patients over the internet. As far as improving education in health is concerned, ICTS are being used for sharing documents, simulations of health scenario planning, training
Healthnet uses low earth orbit satellites and phonelines to provide email access system of local telecommunications sites used to provide low cost access to
healthcare information in developing countries through a link to basic email (Kasozi and Nkuuhe, 2003.
Users mainly physicians and medical workers connect to the network through Enhancing healthcare delivery through ICTS 147
Across Sub-saharan africa, the Internet is used to report daily cases of meningitis to monitor emerging epidemics.
the internet through â€oestore and forward technology (Groves, 1996. Satellife provides service to remote medical units through email and internet traffic as international telephone
connections to capital cities in the developing world. When epidemic threshold levels are reached, mass vaccination is required
and the Internet is used to rapidly mobilize medical personnel and effectively coordinate laboratories and specialist services.
Internet connectivity and email usage in the health sector is still low compared to other sectors
Medical personnel most commonly use computers like accountants and secretaries. Until 1993, Uganda had centralized a health information system (HIS)
headquarters either by hand, fax or by email. The national office has a LAN at the
of health website. Future expansion includes development of a WAN, to provide connectivity to the rest of the districts
communications services), ICT applications (as WEB services), the human operators and the managerial expertise to guarantee reliable services
minimal cost with which information can be transmitted across geographic space via the Internet, fax machines and electronic communication superhighways, The Economist recently proclaimed â€oethe Death
which include the Internet and the microprocessor, help mitigate economies of scale and the gains traditionally associated with large-scale production.
New web-based information technologies are enabling SMES to attain global marketing capabilities at very low costs.
SMES are also using electronic commerce and internet-based access to products like financial and accounting management software systems that enhance organisational and
But to properly take advantage of such internet-based financial and accounting systems, SMES typically need to modify
-ups are in information technologies--software, Internet, and telecommunication software. Because these firms are focused more on providing a service and face much shorter development times, these companies
complex web of public initiatives, governments try to develop â€oesingle point of sales†entries for SMES
blog-transformed +p<0. 10 *p<0. 05 **p<0. 01 ***p<0. 001 17
social networks in the surgical instrument cluster of Sialkot -Development and Change-Pakistan. Development and Change, 30 (1), 141-175
According to Internet World Stats (a Miniwatts Marketing Group initiative) in 2012 (June) there were over 9, 6
million Internet users in Romania, which means a 44%Internet penetration rate, above the world rate (34,3%)but
under the European rate of 63,2%.%Next will present information about if and how the Romanian SMES use IT
%and access & use the Internet (80.83%)in their activities. Three quarters of SMES use the electronic mail
and a just over a quarter have their own website, but just 4, 33%are involved in online selling
and buying transactions and under 1 per cent of SMES have intranet. In 15.56 %of the SMES have no IT facilities
3. 6 Use of Internet and Intranet in SMES The analysis of the purpose why SMES use Internet & Intranet point out that in more than 75%of the
companies†information technology is used for a better communication with customers and suppliers (see figure 5 A significant percentage of SMES use the Internet for gathering information about the business environment in
which they operate (67,17%.%Over 50 percentage of SME use the Internet for online transactions, 45,71%use it for
promoting their products and services and 39,50%for better communication inside their enterprises 0. 39
Intranet Selling/shopping online None of the above Own website E-mail Internet Computers 518 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520
Figure 5: Internet & Intranet use in Romanian SMES Source: CNIPMMR, White Charter of Romanian SMES †11th Edition, Sigma Publishing house, 2013
3. 7 Perceived benefits of IT applications in business Top benefits of IT application for their business processes in the Romanian SMES vision are data security
48,44%),fast access to the enterprise data form anywhere and at anytime (38.21%)and regulatory compliance
At inter-firm level the Internet may help reduce transaction cost and increase speed and reliability of transactions (OECD, 2004
Most SMES use computers, Internet and the e-mail in their business activities and some of them even developed
own websites (27.50%.%Only in 15.50%of SMES there are no IT structures. Usually enterprises use the IT
ï Train entrepreneurs for global e-commerce through, for instance, the development of a web localisation certificate programme
social networks and effectiveness in building new ties (Mosey & Wright 2007. Firms that interact with a greater variety of actors and across diverse institutional environments, are more likely to
EVA was an online site that intended to implement advanced and innovative training programs for the changing needs of SMES and government officials through two courses.
business management software (to 28%)and web and email (to 19 %Training of RETA agents:
and would benefit from the development of a web localization certificate program by an organisation with expertise in global e-commerce
Web localization certificate programmes: Training entrepreneurs for global e-commerce Although entrepreneurship programs have offered training in e-commerce for many years
experience with global markets has shown that many websites are not appropriate to attract consumers in foreign markets.
Localizing websites, i e.,, customizing them for local cultures, will improve comprehension, navigation, site visit duration, and most importantly, purchasing (Singh and Pereira
multilingual websites that work in different national contexts. However, only a few localization training programs exist, leading to a human capital deficit in this area.
and the lack of web and IT expertise among traditional businesses. Curious about the region, online visitors could be attracted to
visit websites about local culture and products. At present, the region is served by two regional touristic websites, both of which do not reflect the state-of-the-art of web design and functionalities
Given its experience offering IT training, as well as its past role in the Digital Cluster program, RETA
and social networks among private firms and university researchers that are viewed as a central component of third generation innovation models
the social networks between firms and universities. The objective of this third recommendation would be the creation of a †virtual technology park†for some of the innovative firms dispersed throughout the
international reputation by attracting global firms, such as Microsoft and Google, to both recruit from the region as well as establish research branches in Waterloo region.
the often massive amounts of information and knowledge now available with internet communications to meet their specific needs.
Email: Sonninor@cardiff. ac. uk Professor Gianluca Brunori, Department of Agronomy and Management of the Agro-ecosystem
Email: gbrunori@agr. unipi. it Danish low-tech clusters and the †village economy†Description of the approach
ï Train entrepreneurs for global e-commerce through, for instance, the development of a web localisation certificate programme
4. Social network in Organizational Contexts 32 5. Entrepreneurial Orientation 35 6. Innovativeness 39 VIII CHAPTER III
Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons 34 Table 6. Entrepreneurial Orientation †what we need to know to
9 Social network Theory 9 Resource-based view 9 Absorptive capability and Learning Theory Research design 9 Quantitative study
4. Social network in Organizational Contexts Approximately 30 years ago, an important new area of research within the
The starting point of the study of social networks was drawn on a broader revitalization of the field of economic sociology (Hoang and
The entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays a critical role in the entrepreneurial process (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986.
social networks as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages between them.
Social network research in organizational contexts highlights topics such as social capital, embeddedness, organizational networks, board interlocks, joint ventures and
people in organizations in terms of their embeddedness in social networks. Table 5 shows ten key reasons (arranged chronologically) why it is important to consider the
social network from the corporate entrepreneurship perspective Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons Main idea Study
1 â€oethe presence of colleagues/partners in the entrepreneurs†personal networks is strongly related to all performance
7 â€oea focus on the social networks of organization leaders is likely to enhance our understanding of organizational
report their e-mail, phone or website to contact. Of these 703 questionnaires, 51 were returned incomplete for the following reasons:
that the entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays an important role in the entrepreneurial process.
) Social networks can be defined as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages
Members of social networks can directly influence the propensity to assume greater or lesser risk activities
entrepreneur†s contact frequency with members of his/her families or social networks into a firm†s entrepreneurial behavior.
Birley (1985) found that social networks provide the main sources of help in assembling the resources needed;
report their e-mail, phone or website to contact. Of these 703 questionnaires, 51 were returned incomplete for the following reasons:
social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in companies†environments can be valuable to society as a whole because they represent more than just
EO, social networks and innovativeness on its performance. Furthermore, in the present dissertation we have focused on EO as one important dimension of RBV and its impact
For public policy-makers, our findings indicate that the social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in SMES, can be valuable to society as a whole because
Entrepreneurship through social network. In The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Sexton, D. L. and Smilor, R. Eds
a social network approach to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17,419-439 Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.
a social network perspective. In Research in Politics and Society, Moore, G. and Whitt, J. A. Eds.
Social network research in organizational contexts: a systematic review of methodological issues and choices. Journal of
Social networks and entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28,1-22 Griffin, P. A.,Lont, D. H. and Sun, Y. 2010.
a social network perspective. Journal of organizational behavior, 31,309-318 Kirbach, M. and Schmiedeberg, C. 2008.
More information on the European union is available on the Internet (http://europa. eu Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication
Website: www. ecommerce-europe. eu Contact us at: info@ecommerce-europe. eu For reports: research@ecommerce-europe. eu
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu In cooperation with Powered by 15+National Associations Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark
Internet Penetration page 23 Population and E-households page 24 Growth in European B2c E-commerce Sales page 25
people use the Internet 264 million people are e-shoppers Europe â 363.1 bn+16.3
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Free download at https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu/facts-figures/free-downloads Positioning papers
1. e-Regulations 2. e-Privacy&transparency 3. e-Payments 4. e-Identification & Trust Services
5. e-logistics Franã§ois Momboisse President of Ecommerce Europe European B2c E-commerce Reports 2014
please contact us via our website www. ecommerce-europe. eu or send us an email at research@ecommerce
-europe. eu Our Report Partners This report is powered by the following partners Gfk is trusted the source of relevant market
which delivers the most relevant experience for consumers as they shop across web, store and mobile.
for instance as consumers compared prices through comparison websites or looked for additional information. This number is expected to have increased to
However, as shopping has shifted increasingly to the Internet, it has become more difficult for companies to personalize their services
What web merchants can do is using the information that online customers leave behind when browsing the Internet,
for example for welcoming them back to their site. Also, people like to follow trends and online shop owners should
anticipate this by making suggestions based on what is popular at the moment and on the customer†s shopping behavior
Other possibilities to personalize your website include providing consumers with the opportunity to give feedback,
their websites think along with customers. Potential buyers are now provided with reasonable suggestions based on previous site visits and purchases.
Companies cannot simply open a website with another extension than that of their home country and expect their proceeds to increase significantly.
translation of your website into the language of the target country. In this regards, a machine translation,
Internet economy in the GDP at 2. 2%,a percentage that is set to double by 2016 and to triple by 2020
-going increase and penetration of the Internet in society and the projected growth of (B2c) e-commerce
645,250 websites According to data received from national e-commerce associations, Ecommerce Europe estimates the number of B2c websites to have grown to 645,250 at the end of
2013, growing at a pace of 15 to 20%per year This number is set to grow even more given the growth
active B2c websites 3. 7 billion Number of parcels sent in Europe Highlights of Global E-commerce
people use the Internet 1, 181 million people are e-shoppers 16 %37 %100 %â 1, 173.5 bn
â€oe1, 878 million estimated social media users† Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www. ecommerce-europe. eu
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Global Global â 1, 173.5 bn+13.6 %Total B2c e-sales 2013 of goods and services
%Share of Internet users accessing the web through a mobile device **Average worldwide Cross-border B2c E-commerce
Most popular countries USA 45 %UK 37 %China/HK 26 %Canada 18 %Australia 16 %Germany 14
people use the Internet 264 million people are e-shoppers 1 2 3 2 +jobs directly or indirectly via e-commerce
%â€oe443 million social media users†Europe West Central South North East â 177.7 bn â 93.3 bn
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Powered by In cooperation with Free download at https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu
/facts-figures/free-downloads Internet Penetration Internet penetration The average Internet penetration in Europe increased to 74%in 2013.
As a result, it grew closer to the EU28 average, which now amounts to 77
%In the top 10 of European countries in terms of Internet penetration, it is interesting to see that all Scandinavian countries are
represented in the top 5 Eastern and Southern Europe While this top 10 mainly consists of countries
from Western and Northern europe, the top 5 of the lowest Internet penetration solely comprises countries from the Eastern and
Southern European regions However, Russia in particular is trying to close the gap. Last year, it significantly increased its
Internet penetration, from 48%in 2012 to 59 %last year B2c E-commerce in Europe Sources:
Worldbank. org/Eurostat, 2014 *share of total population Internet access and online population, 2013 TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF INTERNET PENETRATION
Countries Internet access*Online Population Europe 74%600. 6mn EU28 77%392. 7mn Top 10 93%239.2. 2mn
Internet Sales January 2013-December 2013 Same top categories When looking at the two diagrams,
both Traditional Sales and Internet Sales the same three categories were very popular last year.
Internet Sales and that is the division of these categories. When purchasing through the web, consumers purchase most in the
Information technology category (33.0%),followed by Major Domestic Appliances (18.3%)and Consumer Electronics (16.0 %As a result, Information technology and Consumer Electronics
people use the Internet 95 million people are e-shoppers â 177.7 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 3. 45 %Total GDP â 5, 163 bn
1 2 3 Ranking Western europe in turnover (EUR million 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Free download at https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu /facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with
National e-commerce Associations Belgium France Ireland Netherlands United kingdom The UK is the largest e-commerce market of Europe.
In total, The british e-commerce turnover amounted to â 107. 1bn in 2013. This number is forecast to grow by 11.4
%3. ebay 8 %Mobile commerce accounted for nearly one third of all online sales in the UK in the fourth quarter of 2013.
addition, about half of all visits to British e-retail sites was made through a smartphone or tablet during that period
In France, the number of B2c e-commerce sites is increasing rapidly. In 2013, there were around 138,000
active sites, which represents a growth of 17%compared to the preceding year In general, major credit cards are preferred the e
people use the Internet 68 million people are e-shoppers â 93.3 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 2. 20 %Total GDP â 4, 237 bn
1 2 3 Ranking Central europe in turnover (EUR million 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Free download at https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu /facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with
Switzerland In 2013, Switzerland had 6. 67 million Internet users, which represented a penetration of 83%for a population of eight
million people. Between 2009 and 2013, The swiss B2c e -commerce market almost doubled to reach around
â 10. 2bn. The number of e-shoppers is estimated at 5. 7 million in 2013 and on average they each spent around
In addition, the Internet penetration is quite low compared with other countries in the region. 65%of the Polish
population had access to the Internet in 2013, which is the lowest rate in Central europe.
%Internet penetration 8. 0%Zloty (PLN) 23.0 %The average GDP per capita is â 61,898
people use the Internet 48 million people are e-shoppers â 40.8 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 1. 11 %Total GDP â 3, 671 bn
1 2 3 Ranking Southern Europe in turnover (EUR million 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Free download at https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu /facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with
Italy There were about 37.5 million Italians connected to the Internet in 2013, which resulted in an Internet penetration
of 61%.%This was the second-lowest rate in Southern Europe, with only Turkey scoring lower.
For 2014, a penetration of 64%is forecast When we look at the division between goods and services
sold online services have become more popular in Italy over the last few years. Just like in 2012, the share of e
people use the Internet 19 million people are e-shoppers â 35.9 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 18 million social media users E-commerce GDP 2. 37 %Total GDP â 1, 349 bn
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Free download at https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu /facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with
Denmark The average annual online spending per Danish e-shopper was â 2, 145 in 2013.
The amount spent online per e -household was â 3, 768 in that year. In both categories, the
to the country†s high Internet penetration of 95%.%An interesting fact here is that the most active e-shoppers can
An estimated 77%of Internet users purchased goods and/or services in the last 12 months.
Internet 9. 6 million Krona (SEK) 5. 6 million Krone (DKK) 25.0%25.0 %An Overview of B2c E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in Eastern europe
people use the Internet 34 million people are e-shoppers â 19.3 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 40%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 0. 96 %Total GDP â 2, 024 bn
1 2 3 Ranking Eastern europe in turnover (EUR million 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Free download at https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu /facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with
General Overview Tables and Forecast of B2c European E-commerce Turnover of Goods & Services www. ecommerce-europe. eu
Overview and Forecast Overview of Online B2c E-commerce Sales Growth Source: Ecommerce Europe, 2014 OVERVIEW ONLINE B2c
semiconductors, computing and the Internet. These technologies did not only drive industrial innovation, they also offered more effective responses to societal challenges, e g. in health
in a concentration of manufacturing sites in a few places worldwide The role of public support
campus rather than becoming established from external sites. Larger companies from the outside are getting involved in the Cambridge cluster mainly through M&as.
The cluster originated from a tight social network among biotechnology firms, venture capital and research institutions. Now, the direct links between DBFS are building the main network
Next to the social network effect, also the heterogeneity of individuals and organisation regarding knowledge, skills and experiences contributed to the succes of the
Strong social networks of university graduates and ex-employees of large companies that start their own company
website, database, press releases but also coordinated events at industry fairs globally Secondly, it facilitates interaction between cluster firms,
http://www. ryerson. ca/ors/funding/resources/download/photonics. ppt About 100 companies79 active in optics-photonics in Quebec employ about 4, 750 specialists
of the Quebec Photonics Network sees the relatively dense social network of Quã bec City confined to a relatively small area as a reason why collaboration might be easier.
companies†website where statements are being made around the message that â€oereach is an important driver for environmental responsibility in our companyâ€.
Provided are physical and internet infrastructure as well as shared research facilities Pipeline for raw materials transport (e g
http://www. photonics21. org/download/Annual meeting/Presentations general assembly/5. Robert Corriveau photonicsincanada nationalinnovationstrategy. pdf Collet, C. 2007), Synthetic presentation of the major clusters in nanoelectronics, Nanotrendchart
GC (2010) Canadian Photonics Sector, Website of the Canadian government, available from http://investincanada. gc. ca/eng/publications/photonics. aspx
Minalogic (2010), Grenoble †A high-tech hub, Minalogic Website, available from http://www. minalogic. com/en/environnement-grenoble. htm
QPN (2010), Quebec Photonics Network Website, available from: http://www. quebecphotonic. ca Riese, J.,R. Bachmann (2004), Industrial Biotechnology:
 http://www. standard. co. uk/news/techandgadgets/google- †chief- †london- †can- †be-Â
 bomb- †sites  and  dilapidated  buildings  and  populated
 sites  had  decayed  into  tracts  of  wasteland Â
 Google  Campus  London  where  centres  of  excellence  are
 sites  and  buildings  in  to  new  enterprise  space
 web- †site  and  similar  digital  agencies  to
 site  owner  and  developer  Peel  Group  was  important
http://www. standard. co. uk/news/techandgadgets/google- †chief- †london- †can- †be- â€
including blogs and internet-based communities 38. A typical example of using social resources to innovate is the popular phenomenon of open source software 71
way of eliciting and coordinating the efforts of scattered individuals in an internet-oriented knowledge base.
online social networks and other collaborative communities for knowledge exploration 36,94. Moreover, little work has been done on downstream networks exploiting existing knowledge 91
Online social networks: Enlarging the knowledge exploration landscape The OI model stresses the importance of using a broad range of sources for innovation and commercialisation activities by
Online social networks are used frequently by ï rms as one of these channels but NSI scholars have not heeded
An illustrative case of online social networks is the trend towards open source software 71. An oft-given example is the Linux
communities and hosted service webs facilitating co-operation and knowledge-sharing among innovating ï rms, customers, and
Oneway for policy-makers to elicit social knowledge is by building a wide range of internet-based platforms to bridge business
Online social networks may solve problems for current business development or pool ideas 97 for future business development.
organisations are linked up in online social networks. Individuals are assigned carefully to certain communities, for example, those serving a given sector.
internet-based communities; innovation intermediaries. Next, NSI effectiveness can be boosted through greater labour specialisation in the innovation ï eld.
why internet marketplaces for technology have not yet met the expectations, Creat. Innov. Manage. 17 1)( 2008) 14†25
87 T. Y. Eng, Implications of the internet for knowledge creation and dissemination in clusters of hi-tech ï rms, Eur.
95 R. Cachia, R. Compaã Ã, O. Da Costa, Grasping the potential of online social networks for foresight, Technol.
Online social networks: Enlarging the knowledge exploration landscape 3. 14. Knowledge exploitation networks: Focus on commercialisation 4. Conclusions
Social media was in its infancy. For the CIOS I worked with smartphones essentially provided email on the move and little else.
Cloud computing was hardly on the radar. For any CIOS wanting to introduce an innovative new application, one of the first steps would be to build the
using social media platforms. Staff members wonder why their work tools aren†t all available as mobile apps,
Digital technologies †including social media, the cloud, data analytics and mobile †are rapidly emerging as disruptive forces for
This seems like a natural process within internet companies, which are born digital, but the digital transformation is
delivered direct to consumers via the internet, rather than through traditional retail channels. Caterpillar is pushing to digitize the
services †such as 100flowers selling via Facebook 3. Inventing wholly new types of business models †from virtual
It†s easy to pick Facebook as a truly digital business. But there are companies of all sizes that are embracing digital,
solutions, or considering how social media can be used to reinvent customer service, and uncovering new data-driven insights
internet communication and entertainment company. â€oewe don†t trade in oil; we trade in innovation, so IT needs to be far closer to
social media and cloud †that marketing and IT have no choice but to forge ever
social media and cloud †that marketing and IT have no choice but to forge ever
The use of social media can also help to build a greater presence both internally and externally, and to
Prins, who prefers to keep work-related topics out of social media uses his passion for cycling as a source for non-work-related
peers, external consultants, the print media, online webcasts or others They are interested strongly in building their career upon
Rambler Internet Holding 2000 †2006 Developer, Senior Developer, Head of Mail Development Department, Mail.
While it may make a lot of sense to move email and CRM systems quickly to the cloud, it†s a much more involved decision to know when to
E-commerce, internet and social media 6 %Cable operators and services 1 %Global annual turnover 27 %42
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