay -ment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access to

-ty, participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress developed by the OECD facilitate the linking of National statistics to actual individual living conditions;

decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open

For instance, distributed social networking projects such as Diaspora, Status. net or easy-to run servers like arkos,

Internet infrastructure Furthermore, there†s no denying that the ability to access knowledge and bottom-up infrastructures has

Delivering a web service 73 Research project 49 Education and training 31 Network 29 Event 27

and Internet connections for groups and individuals to collaborate and socialise in projects, workshops hands-on talks, panels.

-project space and distributed group spaces of former years (https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chaos commu

partners got together to explore the development of collaborative web projectsâ and bottom-up broadband technologies.

-lence on Internet Science (EINS) that aims to integrate multidisciplinary scientific understandings about Internet networks and their co-evolution with society,

or the Knowledge and Innovation Communities KICS) promoted by the European Institute of Innovation and technology that are coordinating research on

on developing and advocating for Web standards, the P2p foundation that works on promoting peer to

-ed social networks, p2p infrastructures Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart Santander Open Data innovative ways to capture, use,

and digital services adopted by DSI activities such as social networking, social media, crowdsourcing crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning, e-petitions and so on

networks from either commercial telecom companies or by local governments tend to follow a well-known centralized network architecture and operation model, community-owned open local IP networks are an

The work by Tor on creating a secure and privacy-aware service that bounce Internet users†and websitesâ€

-ing Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks 38 The Guifi. net initiative is developing a free,

open and neutral, mostly wireless telecommunication commu -nity network, that started in Catalonia in 2004,

Guifi. net is connected to the Catalan Internet Exchange (CATNIX) as an Autonomous Sys -tem (AS) via optical fibre with IPV4 and IPV6

Open Data The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only govern

It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data, which

and geo tagging function on their smartphones †help the research project measure global levels of light pollution,

Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the Mobile Internet and the increasing

Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller, faster smarter, more networked and personal.

An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,

-ordinates mobile cellular and GPS data to dynamically allocate resources and direct traffic Open knowledge

Ordinary people today use blogs wikis, social network and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives,

solve so -cial challenges and business problem, and participate in e-campaigns, crowdfunding, crowd-mapping and

social network of peers living with similar conditions 40 Open Hardware Open source hardware consists of hardware

-where/anytime access to the Internet and to the services it will provide •The Internet of things,

which will guarantee access through the Internet to the physical world, to its devic -es and, most notably, to its services

•The emerging of an Internet of People, i e.,, a trend that includes Web 2. 0, social networks, social comput

-ing, and that promotes Internet as a fundamental channel for allowing an increasingly active role of users

individuals, groups, communities) as providers of data, content, and services •Cloud computing as a virtualisation infrastructure that offers unique opportunities to reduce the costs of

delivering services over the Internet, thus extending this possibility to much wider classes of actors

we are adopting social network analysis to detect patterns of relations, arguing that causation is located in the social structure.

Social networks are formally defined as a set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of relations

By studying behaviours as embedded in social network structures, we will be able to explain macro and meso level patterns that show the dynamics in which DSI organisations and their

In the case of the DSI social network that is emerging from the map, the nodes in a graph are communities,

Social network analysis will examine the structure and composition of DSI organisation ties in a given net

multiple diverse streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving

-more, this visualisation of the DSI network, embedded in our website, is interactive and aims at engaging

as the website currently supports only English) into French and then launching that call to

nationalised telecommunications companies as well as national research institutes and traditional universi -ties. This is somewhat predictable, as these institutions,

However, even now these institutions are facing crisis due to the ubiquity of the Internet, as

rise of the Internet itself 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new

digitally native companies such as Skype and Google. Likewise, national research institutes such as INRIA or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft †who now

increasingly dominate premier academic conferences such as the World wide web Conference. The institu -tional infrastructure necessary for cutting-edge research no longer requires state investment, and in fact

private institutions have near-monopolies over social networks and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data and algorithms needed for innovative digital research.

Yet, perhaps surprising even as these digitally native companies are reaching the state of what appears to be permanent platform

oligopolies, these companies are challenged still by new digital actors such as Facebook and Twitter It is key to distinguish between invention and socialisation as part of the wider process of innovation in

a technical system such as the Internet and the Web. The Internet and Web have intrinsic architectures

defined by their open standards that offer themselves as a series of constraints such that †the choice of pos

Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the Web 2. 0 economy and the emerging Internet of

However, before the advent of the Internet their social innovation was limited in its reach, but with the

advent of the Internet suddenly these new digital social innovations had a rapid network growth.

the best example of how the Internet enables users grow the value of a network with a social purpose

sharing of Internet between devices •Large scale mobilisation, advocacy and campaigning around common causes Crowdsourcing platforms

and Crowd mapping, social network -ing and democratic decision making tools, are technologies that allow for the quick identification (and

Shifting from Closed innovation models to Decentralized Innovative Social networks The proposed vision is to facilitate the creation of a bottom-up Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem that

plethora of sources, in particular information generated by users (e g. through social networks) or captured from sensors (Internet of things.

built in a dynamic and flexible way, plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures. An â€oeecosys

By linking differing communities and innovators via a social network, the innovators can more easily find

be more effective than so-called â€oeindependent†private contractor in determining how to best unify a web

This commission of experts should not simply solidify their position as experts in creating websites

so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website with -out again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs or from a neighbouring city.

although filters are in the process of being implemented they are not yet live on the site The challenge of balancing quality and quantity within the data set is an aspect that we are constantly mon

The next stage of Work package 2 will include the Task 2. 2, the development of the website.

website and survey is stable, there will need still likely to introduce minor adjustments in response to us

the block in getting more input seems to be the fact that the website and survey is only in English, a mul

-ganisations and the linkages between them, has the potential to become an international social network of

Digital Social Innovation web platform www. digitalsocial. eu Crowdmapping DSI organizations, projects, and resources to engage

/The website is a Ruby on Rails app, but uses Tripod and Mongodb instead of Activerecord.

In this manner, the website would become not only a data source but also a kind of learning tool to understand what digital social innovation concretely means

•Addition of social network functionalities to the DSI mapping, so to allow creating and visualising dy

•Adding Twitter login option and other social plugins •Improve organisational profiles (they can add pictures,

opportunities etc from other sites •Add a section to the site that shows and visualises funding opportunities for organisations.

N. B. these are likely to come from EC grants and crowdfunding projects such as CHEST

Zooniverse (citizen science web portal of CSA) 213 Case studies 56 57 Arduino At a glance Type of Organisation:

Website: http://arduino. cc /Organisation Name Arduino Short description The core to an Arduino is a simple, ultra-low-cost circuit board, based on

hardware design blueprints for download has meant users who ordinari -ly might not have been able to afford

on its site and social networks with links to documentation and tuto -rials. This helps ensure that partners†brands are marketed to the right

On its website, it posts all of its trade secrets for anyone to take †all the schematics, design files,

Website: http://www. avaaz. org Organisation Name: Avaaz Short Description Avaaz is an independent, not-for-profit global e-petitioning and cam

Avaaz website, their â€oemodel of Internet organising allows thousands of individual efforts, however small, to be combined rapidly into a powerful

-lar groups on the Internet may benefit from the strategic opportunities offered by e-petitions,

Similarly, their site encourages the use of both online and offline channels to generate the greatest impact of members†campaigns

Computing sites such as Avaaz, is the potential for adoption by a large number of organisations belonging to the so-called third-sector (char

for new metrics to address the emergence of new social media, and in general, for systematic measurements and internationally comparable

According to the Avaaz website, the organisation employs a technical team to make sure the website is constantly secure.

The site is also verified by Geotrust, a world leader on Internet security verification The Avaaz donation pages have addresses beginning with https://rather

than http://thus signalling they are secure pages 64 The site is integrated well with other social media platforms,

allowing users to easily share online petitions or campaigns. According to Matt Holland†Avaaz†s Online Director, like other high-capacity web services

Avaaz†s hosting platform is complex and includes a physical server farm a content distribution network,

something that could not have been possible without the Internet. It can do this well beyond the bounds of a particular country,

As part of this half a million emails were sent out imploring its members †those who have signed previous petitions

Petitions is â€oea new web platform that gives people around the world the power to start

It is â€oea crowd-sourced part of Avaaz, the largest-ever global web movement bringing people-powered politics to decision-making every

-tion made a public appeal on its website, revealing that a 44-hour distrib -uted denial of service (DDOS) strike hit the organisation†s IT infrastruc

times Avaaz†s highest traffic in its history, taking the site down for a total

and upgrading capacity of firewalls. In addition, the fundraiser will also have a wider range of objectives, such as

Website: https://www. yrpri. org /Organisation Name Citizens Foundation (including the Your Priorities platform Short description Your Priorities is based a web platform developed by the Icelandic Citi

-zens Foundation. The platform enables groups of people to develop and prioritize ideas and together discover which of these ideas are deemed

design and functionality of their websites, products and services might be thought of as an attempt to redesign democracy itself.

websites is participation. Without participation there is no democracy†Created in 2008 in the wake of Iceland†s economic collapse, Citizen

the site, 43%of voters viewed the site, and over 1, 000 priorities were created.

Better Reykjavã k website, which is built on the Your Priorities platform What does it do,

The Your Priorities website enables citizens to voice, debate and pri -oritize policy ideas, budget decisions

For example on the Better Reykjavik website each month the top ideas in all categories are gathered by city officials

They hold that the Internet is the best way to reach out and motivate this younger generation to participate in democracy, and that

website was because of its perceptible impact †in 2011, at the time of the award, the site involved 40%of Reykjavik†s citizens and obtained

direct implementation of many proposals in political programmes 69 What is the role of the organisation

free for anyone to download and use, which has led to the spread of the model via the Internet beyond Iceland.

Open Active Democracy is the software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve

The fact that Citizens Foundation†s website, Better Reykjavik is integrated well into the official political structure †means that citizens

While users can use the website totally free of charge, the website features an integrated tool to make donations to the Your Priori

-ties project. As a nonprofit organisation, donated funds ensure continual development and maintenance of the Your Priority software

and websites like Better Reykjavik to operate properly 70 Marketing and PR:  â€oeif you build it they will come†is a famous quote

from the early days of the Internet †this was never quite true and cer -tainly is not today.

 Marketing and promoting a website is a lot of hard work and costs money. As †democracy nerds†the Citizens Foundation

-pany, Facebook. But as entrepreneurs they point to a tendency to always try to turn problems into opportunities.

exploit Facebook, finding that it is one of the best ways to attract people to electronic democracy both via sharing and Facebook advertisements

User interface: There needs to be as little friction as possible for taking part. Therefore, the team have made,

to login and participate using their Facebook login. The user interface has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more

-zen Foundation websites enable people to earn †Social Points†for writing up points for or against ideas that many people think are helpful †these

-ities nor the Better Reykjavik websites were Citizen Foundation team†s first attempt at creating an †electronic democratic†web platform.

Rather these websites are a †better iteration†of their pilot project, Shadow Par -liament†a project which aimed to document and scrutinise the actions

of the government. Founders Gunnar Grã msson and RÃ bert Bjarnason report that Shadow Parliament never gained the critical mass of users re

-zen Foundation Web tools which they used as a guide for their policy focus. The decision to integrate,

categories on the website. Citizens involved in supporting a particular 71 proposal are given regular updates from the city council regarding its via

Iceland, using the most popular ideas on the website as a guide for ques -tioning the government,

Website: http://www. citysdk. eu /Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk Short description City SDK is a European consortium of partners helping cities to open

the Internet, as a way to collaborate, disseminate knowledge and data Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the

Website: http://commonsforeurope. net /Organisation Name Commons4europe/Commons4eu (consisting of Code4eu, Bub and Europe Commons

They develop collaborative web projects fol -lowing the methodology of Code for America †based on principles rather

Projects should be based around web/mobile applications Applications should enable cities to connect with their constituencies in

is evidenced by the host of custom-tailored web applications that have emerged to address specific, †local†needs.

website with a broader scope than either the Bub or Code for Europe projects. Europe Commons is intended to catalogue applications which

bandwidth management), to the web applications developed by fellows for Code for Europe †these smaller projects tend to be reflective of

with their own preferred web platform (using open source languages like 83 Python and Ruby on Rails) to build their open web applications

On a larger scale, this might be indicative of how Commons 4 EU looks beyond more traditional †big tech solutions†to offer a simpler, much

and reuse of good ideas, websites like Europe Commons and collaborative tools like Github offer a glimpse to

-vators on more specific challenges as part of an informal global network and conversation about how technology might be used to rethink the

Website: http://www. communia-project. eu Organisation Name COMMUNIA Short description COMMUNIA †The European Thematic Network on the Digital Public

blog posts, participation in consultations, drafting of policy papers, amendments and statements COMMUNIA believes if they manage to change the law to recognize and

The Internet prompted the creation of the association Without the opportunities presented by the Internet, the association

would not exist. After decades of measures that have reduced drastically the public domain, typically by extending the terms of protection.

today, as the Internet and digital technologies enable people to access use and redistribute culture with an ease and a power unforeseeable

Website: http://confine-project. eu Organisation Name Confine Short description The Confine Testbed experimental facility supports experimentally-driv

-net and its possibilities, leading to a seemingly omnipresent Internet However, providing sustainable, cost-effective and high quality Internet

connection, with coverage for all citizens is still a challenge. Often this stems from economic causes,

as Internet provision in a metropolitan area is usually more economically attractive than providing access in ru

-ingâ€, is an emerging model for the Future Internet, where communities of citizens build, operate

services, including local networking, voice connections and Internet access CONFINE offers an open distributed infrastructure for researchers to

limits and obstacles regarding Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks. It supports an integrated and multi-disciplinary

-nity networking as a model for the Future Internet Five research projects: Confine is a project that seeks to expand research

Future Internet Research and Experimentation) community nourished by the EC. An open call for participation in the research was published in

Internet context of CONFINE, rather than the test bed itself What is the social impact it is

sustainable Internet infrastructures. Since this aim requires contribu -tions from all social groups, the CONFINE project focuses on perform

The project makes uses of social networks to organize its activ -ities, to make the knowledge addressing,

Operating a web service Key facts: Members active in Europe, America, Asia, Australia, and Africa

Website: http://www. desis-network. org Organisation Name Desis Network Short description DESIS (Design for Social Innovation towards Sustainability) is a network

and website manage -ment 96 History and Mission The DESIS Network originates from three main international activities

DESIS UK website. This is just one instance that demonstrates how DE -SIS has forged useful alliances between academic institutes and govern

Research project, network, operating web service providing education & training Key facts: 3-year project EU funded with â 2. 1m

Website: http://www. everyaware. eu Short description The Everyaware project aims to empower citizens to engage actively in

of mobile and web-based devices such as smartphones, computers and sensors. The work on Everyaware is presently ongoing (the project runs

a smartphone controlling the data acqui -sition and a modular sensor box with several pluggable sensors.

At the same time, web-interfaces allow users to easily upload their sensor readings, and equally easily tag these with subjective

It is a web platform for gaming and social computation. It helps research -ers to devise web games/experiments,

and offers a platform for others to join in, meaning the public can both enjoy

The web platform is built to engage social computation, letting the different organisers of projects collaborate

components of the Everyaware web-based infrastructure, which comple -ment each other by addressing specific goals in the context of collecting

Widenoise is an iphone and Android app that helps people to under -stand the soundscape around

Sensorbox, Airprobe, a dedicated Web server and Web application together form a system that measures concentrations of pollutants in

their smartphone, and also makes it possible for users to access the aggregate data gathered by the community, as personalised information

Mobile and location-based technologies: Cell phones and PCS incorpo -rate sensors of increasing accuracy:

GPS sensors, cameras, microphones accelerometers and thermometers are already a default equipment in most of the mentioned devices.

process, by expanding the availability of an Internet connection through -out daily life Online communication platforms:

social networking tools, which allow effective data and opinion collection, and real-time information spreading processes In addition, theoretical and modelling tools developed by physicists

mobile phones for this purpose seems a particularly powerful way of get -ting ordinary people involved,

Website: http://fablab. waag. org /Organisation Name Waag Society Short description Fablab Amsterdam is a Fab Lab (short for fabrication laboratory), fully

Fablab Amsterdam is also part of a global network of standardised open hardware setups Type of organisation Fablab Amsterdam is part of the international Fablab community (there

project on the Fablab website and share the designs with the rest of the community under a Creative Commons license

25,000 phones sold in less than 6 months. 50,000 followers on Facebook Website: http://www. fairphone. com

/Organisation Name Fairphone Short description Fairphone is a start-up company producing the world†s first ethically

sourced smart phone, initiated at Waag Society in The netherlands History and mission Fairphone was founded as a social enterprise in 2010.

The organisation can†t be described as an ordinary smartphone manufacturer. It started as a joint project between Waag Society, Action Aid and Schrijf-Schrijf in

The netherlands as a campaign against the dire conditions endured by people working in sections of the global and often very complex elec

in mobile phones) of the Democratic Republic of congo (DRC), many of which are controlled by armed groups, to the assembly lines in China

own smart phone. Through its own phone production, Fairphone sought to take the next step in uncovering the story behind the sourcing, pro

-duction, distribution and recycling of electronics, and demonstrate how a more transparent supply chain could be developed

creating an alternative in the smart phone market and raising the bar for the industry.

The project is not about the phone itself, instead Fairphone aims to open up the supply chain behind making the smart phone, and

create full transparency around how the product is made. The phone is a storytelling icon and the starting point of a conversation about trans

-parency in production processes and supply chains. By connecting the dots for consumers about the social and environmental impacts of the

mainly social media; anyone can step in and help crowdsource relevant information and follow each step in the development of the Fairphone

Production of a fairer smartphone: Fairphone aims to prove that it is possible to build a reasonably priced, well-specified smart phone with

a low environmental impact, sourced from the same countries mo -bile phone companies would normally source material and assembly

from, but by supporting independent miners and manufacturers who guarantee basic standards to their employees.

-phones, using only social media for marketing. The Fairphone team sees this as a unique achievement,

to buy a phone that has not been produced yet from a company that has never produced a phone before, based on belief in the values and mission

behind the company. The organisation aims to deliver the phones by the end of December 2013

The tin and tantalum in the first edition Fairphone are sourced from conflict-free mines outside of the control of warring parties in countries

phone and to negotiate terms with manufacturers to ensure a living wage for workers assembling the devices

raw materials that go into the phone do not fund the warring parties in the country The research is coordinated by a lead researcher within the Fairphone

Through the online platform (50,000 followers on Facebook every step in the research and development is communicated. Fairphone has received many research requests

â€oeit†s not our aim to become the biggest phone company in the world, it†s

our aim to influence the biggest phone companies in the world, †Tessa Wernick, Fairphone communications director

However, it is important to note that Fairphone do not see the phone as a solution in and of itself,

through the revelation of its story, understanding how phones are made and producing an alternative Through mobilizing 25.000 potential consumers,

Fairphone grew from a community platform to the first open mobile phone manufacturer. It is a great case of the open design movement

creating grounds for new relations between product, manufacturers and consumers. The appealing story together with the careful commu

basically a large group of followers on Facebook and twitter Since this started as a very collaborative project Fairphone has depended

through social media. Every step in the development process, every decision the company makes, is being shared online for people to react

plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this

and produce its smart phone, it has received funding from Bethnal Green Ventures to participate in a startup Bootcamp and

The phone itself is being sold in a pre-sale model, and in batches of 25,000 at a time. 5000 people order

and pay for the phone before the company decides to go into production. This way a healthy relationship

Operating a web service Key facts: The platform has 4 million users worldwide Website: https://github. com

/Organisation Name Github Short description Github, a San francisco-based company, was started in 2008 as a way

websites and software solutions. As a project is developed Github stores and manages revisions to projects.

collaborate Git has developed a number of features such as a Web-based graphical interface, wikis and basic task management tools for every pro

on the site involving 3 million coders However it seems Github wants to stretch digital collaboration and

servers inside a company†s firewall under the Enterprise plans ($5000 /year/20 seats. These Enterprise plans are claimed to be the Github†s

use of Github†s †distributed global network of talent. †In July 2012 Github received its first ever external funding, when the

and downloads (pushes and pulls) to Github. Though developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github

a kind of social network, providing collaborators an easy way to discuss issues in a project, and to follow other users and projects of interest

meant Github has become a social networking site for programmers Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Github hosts open-licensed projects and is designed for collaboration

intended to enable users to navigate through its site, and to choose the most suitable healthcare package.

Healthcare. gov †the â€oefrontend†of the site †was written by a Washing -ton, D c. startup (Development Seed) and a small team of consultants

Operating a web service Key facts: 14.000 registered users, launched 100 successful projects and sourced

Website: http://goteo. org /Organisation Name Goteo Short description Goteo. orgâ isâ anâ open sourceâ social network for crowdfunding as well as

distributed collaboration based in Spain. The explicit mission of Goteo org is to help finance

micro credit site Kiva, P2pâ lending models and emerging crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter. The aim of the exercise was to understand

features ofâ crowdfunding from other sites, but also adding new features such as optimum and minimum costs needed, petitionsâ for collabora

At its simplest Goteo can be described as a social network that helps facilitate both the collective funding of and distributed collaboration or

follow the wrap as it is used on future presents with web geolocation was able to get support from app developers in addition to the reaching

and significant social media attention as well (the plat -form has more than 8, 000 Twitter followers and 3000 Facebookâ likes

Most importantly more than 100 open projects have been fully fund -ed and supported to date via the platform, raising a total of nearly

ability of people to easily transfer money online, just as social media and networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Flickr and Youtube are a crucial part

of launching, promoting and engaging online communities of potential backers in Goteo projects. Goteo has used open coding platform Github

Operating a web service Key facts: Landshare has got 55,000 members worldwide Website: http://Landshare. net

Organisation Name Landshare Short description At its simplest, Landshare can be described as an open platform that

by using its site as a social network where interested D. I. Y. growers can join forces to form a growing collective,

Having said that, the site boasts over 73,000 members, and claims to have a community of over 60,000 grow

In August 2010, Landshare launched a free iphone app. The app featured a †landspotting†camera tool which incorporates geocoding technology

The Landshare. net website includes some built-in social networking features such as message inbox, forums, and chat functions where users

website The website also includes a number of sharing and support platforms that promote digital collaboration related to finding or sharing land

finding groups in a member†s local area, and advice for starting up a community garden or approaching local councils to try to secure an

website, members are presented potentially with a number of helpers sharers or growers in their area.

sister site the crowdfunding platform Peoplefund. it, which, like the Landshare website and app, was also set up by KEO Digital.

Peoplefund it works in a similar way to crowdfunding platform Kickstarter. As an ex -ample the platform was used to successfully raise £4, 401 (109 per cent

website fees; travel expenses and Welsh translation services Recently, Landshare. net has decided to run a trial to test the inclusion

-ment and maintenance of its website. According to the site, the income from these adverts will help to fulfil the initiative†s primary objective

to connect as many growers with available growing space in the UK and beyond What really helps reach goals?

Operating a web service Key facts: Used by the pirate party in Germany to source policy from members

Website: http://liquidfeedback. org /Organisation Name Liquid Feedback Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software

-sation to download and use 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that

efficiently, before the advent of the Internet. Finally, the open source ap -proach, as described above,

Website: http://makerfaire. com /Organisation Name Makerfaire Short description Maker Faire is created an event by Make magazine to â€oecelebrate arts

and the diffusion of open innovation, social networks, crowdsourcing and 3d printing, and the benefit of participating in such open innova

The Maker Faire creates a real-time sharing platform that is offline. Lots of products or projects that will be shown in Maker Faire have a strong

-ware, but the faire provides an offline stage where makers can share their digital creation face-to-face.

Operating a web service Key facts: The Whatdotheyknow app has helped over 130,000 Freedom of Information requests.

Website: http://www. mysociety. org /Organisation Name mysociety Short description mysociety†s key mission is to help people become more powerful in the

Since 2004 they have launched various websites that made it easy to do tasks such as identifying which politician (s) represent you,

benefits†that e-commerce sites give people, but in the civic and dem -ocratic parts of their lives.

Building websites that make it easy for people to write to their politicians to get potholes fixed,

-tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety builds Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed

by mysociety are listed below Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to help people run websites for reporting common street problems, like

potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries around the world, from Norway to New zealand to Georgia to Italy

-where versions based on the original UK Fixmystreet website have been built ALAVETELI-â€oemagnify the power of Right to Information laws in your

-now. com website MAPIT-Mapit Global†s API uses Openstreetmap data to †establish the

Boundaries data is essential for anyone creating geographic web and mobile services that rely on locating a particular point within the correct

-do, to relaunch Kenya†s independent parliamentary monitoring website The software created for this purpose is called Pombola.

this website are 139 A structured database that links people to places, organisations and roles.

Twitter streams on the home page and a blog for news items The Pombola code has been since been used to run sites in Ghana, Nige

-ria and Zimbabwe What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence of impact to date?

because they believe that the Internet can meaningfully lower the barriers to taking the first civic or democratic

mysociety†s UK sites are the best showcases in terms of pure volume and engagement Fixmystreet: Over 250,000 problems reported, with 50%of users having

Kenyan Election contacted the site personally to query the data behind their scorecard rating. mysociety emphasize the fact that, if Presidential

candidates care about how they are being represented on the site, then that is an indicator of impact †not least because awareness that they will

mysociety†s sites are all open source. Some of the mysociety codebas -es have been worked on extensively to make them easy to use for the

mysociety†s websites seem to have used technology to achieve their objective of holding governments more to account,

absence technological advances made with the Internet Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect mysociety actively encourages digital collaboration for its online coding

As mentioned above all of its sites and applications use Github Issues for tracking bugs and feature requests,

software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can†t. †mysociety Ltd.

many socially focused websites set up at similar times were expected to deliver immediately, and then were killed off by

organisation could afford to keep sites running for years at a time. They now consider longevity and sufficient development budget to be the

To grow the open-source communities around some of their core web -sites and components so that they are of ever greater value to larger

numbers of people To upgrade their UK sites to make sure that they are always serving the

needs of local users as best as is possible, and to use the UK as a lab to

Operating a web service Key facts: has released 160 datasets which has lead to the development of more

Website: https://open. wien. at/site /Organisation Name Open Government Wien (Vienna henceforth Short description Open Government Vienna is part of the Smart City

and Open Govern -ment strategies of the City of Vienna. Open Government is defined as â€oethe comprehensive redesign of politics and administrative activities

off web and phone apps emerge to enhance how citizens engage with the city Type of organisation The Open Government Vienna strategy is part of the Smart City strategy

-istration makes increased use of Internet technology. A summary of the city†s Open Government activities and the first edition of the Open Data

to be accessed via an all-new web portal Presently 109 apps and visualisations have been made that make use of

about 600 officialâ e-government web pages and a variety of adminis -trative services available online. †For instance, more than 180 different

in computing storage and high levels of Internet penetration Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Open Government Vienna has centred itself around interaction, com

communication channels such as Twitter, Facebook and emails, there are public â€oelife platforms†where users can chat

Operating a web service Key facts: Five citizen driven law proposal have reached support from 50.000

Website: http://openministry. info /The Finnish language platform is at http://avoinministerio. fi /Organisation Name Open Ministry (Avoin Ministeriã in Finnish

Ministry of Justice website due to be launched in Autumn 2012, Open Ministry came about to bridge this gap.

To gain 50,000 votes broad campaigning on social media and beyond is required, needing directed energy from many people

the Ministry of Justice web platform by providing citizens with the tools and support to make potential citizen initiatives far more comprehen

International Telecommunications Union in June 2012) more needs to be done to understand some of the potential barriers that might exist if

other countries with less Internet penetration were to adopt or replicate this model What technological methods and

The Open Ministry website was developed using a YUI API †a free, open source Javascript and CSS library for building interactive web applica

-tions. Demographic metrics are gathered using Quantcast. The site†s source code is also available on Github †where anyone can fork the

To ensure the site was compliant with security standards, the National Communications security Authority audited the site†s code

the people†s identity through the APIS offered by banks and mobile operators, so that people can sign the initiatives online with the online

banking codes or their mobile phones What did technology enable that was not previously possible? As mentioned above, Open Ministry†s model necessitates that it facili

-ly this would not have been possible in the absence of the Internet and the online platforms that Open Ministry has been built on

Part of the functionality of the website has had to be discontinued because not all banks were enabling Open Ministry

able to use the site for free to sign particular initiatives, whilst others from a different bank were not.

Instead users can now use the website to sandbox ideas, find support amongst the community of users,

Ministry of Justice website, which is approved where initiatives are host -ed Technological Literacy: While Finland is networked a highly country, not

Internet or not yet accustomed to e-Democracy What really helps achieve goals? Undoubtedly the Open Ministry†s success can be understood also in the

Operating a web service Key facts: Created open data sets with more than 60 million companies registered

Website: http://opencorporates. com /Organisation Name Opencorporates Short description Opencorporates is the largest open database of companies in the world

It is a website which shares data on corporate entities as open data under the share-alike attribution Open Database Licence.

The site also shows groups of companies that are legally part of the same conglomerate, which helps provide transparency

Today the site has grown from 3 territories and a few million companies to over 75 jurisdictions and 60

through web scraping tools and then visualize the data Web scraping data: The main activity within Opencorporates is to collab

-orate with Scraperwiki, a platform for doing data science on the web, to help get the company data.

The basics that are needed in order to create a company record at Opencorporates are the company number, the juris

) Web scraping (web harvesting or web data extraction) is a com -puter software technique of extracting information from websites.

The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names

â€oea bounty schemeâ€: Opencorporates offered a small fee for new jurisdic -tions opened up, in order to encourage people around the world helping

number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database

-base has expanded to over 61 million companies, without the Internet and the participation through Internet, this would not have happened

Technical specs behind the website: Opencorporates is built on the Ru -byonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers

running Linux. Famfamfam icons and flags, Twitter Bootstrap, and Justvector icons are used also. The Scraperwiki allows people to write

scrapers in Python or PHP 156 How is funded the organisation? Chris Taggart and Rob Mckinnon started Opencorporates from their

Operating a web service Key facts: 3 million users in 2013, which is tripled from 1 million a year before

Website: http://opengarden. com Organisation Name Open Garden Short description Open Garden is based a San francisco start up,

in Internet use, through its mobile app and network building, and creat -ing new ways to grow the Internet.

The simple mobile app enables users to connect to each other seamlessly and share their Internet connection

With the largest scale implementation of a mobile Mesh Network, Open Garden is pioneering work on exploring ubiquitous connectivity

Type of organisation Open Garden is based a San francisco for-profit start-up History and mission The Open Garden Mesh app was launched in Beta on May 21st 2012

the Internet. The business is based on an understanding that with the ubiquitous mobile Internet, mobile consumers have become data users

and data transfer activities are constantly taking place among mobile users. Skyrocketing consumption of mobile data is becoming curbed

in slower or incomplete downloads for content such as games or music and video chat sessions that are intolerable due to poor quality or inces

-neur Micha Benoliel, Internet architect Stanislav Shalunov and developer Greg Hazel, decided to make the mobile web fit that could address this

challenge What does it do, and how does this activity enhance social innovation? The Open Garden App,

into a router. Working with similarly equipped devices within a range of approximately 20 meters, the mesh app then discovers, shares and coor

-dinates access to any available Internet off ramp, optimizing users†Inter -net access. By crowdsourcing connectivity, Open Garden enables users to

connect to the mobile web more frequently and with better results The Open Garden App can be turned into an open network, which im

-proves the experience of mobile Internet users, optimizes the service of wireless carriers, as well as benefits the handset and tablet manufactures

It also enables users to access the Internet as cheaply as possible Faster Downloads: Users can find the fastest connection and most

powerful signal without checking every available network, and can move between networks seamlessly. Open Garden provides a way to access

downloads For carriers the benefits according to Open Garden are Faster Downloads and Stronger Coverage: Open Garden provides a way

to access more data at faster speeds in more locations Use of Multiple Networks At once:

3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seam -less handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the

devices, from smartphones to tablets to laptops and desktops. Operators can boost their offerings even as they offload traffic from their networks

Internet connection, on the other hand, there are also capacity and spec -159 trum limitations, which requires the network provider to go beyond the

traditional mobile data solution. Open Garden therefore wishes to speed up innovation from both the technology perspective and social perspec

-tive, to create a new way of Internet sharing through users installing a mobile app,

all users could share their Internet to make it much more accessible. To -gether with these benefits it is creating an ecosystem among consumers

providing everyone everywhere fair access to Internet it motivates all kinds of groups to join into the community and to experiment, especial

Website: http://okfn. org Organisation Name Open Knowledge Foundation Short description The Open Knowledge Foundation is a global movement to open up

Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open

on the web by providing tools to streamline publishing, sharing, finding and using data; its obvious usefulness has been evidenced by its wider

UK€ sâ data. gov. uk website, the United states government†sâ Data. gov and the Australian government†s data. gov. au

mostly web and software development related. Naturally most of its projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards

Its core activities are focusing on using the web and online technologies to better open

possible without the advance of the Internet and the ability to aggregate and distribute large quantities of data

new web services and events related to the open knowledge agenda What are the main barriers to

Website http://ouishare. net Short description Ouishare is a global collaborative consumption network. It aims to

Different members of the global network have specific areas or projects they are responsible for such as our online magazine, a

create and share on the web Ouishare calls this paradigm shift and the sum of these developments

The network was born in January 2012 out of a Facebook group in Paris Ouishare now counts 400+members from 20 countries in Europe

†connectors†(i e. members who seek to engage the public either offline or on specific online topics) is now bootstrapping Ouishare and co-design

In its early stages, the Ouishare community was a Facebook group creat -ed in April 2011 to connect people who believed in the potential of the

A network, A research project, Operating a web service Key facts: A †wiki†with nearly 8000 pages of information, which have been viewed

Website: http://p2pfoundation. net /Organisation Name P2p Foundation Short description The P2p Foundation is registered a institute with the aim of studying

-ning the P2p foundation wiki, a website with with nearly 8, 000 pages of information on the P2p economy.

to create custom social networks) with a few hundred members, and a number of mailing lists, of which the most active is the P2p research list

Ioannina (Greece), a blog and a wiki in Greek, which are administered by Vasilis Kostakis Meet-ups:

the entire Internet, and thereby identify vulnerable â€oeoff switches†that governments could use to pull the plug on their society†s online world

Internet during uprisings in the middle East in 2011, thereby preventing people from communicating online What is the social impact it is

The zero node website, i e. the site of the P2p Foundation, would have a website with directories, an electronic newsletter and blog, and a maga

-zine. It aims to be one of the places where people can interconnect and strengthen each other,

and discuss topics of common interest In the context of the above, the primary impact of P2p Foundation is

demonstrated through traffic on the site. The wiki it self has been viewed over 5 million times,

and the P2p blog alone reached about 35,000 unique users in 2012 In addition to this the foundations work on Choke Point was recognised

blog, the Ning social network platform and standard mailing list 172 However, its core focus is on furthering advancements in P2p Technol

Wikipedia †with users being given the option to donate preset or other amounts through a Paypal platform

Operating a web service Key facts: Online community with More than 220,000 members, has 2, 000

Website: http://www. patientslikeme. com /Organisation Name Patientslikeme Short description Patientslikeme is a free patient network where people can connect with

sites founders has described it †Our goal ultimately is that every patient†s decision is informed by every patient before themâ€.

The primary service provided by Patientslikeme is a social network for people living with a long term health condition.

from Clinicaltrials. gov, a US government funded site which provides access to information on publicly and privately supported clinical studies

of the site can search for trials for which they are eligible free of charge the company also offers a commercial service to actively message poten

newly diagnosed ALS patients register on the site each month, and 2 percent of all multiple sclerosis patients in the country participate in the

Operated as a web-based community where it shares open knowledge and generates an database that is being used to return the benefit to the

online social network that specifically targets people living with a long term health condition. The team mainly code in Ruby on Rails,

Internet: Patientslikeme has used to Internet to cooperate online and to allow for greater democratisation of patient medical data

Social networking and Community Power: Peer-to-peer networks are becoming the cornerstone for a new era of patient-centered health care

Patientslikeme allows people to directly report on their disease expe -riences. As patients come together to share treatments and symptoms

Different online social networks involve different social contracts for participants and different sets of tools Patientslikeme†s tools allow people to manage their health, compare

Operating a web service Key Facts: About 15,000 members in September 2013 Website: https://peerby. com

Organisation Name Peerby Short description Peerby is a Dutch for-profit start-up that operates a peer-to-peer shar

in their neighbourhood online, via the Peerby website, their mobile or social media channels. The platform was launched in Beta as a service

targeting people in Netherlands in August 2012, although it also has active communities of users outside in Netherlands

others by creating a website for the neighbourhood that would allow people to meet and engage with each other.

-quest has been posted using either the Peerby website or app the Peerby seeks to further encourage the matching between people looking for an

level allowing Social networks and Consumer-to-consumer marketplac -es Limited storage space in dense urban environment preventing consum

The service is based on Internet and the principles of open knowledge and the sharing economy.

Thanks to the social web, people can now share anything with anyone in the world.

however, with the Internet acting as a facilitator, there is a growing trend of websites that offer to facilitate peer-to-peer rental transactions.

All of these sites are encouraging something academics call collaborative consumption, in other words, peer-to-peer sharing or renting

Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The value of Peerby increases as more people are using the platform to

forum on the Raspberry Pi site, and a whole host of tutorials and other materials are readily available online

-ripherals around a cellphone hardware core; meaning that such devices can be produced for just a few tens of dollars

-worked via a switch to a wireless router to facilitate access to RACHEL one of the Raspberry Pi†s dedicated educational servers.

educational content with having to rely on poor and expensive Internet connectivity Furthermore, the charity†s continued success (financial and otherwise

with Google, Code, is hosted on Github. Overall, Raspberry Pi aims to build an ecosystem of more engaged creator-users,

-cessor was used in mobile phones five years ago. Apart from the graphics processor, which is propriety to Broadcom,

a variety of Pi projects have emerged on the Web. These range from making your own retro Pi-powered arcade machine to adapting your

Raspberry Pi has collaborated also recently with Google to deliver a new open source coding tool called Coder.

their own apps for the web and then host them on a miniature server located directly on the Raspberry Pi.

instruction from other programming websites like Codeacademy and Khan academy. When projects are complete, users can host their own

websites via Raspberry Pi or zip them to share with friends 189 How is funded the organisation?

Google announced it was giving the Raspberry Pi Foundation a grant worth an estimated £670, 000 to put 15,000 of the devices into UK

Offline Environments: While the Pi†s design ensures it is suitable for off-grid environments, this alone does not overcome other infrastruc

reason Khan academy Lite was developed as an offline version ofâ Khan Academy†s curriculum of free learning materials.

to be brought to areas with poor Internet connectivity. This has been adopted in Bhutan; where the Internet didn†t come until 1999, and cov

-erage is still very minimal, so an offline solution like this is vital 190 What really helps reach goals?

Raspberry Pi†s success has been the largely the result of the board†s very low price and open design (which was a conscious shift from the fixed

Operating a web service Key Facts: In 2013 over 10,000, 000 individual data points collected Website:

http://blog. safecast. org /Organisation Name Safecast Short description Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source

community as well as a global sensor network where Safecast owners can map and freely share their radiation measurements in open data

very much one of global network of people using social media and open tools to come together around a common cause.

-cast initially connected on Twitter, and have described in interviews how they managed to connect with people through social networks whenever

they were trying to address a new challenge in the development of Saf -ecast. For example, Dan Sythe, who ran International Medcom-a high

-space took part in the initial twitter discussion about building the device Later on Ray Ozzie a data expert based in Boston joined the conversa

Spread information via Social media: While Geiger counters make it possible to produce narratives of nuclear risk as numbers, measurement

Volunteer Geiger counter users and social media users among others are necessary to produce specific type of nuclear risk knowledge

linked to a mobile phone. These counters are available at different costs depending on a user†s preferences.

Social media: Social media has helped Safecast in two main ways. It was through Twitter that many of the first connections were made between

the original founders and developers of Safecast. Building on this, it is through social media channels such as Twitter that Safecast publish their

findings Engagement through visualisation and apps: Finally, Safecast visualiz -es measurement data on the Safecast Map in six coloured layers.

This provides information for people on the level of nuclear radiation in areas across Japan

social media and open source platforms in many ways can be seen as an example of digitally enabled collective intelligence.

The web-based online platform also enabled a sharing of data collected by citizens, to citizens

at a scale not possible before the advance of the Internet Enhancing collaboration and engagement:

A network, operating a web service Key facts: More than 400 active users and more backers

Website: http://smartcitizen. me /Organisation Name Fablab Barcelona Short description The Smart Citizen Kit is a set of tools (mostly sensors) built on an Ardui

data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a solar charger

The Smart Citizen project is based on geo location, the Internet and relies on a range of open hard and software tools

The web platform is developed with Open -Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaã l, jquery, Cakephp, and many more. The

for the smartphone app to interact with the hardware, and finalizing a 3d-printable, resilient enclosure

Internet freedom and security Technology Trends: Open networks DSI activities: Operating a web service Key Facts:

Tor has a staff of 30 paid developers, researchers, and advocates, plus many dozen volunteers who help out on a daily basis. In a year Tor

Website: https://www. torproject. org Organisation Name The Tor Project Short description The Tor project is a nonprofit organisation that conducts research and

corporations †learning web users location or tracking their browsing habits. It offers a technology that bounces Internet users†and websitesâ€

traffic through â€oerelays†run by thousands of volunteers around the world, making it extremely hard for anyone to identify the source of the

-ogy, with a separate version available for Android smartphones. Â Type of organisation The Tor Project is a US 501 (c)( 3) nonprofit dedicated to research, devel

Tor, or The Onion Router, is a cryptographic technique first implement -ed by US NAVY research to permit intelligence agents to use the Inter

through many different Internet servers. Subsequently, Tor has been de -veloped by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights

watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Today, it is used every day 202 for a wide variety of purposes by normal people, the military, journalists

Internet users†privacy from corporations rather than governments. â€oewe were concerned increasingly about all these websites-in the 2000/01

dotcom bubble, everyone was offering free services, and by free they meant †we take all your information and sell it as many times as pos

you take decisions about do you trust Google, do you trust Amazon, do you trust the BBC, whatever. â€

normal people who want to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers; those concerned about cyberspying;

and users evading censorship in certain parts of the world. Tor notes that its tech

-ship of media and the Internet. Campaigning body Reporters Without Borders advises journalists to use Tor, for example.

Tor also cites blog -gers, business executives, IT professionals and law enforcement officers as key users, with the latter including police needing to mask their IP

-prove their privacy and security on the Internet. It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea

relays carry 16 Gbps for upwards of half a million daily users Building on this, the team behind Tor describes themselves as undertak

probe for censorship on the Internet. Supporting these technologies is the ongoing expansion of the Tor help desk volunteer pool, capabilities

Internet freedom and anonymity: The Internet offers exciting new opportunities for individuals to express their views, parody politicians

celebrate their favourite movie stars, or criticize businesses. Not every -one feels the same way though.

Internet surveillance known as â€oetraffic analysis. †Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network.

source and destination of your Internet traffic allows others to track your behaviour and interests. This can impact your chequebook if, for exam

-ple, an e-commerce site uses price discrimination based on your country or institution of origin. It can even threaten your job and physical safety

to a harmful balkanization of the Internet. Internet users around the world must be able to trust that their information, communications and

documents are safe and secure. The alternative is a race to the bottom where only those users who seek out complex,

a global network of volunteers who help reroute traffic would not have been possible with technological advances in sensor networks and the

development of the web itself Open source: The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone

to download and use Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The strength of the Tor network relies on being able to relay traffic

through a large network of routers owned by a global network of volun -teers. As more routers are connected the strength of the network and its

ability to provide privacy grows How is funded the organisation? Tor†s success is in large part thanks to the funding partners,

want to stop advertisers from following them around the web. It†s an issue that people are just beginning to think about now † especially in

the context of sites like Facebook that attract advertisers with personal data that people opt to share

Dark web: The cloak of anonymity provided by Tor makes it an attractive and powerful for criminals.

their websites via its â€oehidden services†capabilities, which mean sites can only be accessed by people on the Tor network.

This is the so-called â€oedark web†element, and it†s not unusual to see Tor pop up in stories about a

range of criminal sites. â€oewe work with law enforcement a lot, †Lewman told the Guardian. â€oethey are fully aware of bad guys on Tor.

The main enabler behind Tor is the access to a global network of volun -teers who make the out the network, that is the backbone of the service

is a website that was in -itially developed to map reports of violence in Kenya after the post-elec

reports from †citizen journalist†of violence reported by email and text message and placed them on Google maps.

This website had 45,000 users in Kenya, and was the central to the Ushahidi team realising there

was need a for a platform based on it, which could be used by others around the world

-sourcing of information from citizen observers by mobile phones or the Internet. The three Ushahidi products are

The Ushahidi Platform: The Ushahidi platform was built as a tool to easily crowdsource information using multiple channels,

email, Twitter and the web The Swiftriver Platform: Swiftriver is an open source platform that aims

The site allows the use of Openstreetmap maps in its user interface, but requires the Google maps API for geocoding.

Ushahidi is often set up using a lo -cal SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms, a free open source

to take over the website including overall management of the call/SMS centre function, and a micro-tasking NGO called Samasource that focus

-dated computers, browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data

streams. Limited bandwidth was cited by organisations on the ground in Haiti Finally, lack of Internet connection and mobile phone networks that are

down (which was the case in parts of Haiti after the earthquake) has also been cited as a barrier to using the platform in rural areas and areas hit

web portal of CSA At a glance Type of Organisation: Academia and research organisations Aim: Education and skills

Internet-based †citizen science projects†in order to further science itself and the public understanding of both science and of the scientific pro

are housed on Zooniverse †the †home of Citizen Science on the web. †Type of organisation Zooniverse is a project of the run by the Citizen Science Alliance (CSA

via its web portal. The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public

that the Zooniverse site now hosts more than a dozen projects which allow volunteers to participate in scientific research.

Internet-based citizen science projects (such as SETI@home) which used spare computer processing power to analyse data, known as volunteer

using the web to provide a means of reaching a much larger audience willing to devote their free time to collaborative projects

the site (translating the content into other languages) †thereby having a positive impact on the outreach of the Zooniverse projects

Rails that runs on Amazon web services and uses Mongodb, Redis and a few other technologies Scalability: Pretty much all of the site†s requirements point to having a

when the site is busy while also spending significant amounts of time monitoring the application performance

scaled back to a minimal level (†automagically†on Amazon web services The actual citizen science projects that people interact with are these

-vide some of the images in the site today. With so many galaxies, it was assumed it would take years for visitors to the site to work through them

all but within 24 hours of launch the site received almost 70,000 classifi -cations an hour.

In the end, more than 50 million classifications were received by the project during its first year, contributed by more than

support (translating sites into multiple languages. This latter point demonstrates how this process of collaboration can aid in the scaling up

What is the value of Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe

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