Synopsis: Ict: Data:

data on performance or improve their internal processes. It may however be easier to implement the model for a programme or a sub

the use of data-heavy websites †Limited numbers of sectors or limited number of companies are to be helped

Data Source: Au-Yeung et al, 2013 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5

Data Source: Au-Yeung et al, 2013 TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C

Data Source: IIASA and VID, 2008 TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C

Data Sources: ABS, 2014b; 2014e TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C

Data Sources: ABS, 2014d; ABS, 2014e -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Data Sources: ABS, 2014c; RBA, 2014b; RBA, 2014c TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia

for multiple data entry and many of the errors present in manual systems Autumncare systems are used by some of

Data Source: ABS, 2014j TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C

Data source: KPMG, 2014 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0

through considering options to improve data collection and information sharing between key VET stakeholders, and possible reforms focusing on VET in schools and school based

Data source: OECD, 2013 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80

Airport traffic data 1985 to 2013. Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. Canberra: Commonwealth of australia

OECD Tax Database. Retrieved July 2014, from OECD: http://www. oecd. org/tax /tax-policy/tax-database. htm#C corporatecaptial

OECD, ILO, IMF and World bank Group. March 2014. Achieving stronger growth by promoting a more gender-balanced economy.

The Conference Board Total Economy Database Retrieved May 2014, from The Conference Board Total Economy Database:

http://www conference-board. org/data/economydatabase /Times Higher education. 2014, October. Times Higher education World University rankings

2014-15. Retrieved October 2014, from http://www. timeshighereducation. co. uk/world -university rankings/2014-15/world-ranking

National Accounts Main Aggregates Database. Retrieved May 2014, from National Accounts Main Aggregates Database: https://unstats. un. org

/unsd/snaama/Introduction. asp United nations. 2014, March 25. United nations Conference on Trade and Development Statistics Retrieved May 2014, from United nations Conference on Trade and Development:

) World bank Data. Retrieved August 2014, from Gross capital formation %of GDP: http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/NE.

GDI. TOTL. ZS World bank. 2014b). ) World Development Indicators. Retrieved May 2014, from World Development Indicators-Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products(%:

//data. worldbank. org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators World Economic Forum. 2010). ) The Global Competitiveness Report:

solutions in the public sector and increased use of public data Strengthen the municipal sector as a service provider

ï Collecting general company data ï Shaping company technology profile ï Performing SWOT analysis ï Identifying technological areas for further analysis

the installation or modernisation of their Wide area network, structured cabling, data network, video network and computers

ï Exploratory, followed by data collection ï Detailed, followed by a focused analysis Gathering information on Strengths and Weaknesses should focus on the internal factors of skills

ï Experience, knowledge, data ï Financial reserves, likely returns ï Marketing-reach, distribution, awareness ï Innovative aspects

ï Reliability of data, plan predictability ï Moral, commitment, leadership ï Accreditations, etc ï Processes and systems, etc

specifications testing, behavioural testing, data-driven test -ing, functional testing, and input/output-driven testing

The principle of the generation of equivalence classes is to group all input data of a program into a

ï Analysis of the input data requirements, the output data requirements, and the conditions ac -cording to the specifications

Suppose the specifications for a database product state that the product must be able to handle any

Testing the database product then requires that one test class from each equivalence class be se

Thus, when testing the database product, the following cases should be selected Test case 1: 0 records Member of equivalence class 1 and adjacent to boundary value

An alternative form of black-box testing is to base the test data on the functionality of the module.

-ing very much the initial data of the problem ï prefer to do things differently ï are found in departments as marketing that de

After analysing the data together with the leadership, Bright side has developed an individual devel -opment process and one for the leadership that best fits the needs of the company.

ï Knowledge about available sources of knowledge-databases, expertsâ€-and abilities to use them "Innosupport:

Useful article about how to use databases for analogical reasoning: Special databases have been set up to support searching for useful analogies.

download PDF "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-4. 5. Attribute Listing page 65 of 271

documents management systems, collaboration systems and databases constitute a vital factor, which facilitates KM "Innosupport:

should include the performance measures, a programme of visits, the method of data collec -tion, etc.

ï Collect the necessary data, according to the agreement. The collection of data could be achieved through observation, conversations with people involved, gathering of documents

etc ï The gathered information needs to be processed and analysed. The analysis of the informa

and provided relevant data over a period of time, at the end of which there was a meeting between the three companies.

-lected data was analysed, which was used later to produce a report, specifying the different ap -proaches and methods applied in each company

as well as a database of Good Practices ï the Office of Government Commerce provides information and a checklist on benchmarking

Managers can have access to volumes of data but still lack quality information about one of

physical models from Computer-aided design (CAD) data. These"three dimensional printers"allow designers to quickly create tangible prototypes of their designs, rather than just two-dimensional pic

and consider how data is to be captured. Different testing methods will have different objectives, approaches and types of modelling.

Data collection will tend to be qualita -tive based on observation, interview and discussion with the target audience.

Data will typically be qualitative and based on observation, discussion and structured inter -view. The study should aim to understand why users respond in the way that they do to the concept

Data from a validation test is likely to be quantitative, based on measurement of performance. Nor

Data should also be formally recorded, with any failures to comply with expected performance logged

both performance and preference data for each solution. The comparison test is used to establish a

data from manual tyre counts. The new system will automate data collection to allow better manage

-ment of machines, shifts, and teams while allowing efficient reporting tools with real-time views of all

RDB database. The system also allows inventory levels to be adjusted after manual inventory level counts

The customer now has a system that utilizes real-time data for accurate planning and reporting while

data collection is automated now and less costly, and the system is designed for future scalability Case study 2:

Information about the processing of rods including various data collection is used by the opera -"Innosupport:

1) Data collection (identify the components, materials, and fastening mechanism in the assem -bly to be rated

and trademark databases to learn about recent technological breakthroughs, identify future partners and find out about the innovative activities of competitors.

products owned by others in any of its publications, brochures, databases or websites? Does your

and creators/owners of databases 7. 1. 7. How to obtain a DESIGN What can be registered as design

Consulting patent and trademark databases regularly is important in order to find out about recent technical developments and new technologies, identify new licensing partners or suppliers, new mar

-tres, visits and market analysis, use of patent databases (seldom used) and the acquisition of reports

-keting budget in order to collect all the data required and to make their analysis 9. 1. 1. How can we optimize the acceptance...

-tential customers from publicized data. Much of this information is free, or available at low cost, from

ï Others (data are National and Local governments, Business links, Chambers of Commerce and the European commission

The best approach may be to create a database "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-9. 1. Optimising and controlling the acceptance of an Innovative

ï Describe a classification of searchable databases Where? †In what ways this component offers help for the SMES

ï Build up a database from enquiries. Offering a free report on the subject of your products or

services that can be downloaded is a good way to build up a database of qualified prospects

ï Email your database regularly to keep them informed of new developments and offers. Alter

content in searchable databases that only produce results dynamically in response to a direct request.

500 terabytes of information compared to nineteen terabytes of information in the surface Web. More than half of the deep Web content

resides in topic-specific databases ï A full ninety-five per cent of the deep Web is publicly accessible information--not subject to

fees or subscriptions. Total quality content of the deep Web is 1, 000 to 2, 000 times greater

ï The searchable databases on the web can be classified in twelve categories 1. Topic Databases-subject-specific aggregations of information,

such as SEC corporate filings medical databases, patent records etc. 54%from the deep web is formed by these topic da

-tabases websites) e g. http://www. 10kwizard. com/,http://www. uspto. gov /2. Internal site-searchable databases for the internal pages of large sites that are dynamically

created, such as the knowledge base on the Microsoft site (13%)e g http://www. microsoft. com /3. Publications-searchable databases for current and archived articles (11%)e g

http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov /4. Shopping/Auction (5%)e g. http://www. flowerweb. nl/,http://www. locateaflowershop. com

9. Calculators-while not strictly databases, many do include an internal data component for cal

General Search-searchable databases most often relevant to Internet search topics and in -formation (1%)e g. http://www. cyndislist. com

Example Database â€oemarket place of experienceâ€oe The Gosch Consulting company (Consulting enterprise with 30 employees) has compiled a database

with the title â€oemarket place of experienceâ€oe. It is accessible via intranet and serves as an active knowl

ï http://www. evfh-nuernberg. de/data/dbfiles/entwickl. doc Employees are the basis of social organisations.

and interpret data to enable the identification of both staff and organisational performance improvement. Key in an TNA is to gain comprehensive

data on training needs, which amounts to answering the fundamental questions of: who, what, when

ï a backup policy if things get difficult ï direction for utilizing limited resources "Innosupport:

ï Use knowledge of employees and data to make decisions in a timely manner ï Tolerate mistakes of employees in pursuit of continuous improvement

and data that would ensure suc -cessful operation of the company and its targeted development,

data or refer -ence material "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-12.1. Literature searches page 248 of 271

Databases The use of databases is a way to obtain extensive and exhaustive data, as databases include various

summaries of data, statistics, publications and other sources. Databases are available in various for -mats †in printed form (e g.,

, in library index cards and archived materials), in CDS (e g.,, the annual statistical records), or in virtual form, i e.,

, on the Internet It should be noted that the Internet is the most comprehensive and complete storage place of data

-bases, and an undoubted advantage is its range of search facilities, which should be characterised as

global because it is possible to find information on any topic from any part of the world very quickly

Another advantage is that databases are user friendly, because databases function exactly in the same way as the Internet search process (see the part a) Internet) â€

when you open a database there is a window in which to write the key word of the information you are looking for,

and a click on the search function will enable you to look at the information found according to your key word

As numerous and very diverse databases are available, e g.,, databases containing references, publi -cations or other theoretical material,

as well as databases aggregated by companies and statistical agencies, but in order to find the required information it is advisable as the first step to use the Internet

search engine, then to select the most suitable databases and further to look into these databases for

the necessary information by applying the principle described above Example-Links International data base http://www. census. gov/ipc/www/idbnew. html

Computerized data bank containing statistical tables of demographic and socioeconomic data for 227 countries and areas of the world

Geohive †Global Statistics http://www. geohive. com /Geopolitical data, statistics on the human population of regions, countries, provinces and cities, some

statistics on economic factors and more "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-12.1. Literature searches page 250 of 271

12.1.1.3. Libraries and direct contact Libraries could be divided into three categories ï Conventional †where all the information is printed available in form

Depending on the type of the required information or specificity of data, it is possible to seek direct

First of all, set an objective â state what you want to find, what kind of information or data, â

choose a suitable resource for finding information †the Internet, databases, direct contact or other

Databases ï http://www. census. gov/ipc/www/idbnew. html International data base-Computerized data bank containing statistical tables of demographic

and socioeconomic data for 227 countries and areas of the world ï http://www. geohive. com

/Geohive †Global Statistics-Geopolitical data, statistics on the human population of regions countries, provinces and cities, some statistics on economic factors and more

Libraries ï http://www. questia. com Questia Online Library ï http://www. ipl. org Internet Public library

-conomic arguments for globalisation, such as data demonstrating the positive contribution made by multinational corporations to economic development

portal†data, show that the high percentage of SMES amongst all enterprises continues to remain high.

2 These data exemplarily demonstrate the key-role which SMES play in Germany†s economy.

rejected because of containing incomplete and/or contradictory data. Figure 3 shows the representation of the industry sectors in the sample

confirm, or extend the data base with experts from the selected industries like firm representatives, representatives of industry associations and cluster

changing shifts the world-over whereby the data is transmitted electronically from one centre to next.

enumerators was engaged to collect the data. The questionnaire was developed for the study and was based on

7 http://ec. europa. eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2014 2015/main/h2020-wp1415-sme en. pdf

A novelty in Horizon 2020 is the Open Research Data Pilot which aims to improve and

maximise access to and reuse of research data generated by projects. While certain Work Programme parts and areas have been identified explicitly as participating in the Pilot on

Open Research Data, individual actions funded under the other Horizon 2020 parts and areas can choose to participate in the Pilot on a voluntary basis. The use of a Data Management

1 http://ec. europa. eu/regional policy/indexes/in your country en. cfm HORIZON 2020 †WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015

Plan is required for projects participating in the Open Research Data Pilot. Further guidance on the Open Research Data Pilot is made available on the Participant Portal

Mainstreaming SME support especially through a dedicated instrument SME participation is encouraged throughout this work programme and in particular in the

recruited from a central database managed by the Commission and have fulfilled all stringent criteria with regards to business experience and competencies.

For an entrepreneur comprehensive data and performance indicators would allow drawing conclusions whether open innovation is productive

-Collection and analysis of information and data on the application of open innovation in SMES, taking into account different situations in Member States and in specific market

and data accumulated through the coaching engagement. It should also act as a single reference pool

database for †innovation management performance†with more than 3500 quality checked datasets. While the tool and platform is owned still in majority by the EU,

benchmarking by accelerating the inflow of new data sets allowing to replace the oldest data

both more data and more evaluation and assessment of initiatives taken are needed The local dimension

data and statistics, to permit policy-relevant empirical analytical work to be carried out. The issues that are

Indeed, data are very scarce, but estimates indicate that there are more than 10 million self-employed women in Europe (both European union countries and

United nations Economic commission for europe, Gender Statistic Database %50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

Reliable data and analysis relating to women†s entrepreneurship are scarce and provide little empirical

Definitional issues complicate data collection, and some national systems prohibit statistics at the individual level, making gender-specific analyses

Even in those few countries where such data are available, important information on development over time

panel data) and for the whole population are lacking. As regards analysis, longitudinal studies are needed to

the scope and the breadth of available data have improved during the last few years †and obstacles

OECD Venture capital Database, 2003 0. 80 0. 70 0. 60 0. 50 0. 40 0. 30

the use of patent databases, the valuation of intellectual property assets and enforcement. Of particular importance is

-original databases. Strengthen the teaching of intellectual property rights at universities and training institutions for entrepreneurs, engineers, scientists

While data are scarce, the broad picture for many OECD and some nonmember economies is that of a low, although

The source for these data is the Eurostat Community Survey on enterprise use of ICT.

OECD, ICT database and Eurostat, Community Survey on ICT usage in enterprises 2002, May 2003

provided and any necessary data collection should begin as soon as is feasible. It is also advantageous to formulate an

Common target definitions should be encouraged across countries, data formats and procedures, notably as regards statistical observation units and size classes

statistical data collection, processing and dissemination â Foster greater international comparability of statistics. This requires the OECD

introduce a single identification number for enterprises, so that data from different sources can be matched. It also requires that policy makers address

access to administrative data, such as tax offices and chambers of commerce â Promote data linking to make better use of existing data

and reduce respondent burden on SMES. Databases with linked data can strengthen the information base

for policy-relevant research, but require that statistical authorities arrange access while ensuring the confidentiality of information provided by individual firms

that detailed subsets of such data and analysis of them, for example women†s entrepreneurship, barely exist

numbers for enterprises and their use to link data more efficiently, and greater use of administrative sources of data

e g. tax, chamber of commerce), can only be taken in capitals and in several cases involve issues (e g. confidentiality

collection of useful data comparable on a cross-country basis will take even longer. But the proposals summarised in the

firm level data for this project. We thank also Susanto Basu, Ernie Berndt, Piergiuseppe Morone, Mike

We then apply the model to data on Italian SMES from the"Survey on Manufacturing

According to the latest available data from the Census, more than 99 per cent of active firms (out of 4 million) have fewer than 250 employees (95

along with a description of the data used in this analysis; Section 4 concludes with a discussion of the results and with directions for further research

survey data, from which it is possible to directly measure other aspects of innovation in

Given the increased diffusion of this type of micro data across countries and among scholars, many empirical explorations of the impact of

further information on the data 6 CDM model specification allowing our model to separate the impact of different kinds

3. Data and Methodology The data we use come from the 7th, 8th and 9th waves of the â€oesurvey on Manufacturing

Firms†conducted by Mediocredito-Capitalia (an Italian commercial bank. These three surveys were carried out in 1998,2001, and 2004 respectively, using questionnaires

We merged the data from these three surveys, excluding firms with incomplete information or with extreme

tailored for innovation survey data and built to take into account the econometric issues that arise in this context-is made up by three blocks,

sector study and, more recently, an analysis based on micro data by Potters et al, 2008 Because of the way our data and innovation survey data in general is collected, the

analysis here is essentially cross-sectional. Although there are three surveys covering 9 years, the sampling methodology used means that few firms appear in more than one

In addition, the innovation data are collected retrospectively (innovating over the past three years), and the income statement data is

mostly contemporaneous. As a robustness check we estimated the same 3 equation model using R&d intensity lagged one year instead of contemporaneous R&d intensity

and Baldwin and Gu, 2004, for an exploration using Canadian data), and this effect is particularly strong for high-tech firms,

However, in our data we also have a measure of capital available, constructed from investment using the usual declining balance method with a

building a slightly different sample of firms from our data that removed firms with fewer than 20 employees and included firms with more than 250 employees. 13 Using

the four countries and for a variation of our model applied to these data for Italy. 14 The

â€oeunderperformance†in these data, other than the observation that those firms which do R&d do somewhat less on average than firms in their peer countries

we hope to explore the question further in the future using these data Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Mediocredito-Capitalia (now Unicredit) research

department for having kindly supplied firm level data for this project. We thank also Susanto Basu, Ernie Berndt, Piergiuseppe Morone, Stã phane Robin, Mike Scherer

Data are from the third Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3) for France, Germany, Spain, and the U k. Results for Italy come from Tables 3-5 of this paper.

a) This column shows data for all 3 periods in Italy (1995-1997,1998 -2000,2001-2003

%of firms (Census data %of firms with innovation CIS survey on firms with more than 10 employees

Data are from the third Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3) for France Germany, Spain, and the UK.

Data for Italy are from the Mediocredito Surveys. Among the several variables included in the original table,

those comparable to our data. Data are weighted not population. a) This figure encompasses all the subsidies, regardless their source.

b) This column shows data for all 3 periods in Italy (1995-1997,1998-2000,2001-2003.

†Units are logs of euros (2000) per employee 34 Table A2 †A nonparametric selectivity test

accompanied by the creative use of information technology and proprietary databases to help customers use their products more effectively.

of data, have minimal archives and don†t learn from experience (Woodcock et al.,2000 Uncodified or tacit knowledge has benefits

OEM collects data at the sale and has reduced costs associated with acquiring new customers The OEM has inherent product knowledge

Additionally the data accumulated from having a greater knowledge of customers†behavior enables the company to continually add value

(The importance of acquiring and building databases as tools for adding value and defending against competitors is returned to later

volume, and its database of trip costing enables the company to accurately quote on â€oetrips†and to provide customized and traceable service.

seamlessly integrate with car plants exchanging data in real-time. GF is â€oelocked -in†to its customers both in design and operations making it difficult for

For example, using advanced data collection and data mining tools, coupled with real-time data collection over the Internet may provide a whole new

level of product and service reliability. The third â€oemini-case†provides an example Mini-Case Example#3:

the performance and relay the data over the Internet back to a central office Analysis of these data enable the company to predict possible performance

deterioration and ship parts followed, if needed, by a qualified service engineer Shutdown of a central power plant may have an enormous economic impact

The company†s most valuable asset is a complex database covering all operating parameters of every installation.

These data enable Taprogge to a) predict the behavior of a system in most if not all locations and

The database analyzed was the ISI â€oeweb of Knowledge†(ISI, 2006) using the social science sub-set of indexed publications.

The fall in the price of computers and data storage devices, coupled with the rise of the Internet, have made the use of digital information as a competitive weapon no longer just the

domain of larger companies. Start-up companies can now harvest information technology to provide their customers with greater value

Data Acquisition and Mining: Capturing data on customer requirements and using it to create unique services

or products can be a powerful way of adding value and keeping out competitors. Netflix has changed the way that consumers rent movies.

In addition, by getting instant feedback from their database customers provide long lists of future wants

possible to do on a local basis. Using this novel database structure, Netflix is able to provide

The following â€oemini-case†shows how, in a business-to-business market, acquisition of data and its subsequent analysis or mining can provide a powerful service model for a

The proprietary data that the company collects on its clients†unique situations are a major competitive advantage,

compatible data and computer systems can be prohibitive. On the other hand, the SME must be aware of becoming too dependent on one supplier

A sound business model using data lock in will have multiple partners so that the dependence on one partner is reduced.

employing data acquisition and mining to lock in customers, suppliers and partners. The fifth â€oemini-case†provides an interesting and illustrative example of a company supplying commodity

and coded database of proprietary cleaning formulas for specific customer needs, whether to clean egg

franchisee gets access to the database on demand when a customer need is defined. This provides the formula for the optimum cleaner components

no solution in the database for a customer†s new problem, and the franchisee develops the answer,

the central database, where it becomes available to all franchises and adds to the intellectual assets of Chemstation.

by the continual building of a proprietary database of customer solutions adding greater value to both the franchisor and franchisees.

Chemstation database. The sharing of such information by the franchisees with the HQ is mandated by a written agreement between Chemstation and its

The database is a key asset for Chemstation and it has the necessary software and framework in place to interpret the results

and distribute the data The database also builds barriers against competition. For example, Chemstation solved a cleaning problem at a Harley davidson plant within its shock absorbers

manufacturing division which resulted in using one cleaning solution on one line and another solution for the adjacent sister line.

part of Chemstation†s data bank. Such captured knowledge helps to lock in customers, and prevents competitors gaining the account.

preference data (e g.,, from surveys. Tools such as cluster analysis have been used successfully for this purpose Generate and Assemble Ideas.

Once the target segment and its core needs are identified, the next task is to generate ideas to address these needs.

critical to vet the input data carefully;(2) the business analysis should only serve as guidelines

screening process, compared to the â€oehard†data (e g.,, projected market share, net present value They are (1) strategy fit;(

I obtain data from many different sources; we listen to suggestions from suppliers; we use consultants in focused rolesâ€

interpretation, and the firm†s willingness to invest in data capture and storage. The move to

if captured, may help create a proprietary database that can give the firm a competitive advantage over its rivals

and Taprogge used IT to capture data about their products†performance in different contexts and developed proprietary databases that allowed

them to customize use of their product to meet specific customer needs. All five cases required

we analyzed the MEP database of past success stories coupled with selective interviews We reviewed a total of 689 â€oesuccess stories†from 2002 to 2005 that were posted on the NIST

database. We found this database rather difficult to use. However, the more important issues are

concerned with both content and format. The content is written largely for the benefit of the

The current MEP database may not fulfill the purpose for which it was created, either in content

We recommend augmenting the current database with a dynamic knowledge network. See recommendation 5 for a more detailed discussion of this topic.

Recommendation 3-Analyze use of the current MEP database We recommend a web-survey of existing MEP centers to determine

•The current use and value of the database •Research to determine features and expectations of the knowledge portal

database. They are rather sterile reports that are built around standard terms, categories and data and do not really convey any of the actual â€oetouchy-feely†attributes which are much more

important in this case Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, is more complex and has embedded personal interpretations within it such that the value for future users requires access to the implied knowledge and

such as the MEP database. There is a wealth of information that is not tailored to the user.

The aim of these tools and support data is to prime the outreach function at the MEP offices on

links to the participants and thereby become part of an ongoing and active database for future

Analysis of data from the U s. Bureau of Economic Analysis. A. Warren Personal Correspondence Ratio of 82.5 is taken at Q1 in 2005.

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