Synopsis: Ict: Data:

In-car data services Increased safety V2i, V2v, †New revenue opportunities Partnerships European ecall initiative

or database and there is no node/actor that has privileged a or full view of the ecosystem.

26) The third reason is simply the very large amount of empirical data on open source communities and software production, which

and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networksâ€, Cornell University http://www. shaydavid. info/indexpapers. html, last accessed ï oe/7/07

and exchange data using discrete representations A provisional framework Having developed conceptualisations of social innovation and digital technologies, we now

guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other

The data set covers 47 economies in Sub -Saharan Africa, 32 in Latin america and the Caribbean, 25

provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are

current as of June 1, 2014 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January†December 2013

are used in the data collection, comparisons and benchmarks are valid across economies. The data not

only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business they also help identify the source of those obstacles

The data, along with information on ordering Doing Business 2015, are available on the Doing Business website at

than 100 million, data for a second city have been added to the data set and the ranking calculation.

These economies are Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United states. Third, for getting

on the data and methodology, please see the â€oedata Notes†chapter starting on page 114 of the Doing

data are presented in this year†s economy profile The aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business

captures the effects of such factors as data corrections and the changes in methodology. See

the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2015 report for sources and definitions

Doing Business database Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For policy makers, knowing where their economy

For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are weighted a population average for the 2 cities

Doing Business database 9 Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Figure 1. 3 Rankings on Doing Business topics-Spain

For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are weighted a population average for the 2 cities

Doing Business database 10 Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Just as the overall ranking on the ease of doing business tells

See the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2015 report for

Doing Business database 11 Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT The absolute values of the indicators tell another part of

factors as data corrections and changes to the methodology. Trading across borders deflated and non-deflated values are identical in

Doing Business database 16 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS Formal registration of companies has many

To make the data comparable across economies Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business and the procedures.

1 For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added

to data collected by Doing Business, starting a business there requires 6. 0 procedures, takes 13.0 days, costs 4. 6

which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to

Doing Business database 18 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS Globally, Spain stands at 74 in the ranking of 189

Doing Business database 19 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS Economies around the world have taken steps making it

Doing Business database 20 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS What are the details

collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators measure STANDARDIZED COMPANY

Doing Business database 23 Spain Doing Business 2015 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Regulation of construction is critical to protect the

To make the data comparable across economies Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business and the warehouse, including the utility

100 million, data for a second city have been added. is owned domestically and operated ï Has 60 builders and other employees

According to data collected by Doing Business, dealing with construction permits there requires 7. 0 procedures,

economy, except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest

Doing Business database 25 Spain Doing Business 2015 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Globally, Spain stands at 105 in the ranking of 189

Doing Business database 26 Spain Doing Business 2015 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS What are the details

collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover BUILDING A WAREHOUSE

Doing Business database 30 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING ELECTRICITY Access to reliable and affordable electricity is vital for

data comparable across economies, several assumptions are used The warehouse ï is owned by a local entrepreneur, located

population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added ï Is not in a special economic zone where

According to data collected by Doing Business getting electricity there requires 5. 0 procedures, takes 85.0 days and costs 242.0%of income per capita (figure

which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to

Doing Business database 32 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING ELECTRICITY Globally, Spain stands at 74 in the ranking of 189

Doing Business database 33 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING ELECTRICITY What are the details The indicators reported here for Spain are based on a set

Data are collected from the distribution utility, then completed and verified by electricity regulatory agencies and independent professionals such

data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover. The procedures, along with the

Doing Business database 36 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY Ensuring formal property rights is fundamental

make the data comparable across economies several assumptions about the parties to the transaction, the property and the procedures are

2 For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added

According to data collected by Doing Business registering property there requires 5. 0 procedures, takes 12.0 days and costs 6. 1%of the property value (figure

which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to

Doing Business database 38 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY Globally, Spain stands at 66 in the ranking of 189

Doing Business database 39 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY Economies worldwide have been making it easier for

Doing Business database 40 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY What are the details The indicators reported here are based on a set of

collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover STANDARD PROPERTY TRANSFER

Doing Business database 43 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING CREDIT Two types of frameworks can facilitate access to

collateral (for more details on each case, see the Data Notes section of the Doing Business 2015 report

more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added WHAT THE GETTING CREDIT INDICATORS MEASURE

3 For the legal rights index, 2 new points are added in Doing Business 2015 for new data collected to assess the overall legal framework for

4 For the credit information index, 2 new points are added in Doing Business 2015 for new data collected on accessing borrowers†credit

Doing Business database 45 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING CREDIT One way to put an economy†s score on the getting credit

Doing Business database Economy scores on depth of credit information index Note: Higher scores indicate the availability of more credit

Doing Business database 46 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING CREDIT What are the details The getting credit indicators reported here for Spain are

The data on credit information sharing are collected through a survey of a credit registry and/or credit bureau

The data on the legal rights of borrowers and lenders are gathered through a survey of financial lawyers and

Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? Yes Yes 1 Are both positive and negative credit data distributed?

No Yes 1 Are data from retailers or utility companies-in addition to data from banks and financial institutions

-distributed Yes No 1 Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more

than 10 years of negative data or erase data on defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0

for this component No No 0 Are data on loan amounts below 1%of income per

capita distributed Yes No 1 By law, do borrowers have the right to access their

data in the credit bureau or credit registry Yes Yes 1 Can banks and financial institutions access borrowersâ€

credit information online (for example, through an online platform, a system-to-system connection or both

Doing Business database 49 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Protecting minority investors matters for the ability of

data comparable across economies, a case study uses several assumptions about the business and the transaction

Doing Business database 51 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS One way to put an economy†s scores on the protecting

Doing Business database Figure 7. 3 How extensive is the liability regime for directors Extent of director liability index (0-10

Doing Business database 52 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7. 4 How easy is accessing internal corporate documents

Doing Business database 53 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7. 5 How extensive are shareholder rights

Doing Business database Figure 7. 6 How strong is the governance structure Strength of governance structure index (0-10.5

Doing Business database 54 Spain Doing Business 2015 Figure 7. 7 How extensive is corporate transparency

Doing Business database 55 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS What are the details

see the Data Notes section of the Doing Business 2015 report). ) The summary below shows the details underlying

Doing Business database 58 Spain Doing Business 2015 59 Spain Doing Business 2015 PAYING TAXES

To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions are used ï Taxpayerco is a medium-size business that

which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to

Doing Business database 61 Spain Doing Business 2015 PAYING TAXES Economies around the world have made paying taxes

Doing Business database 62 Spain Doing Business 2015 PAYING TAXES What are the details The indicators reported here for Spain are based on

Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover.

Doing Business database 64 Spain Doing Business 2015 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In today†s globalized world,

To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business and the traded goods

population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added ï Is a private, limited liability company

According to data collected by Doing Business, exporting a standard container of goods requires 4 documents

economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.

Doing Business database 66 Spain Doing Business 2015 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In economies around the world, trading across borders

-based inspections and electronic data interchange systems. These changes help improve the trading environment and boost firms†international

Doing Business database 67 Spain Doing Business 2015 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS What are the details

Doing Business database 69 Spain Doing Business 2015 ENFORCING CONTRACTS Effective commercial dispute resolution has many

a standardized case study, it collects data relating to the time, cost and procedural complexity of resolving

data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several assumptions about the case ï The seller and buyer are located in the

100 million, data for a second city have been added ï The buyer orders custom-made goods

According to data collected by Doing Business, contract enforcement takes 510.0 days, costs 18.5%of the value of the claim and

except for 11 economies for which the data are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest business

Doing Business database 71 Spain Doing Business 2015 ENFORCING CONTRACTS What are the details The indicators reported here for Spain are based on

Doing Business database 76 Spain Doing Business 2015 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A robust bankruptcy system functions as a filter

Monetary fund, supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit In addition, Doing Business evaluates the adequacy

The data are derived from survey responses by local insolvency practitioners and verified through a study of laws and regulations as

to data collected by Doing Business, resolving insolvency takes 1. 5 years on average and costs 11.0%of the

an economy, except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest

According to data collected by Doing Business, Spain scores 3. 0 out of 3 points on the commencement of

Doing Business database 79 Spain Doing Business 2015 Figure 11.2 Recovery Rate (0-100)- Spain

Doing Business database Figure 11.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16)- Spain Source: Doing Business database

80 Spain Doing Business 2015 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A well-balanced bankruptcy system distinguishes companies that are distressed financially but

Doing Business database 81 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Doing Business measures flexibility in the regulation of

Doing Business collects data on regulations applying to employees hired through temporary-work agencies as

Doing Business 2015 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex.

Detailed data collected on labor market regulations are available on the Doing Business website http://www. doingbusiness. org.

The data on labor market regulations are based on a detailed survey of employment regulations that is completed by local

To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the worker and the business are used

economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city ï Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if

Doing Business database 83 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION What are the details The data reported here for Spain are based on a detailed

survey of labor market regulation that is completed by local lawyers and public officials. Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to

Difficulty of hiring index Data Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months

Doing Business database 84 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Rigidity of hours index Rigidity of hours covers 7 areas:(

Rigidity of hours index Data 50-hour workweek allowed for 2 months a year in case of a seasonal

Doing Business database 85 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions:(

Difficulty of redundancy index Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law?

Doing Business database 86 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice

Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 1

Doing Business database Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of

unemployment protection schemes as well as data on whether employers are required legally to provide health insurance for employees with permanent

contracts Doing Business also assesses the mechanisms available to resolve labor disputes. More specifically, it collects

data on what courts would be competent to hear labor disputes and whether the competent court is

Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes indicator Data Availability of unemployment protection scheme?

Doing Business database 87 Spain Doing Business 2015 88 Spain Doing Business 2015 DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING

third year after data for the indicator were collected for the first time. For legal indicators such as those on

extreme outliers in the distributions of the rescaled data for most component indicators (very few economies

score from the previous year using comparable data Selecting the economies that implemented regulatory reforms in at least 3 topics and had the biggest

Data All the data for 189 economies†topic rankings indicator values, lists of regulatory procedures and

details underlying indicators http://www. doingbusiness. org/data Reports Access to Doing Business reports as well as

subnational and regional reports, reform case studies and customized economy and regional profiles http://www. doingbusiness. org/reports

Historical data Customized data sets since DB2004 http://www. doingbusiness. org/custom-query Law library

Online collection of business laws and regulations relating to business http://www. doingbusiness. org/law-library

Entrepreneurship data Data on business density (number of newly registered companies per 1, 000 working-age

people) for 139 economies http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/exploretopics/ent repreneurship Distance to frontier

Data benchmarking 189 economies to the frontier in regulatory practice http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/distance-to

-frontier Information on good practices Showing where the many good practices identified by Doing Business have been adopted

http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/good-practice Doing Business Iphone app Doing Business at a Glance†presenting the full

report, rankings and highlights for each topic for the iphone, ipad and ipod touch http://www. doingbusiness. org/specialfeatures

Data collection 19 Chapter 3-Defining DSI †Interim Findings 22 An emerging typology of the DSI field:

The development of open data infrastructures, knowledge co-creation platforms, wireless sensor networks decentralized social networking,

In the DSI Network Data-Set, there are a total of 285 organisations with a total of 178 activities as of 13 december 2013.

likeâ Fixmystreetâ allowing citizen to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest open source data platform

-mental data, and Safecast †a project that enables citizens to capture and share measurement on radiation

new practices in Open Data and open sensor networks; and mesh networks projects such as Guifi. net

infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and

are enabled highly by new technology trends such as open networks, open hardware and open data infra

•The main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks

distributed networks, knowledge co-production platforms, open data, open hardware, open content, and open source software

effect of the Internet and merging novel technology trendsâ such as open data, crowd-mapping, open hard

The development of open data infrastructures, knowledge co-creation platforms wireless sensor networks, and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness.

big data with collective awareness, while taking into account privacy concerns. The objective would be to

The emerging cloud model,(proprietary social networks, big data providers, the Internet of things im -plementation), are currently following a different model that allows us convenience but at the expense of

social data held on third-party sites. The lack of standards forces developers to create multiple versions of

appropriating users data, and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud),

and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The -Top (OTT) and largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more

The development of open data infrastructures and citizens-controlled wireless sensor networks, and the long-awaited deployment of the semantic web, can potentially serve collective

standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.

data and knowledge, such as crowdsourcing platforms, and novel research metrics. They include analytical tools that allow vast amounts of complex data, often from different sources,

to be mined and understood Innovations, such as those which draw on the expertise of data scientists around the world to develop algo

-rithms to solve large-scale problems, would have been impossible a decade ago 15 The main question is

and digital data accessed via the Internet Digital Social Innovation can deploy collective intelligence by connecting multiple individuals and groups

-creasing ubiquity and its massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge Looking forward, collective intelligence is necessary for social innovation to tackle the problems facing a so

high-carbon intensive behavior via data-collection and visualisation, and then collectively brainstormed and then implemented the changes necessary to reduce their carbon emissions,

Our research starting point proposes that democratized ICT and open digital infrastructures, data, knowl -edge and hardware not only provide tools for people to collaborate in virtual space

and use of their data and contents. This research will look into the type of regulations that can strengthen enabling frameworks for free

and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens

-yond GDP€, based on the valorisation of social data and common information resources for collective use

by open data gathered though a generative European-wide survey. This mixed methodology was selected because of the exploratory nature of the study.

social phenomena in real life settings, gathering tick data and asking the ††how††and ††why††questions (Yin

innovative combinations of the selected technology trends (open data, open source and open hardware developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the

-gregation between users and/or their data •Demonstrates of a clear network effect â€

•the main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks

All data captured about organisations and organisational relationships is made available as an open data set

on the website for users to download and investigate, just as any custom code developed in the course of

Database and Dynamic Visualisations will be shared back with the relevant open source communities Open data about the mapping of organisations include

•Geographic map featuring filters that can be manipulated to reveal information trends or patterns •Dynamic network/relationship map of key organisations that can be manipulated to reveal patterns in

Data collection To enable the mapping of organisations and their activities we considered three different methods with

which we could capture the relevant organisational data •Generative Survey •Inclusion of already existing datasets

Through an early assessment of the three options it became clear that capturing data through a survey

as the other two options would not result in good data. Existing datasets such as the Social Innovation Exchange (SIX) membership database, had issues with typologies,

structure and coverage and were incorporated, therefore, not into the map. Similar challenges arose around the possi

-bility of scraping data, in addition to a number of technical, validation and provenance issues surrounding scraped data.

Since this field of practice is unexplored relatively, there is a lack of relevant existing data to

help in the mapping process. The dynamic mapping tool will, however, have the functionality to integrate

existing or scraped data should this become relevant for future iterations of the mapping Mapping networks through a Generative Survey (ENDNODE

The data captured and its structure determines the mapping capabilities of the website. Therefore the sur

so that it captures the relevant data needed to understand the different types of DSI organisations and their activities.

relational (network) data The survey has been broken down in to three sections •Capturing organisational data

•Capturing data about projects and activities •Capturing data about networks and relations between organisations

First phase: The first section †Put Yourself on the Map†asks organisations a short series of questions to

self-identify as a DSI organisation, and provide information on geographical location, size and type of or

The data on organisational attributes will generate a dot on the geographical map Second phase:

data will be determined through mapping the DSI activities that the different organisations collaborate on 20 Third phase:

These were asked then to enter data regarding their organisation and to enter information regarding partners who have worked with them on projects.

any missing data in respect of this. Therefore, any organisation can exist on the map

-vey data set. The mapping and visualisations are designed around the data that is acquired through the

processes listed above. The proposed approach to mapping and visualisation exploits the flexibility of linked

data. All data points will have their own URIS that will allow mapping to Open Street Map objects.

-tively, different types of data can be layered on top of these URIS to create a more robust and extensible

database. The diagram above reflects this approach with an Open Street Map base layer with actor location

data, network relationships, communication density and user generated data applied. Currently the web -site is focused on the geographic mapping of organisations.

info-graphics that highlight important aspects of the data will be added 22 Chapter 3-Defining DSI †Interim Findings

-search, uses the beta data to show how the generative element of the survey has begun to create initial

to date, a provisional thematic clustering of DSI organisations is emerging, grouping activities into 5 macro

or linking currencies to data 25 2. New ways of making A vibrant ecosystem of makers is developing across Europe and globally.

business, open government or open data. Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a bigger shift to

are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data

-cal driven developments such as sensor networks and open data connected with a sustainable user-centric

likeâ Fixmystreetâ allowing citizen to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in

-tices in open data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services

are beginning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment in order to

Many activities in this area exploit the power of Open Data, Open APIS, and Citizens Science such as Open

Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens better public services, wile Citysdk is defining inter

decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open

Data Wiki -progress Open Corporates Ushahidi OHM Festival Cell slider Vienna Open CKAN Citysdkcrisis -commons

-ing up public data sets Delivering or partnering with DSI services Open Vienna Meiraha Citysdk

•Data and access to data is the fuel that drives much digital social innovation.

sharing public data sets national and local government have enabled citizens and organisations to create public good services that were not previously in place.

Open Government Data Vienna led to citizens developing a raft of innovations, such as the Fruitfly, a

and the Estonian Government on opening up and visualising government budget data, created more transparency around public spending

driven by a community of users and the health data they create, and the organisation behind Github, the

Knowledge foundations work on developing CKAN, one of the most widely used open-source data portal platforms is an example of a not-for-profit providing a service that enables more DSI to happen by making

it easier for large institutions to open up their data. Adding to this, foundations such as the P2p foundation

to capture data by filtered the DSI map by †Activity typeâ€. The full distribution across the 289 activities not

If we analyse these data based on all 289 organisations, and looking at in the light of the case study work

The Open Data Institute†s ODI start-up programme, which has supported organisations like Open Corporate and Provenance to grow their Open Data projects,

is an -other. Although incubators and accelerators have been always around, their presence in aiming to address

facilities (often referred to as maker and hacker spaces), for digital fabrication and hacking data that entre

worldâ€, or the Open Data Institutes (UK) open data training sessions for charities. Real empowerment

grouping is based on the classification towards creating a data-driven Ecology suggested by MIT (Bollier

Open Data innovative ways to capture, use, analyse, and interpret open data coming from people and

from the environment Open Vienna City SDK Open knowledge co-production of new knowledge and crowd

on Open Data to share and analyse the data captured across all of the Geiger counters Figure 10

The chart above shows the †Tech focus†of those on the DSI map to date.

Open Data 175 Open Networks 159 Open Hardware 49 Table 10 Within these broader technology areas, we have been identifying a variety of more specific tech methods

crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning, e-petitions and so on Open networks The ability to build bottom-up networking capabilities in every corner or the world and in people†s everyday

and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated data-processing location.

Open Sensor Network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed and stored, as it uses public data from different sensors

and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a wireless environment Sensor networks are used widely in the fields of mobility, transport, environment, geography, meteorology

They are key infrastructures of a smart city by providing basic data on the usage of energy

be fed by Open Data from the OSN A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density and some initiatives to

in order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data Community networking (also known as bottom-up networking) is an emerging model for the Future Inter

-ternet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the

Open Data The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only govern

-ment or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data. By making data open

governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have

the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for what it spends, the contracts it gives

and the assets it holds When the European commission published its Directive on the reuse of public sector information (PSI

and implement open data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels, to begin opening data.

The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately â 40 billion per annum.

Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data in a

social, from this data Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies

and driving forward the open data movement. The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased

transparency and accountability, as well as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions and the public. Open data (both static or available in real time) favours the transformation of city authori

-ties into ecosystem orchestrators that are able to shape and foster the innovation process, whilst engaging

Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by breaking the competitive ad

-vantage gained by proprietary access to data and data lock in. Innovation is most likely to occur when data

is available online in open, structured, computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse

as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved and that communities are entitled to share the value

Thus, open data, together with open and standardised APIS is crucial for innovation, as developers are able to access

and use public data and mesh it with other sources of data produced by the crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility and produce

public good For instance, with its Open Data in Vienna programme the city of Vienna has demonstrated the potential

in opening up its data. The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific com

-munity. Released data ranges from statistics and geographic data on traffic and transport to economic fig

-ures. It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data, which

to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not for profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,

which focuses on opening up and visualising the Estonian budget. The Citizen Science project Globe at Night is yet another

thereby effectively coupling open data and citizen science. The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly over the last few

years through projects funded by the European commission, such as City SDK. This is a European consor -tium of partners helping cities to standardize their interfaces

Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the Mobile Internet and the increasing

devices are generating ever-larger streams of personal behavioural data that have many potentially valuable

Data-flows are also burgeoning as the Internet of things integrates a vast universe of network aware sensors, actuators, video cameras, RFID-tagged objects and other devices

-ordinates mobile cellular and GPS data to dynamically allocate resources and direct traffic Open knowledge

measure data about real-world activity. These data streams can be location reports from objects, people and

cars, environmental measurements from sensors embedded in buildings or in the streets, and other sorts

data in massive data centres with little privacy and security. The hypothesis of this model is that people

individuals, groups, communities) as providers of data, content, and services •Cloud computing as a virtualisation infrastructure that offers unique opportunities to reduce the costs of

Analysing network data: Exploring DSI Network effect In order to analyse the relationship data from the mapping,

we are adopting social network analysis to detect patterns of relations, arguing that causation is located in the social structure.

Currently, as we are still collecting data, it would be premature to do a conclusive data-driven analysis. However, in this section we explain the methodology

41 The emergent network represents DSI organisations and their social relationships mapped in the form

multiple diverse streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving

Through our approach of mixing open data analytics with human-centric interviews/case-studies, we can

if the data-set is currently able to answer those questions. The network of concepts that deter

Only with such a framework can data and hypotheses be interpreted in a sensible manner with

and often wrong, opinions onto the data-set. Phrasing both the null hypoth -esis and alternative hypotheses in terms of network theory must be done with care.

enough data to adequately test the hypotheses, using mathematical techniques that can statistically quanti -fy the level of confidence in the proof of the data for any given hypothesis

In particular, this requires significance testing, as network-based data often assumes a non-Gaussian distri

-bution such as a power-law. For non-Gaussian distributions such as power-laws, traditional t-tests against Gaussian distributions and even traditional statistics around averages and means are scientifically invalid

In the DSI Network Data-Set, there are a total of 285 organisations with a total of 178 activities as of 13

However, a snapshot of the data on the 1st of December indicated we have 243 organi

hypothesis over our empirical data, the model with the larger likelihood fit is the better model, and so em

maximum likelihood fitting of distributions representing hypotheses to the empirical data. In other words the Likelihood ratio is R=ln (L (H N)/ L (H†N)).For hypotheses involving different datasets, different

hypotheses (Hâ€) could be tested over different data-sets and compared (N†as opposed to N in the denomi

How much data is given necessary, (N we are assuming a non-Gaussian distribution, to do the network analysis?

Using our current data from the survey, we can run the above algorithms on it to determine if the

data is sufficient. The MATLAB code developed by Aaron Clauset at the Santa fe Institute was used (http

-ed by simulating data distributions with a large enough N from two different distributions (in this case, a

power-law versus a log-normal) that would then be matched against the Monte carlo data and likelihood

what amount of data is necessary and what likelihood ratios match with p<.1. For our simulation, it required approximately N=300 for the power law to be ruled out

tail with small data-samples 43 2. What communities of social innovation exist in Europe

If the data-set is of reasonable size (less than 10,000 organisations) we will use the Newman algorithm to identify communities.

New clustering and categories will then emerge from the empirical data Within each community, there will be certain organisations that have a high centrality, the â€oemovers and

shakers†of social innovation. These organisations have a high amount of connections, which can be count

scarcity of data or many European social innovation actors are unconnected to each other, as there is only

network †more data is needed to find out, since we are at the very early stage of engaging DSI communi

-lect more data and that (2) our hypotheses will have to be quite broad and care must be taken to distinguish

This means for the second phase of the report we need approximately double the data we gath

involving (possible mutually exclusive) different kinds of subsets of the network data, such as comparing two different kinds of communities (such as â€oeitalian†vs. â€oenon-Italian†organisations or â€oeopen knowledgeâ€

top-down technology-push approaches (e g. supply-side approach to Big data & Big brother. Â Unlike traditional innovation actions, DSI and Collective Awareness Platforms are motivated by the vision

and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data and algorithms needed for innovative digital research.

Yet, perhaps surprising even as these digitally native companies are reaching the state of what appears to be permanent platform

Open data such as the Open data Vienna initiative allow for citizens to mine previously closed sources of knowledge for

problems and new opportunities •Crowdsourcing nonfinancial and financial resources towards a specific cause: while the type of collabo

can exploit the European added value in the digital economy. Digital means that any data exist in binary

form and in standardised formats so that can be aggregated and analysed in real time. Digital innovation today focuses mainly on data â€oemash-up†process,

which synthesize new information by connecting, re -using, combining, and semantically aggregating and elaborating disjointed information extracted from a

The challenge of balancing quality and quantity within the data set is an aspect that we are constantly mon

Lastly, Task 2. 5 will create infographics based on the data that can help visualize the most salient

-Basic taxonomy by technology trends (open data, open knowledge, open networks, open hardware -What impact they have (what domains,

-We just develop a more compelling visualisation of organisational information and relational data 2. Mapping Resources and Founding for DSI in Europe

Code and data Full information on the development so far and open source code can be found on the Github page here

All public data is stored in a Fuseki triple store, and accessed via the ORM-like Tripod API.

All private data is stored in Mongodb. The current homepage visualization has been created using Openstreetmaps. Access to the Open Linked Data is provided in multiple formats

http://data. digitalsocial. eu/data The following list is a priority list for future development

•Improve the UI •Allow organisations entering data to self-tag descriptions of their organisations/activities and for these

to feed into a Tag cloud navigation UI •Add another Taxonomy, allowing to brows and cluster the initiatives present on the map according to

In this manner, the website would become not only a data source but also a kind of learning tool to understand what digital social innovation concretely means

•Create better visualisation with the current relational data that can be exported (see here an example of

As the platform matures, data and in -formation can be validated by the community through recommendation and reputation mechanisms.

Exploring the potential of different mechanisms such as open data, crowd -sourcing/crowdfunding, Living Labs, etc. and comparing these to more traditional approaches

gather environmental data, which itself is the subject of one of the case studies in this report

away all the data required to build Arduinos completely free Some commentators have gone further to suggest that Arduino has also

data. These would enable better assessment of the long-term importance of Social Computing trends in terms of their socioeconomic impact

With specific regard to Avaaz, comparative data would enable researchers to identify which regions have had greater successes

Open Network, Open Data, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A Network Key facts: Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS

data, while giving developers the tools they need to develop applications that scale. It focuses on three types of urban domains:

data Type of organisation Citysdk is a European Consortium consisting of 23 partners in nine

purpose of helping cities to open their data and giving developers the tools they need,

the world looking at open data as a kick start for their economies Citysdk aims to provide better and easier ways for the cities throughout

Europe to release their data in a format that is easy for the developers to reuse

along with links to the open data from the various partner cities, and developers will be encouraged to work with this to create new

Open Data made available by public or private entities •Dissemination activities (lead: Manchester City council

-other is the Open Data Globe, showing the dynamics of European cities based on the available open data.

There are several applications related to mobility, such as the Greater manchester Realtime Scheduling appli -cation, the Park Shark City Platform and the City Navigator, a fully Open

knowledge and data Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on

Open Data, as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in stand -ardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free appli

-cations that scale Open API€ s, that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to pub

-lish (real-time) datasets use those in applications Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies

Data stored in Postgresql/Postgis database Collaboration using digital technologies is done mainly using e-mail, vid

The Open Data policies implemented by the EU and individual countries facilitate the building of Citysdk as well as

smart services where user generated data make up the core activity of the service How is funded the organisation?

high quality data that is in high demand, e g..real-time traffic data Governments and civil servants demand results too quickly.

It takes per -severance as well as investment in time, money and relationships before good outcomes happen Business cases for implementing the resulting API€ s are currently miss

data, implementing API€ s and working with the local development com -munity Visual applications of technology (like http://dev. citysdk. waag. org/build

A lot of effort is spent is connecting data owners, technicians and do -main experts. This pays off in the end

well for the development community and data owners alike. This opens a whole new market for developers and businesses in terms of spatial

Open Data; Open Networks; Open source DSI activities: Operating a DSI service, Network Key facts: As part of the project the consortia developed Europe commons, a

into current technological trends such as open data, open source, as well as digital volunteerism (crowdsourcing), in a way that has a clear social

-sourcing metadata for the digital image inventory. The â€oetag. Check Score. †application was developed by Alan Meyer, Fellow of Code for

-data, checking and correcting existing tags and thereby scoring points Tag. Check. Score. Because digitization has presented a whole host of

challenges for many museums, libraries and archives, the aim was to also develop a reusable IT open source solution.

•Open government data and public sector information: COMMUNIA policy paper on the proposal to amend the European Directive on re

•Open access to scientific publications and open scientific data: COM -MUNIA Position on EC Horizon 2020 Open Access policy

Therefore, the project also wants to generate open data sets for research that will allow for outside participation and research collaboration, with

Actually, the open data efforts will be focused more on the Future Internet context of CONFINE, rather than the test bed itself

streaming, instant messaging, remote backups and updates, file storage and file sharing The project has also set up http://opendata. confine-project. eu/using

the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software This central catalog points to open data available from the different

CONFINE partners. With CKAN, the datasets can be tagged easily and commented on (Braem et al. 2013

remote backups and updates, file storage and file sharing. These services face enormous challenges due to the limited capacity of servers and links

data and the data they relay. This leads to different threat models and a new notion of trust between users

Open Networks, Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: An event, A network, Running/hosting maker spaces and hackerspaces

Open networks, Open data, Open knowledge, Open hardware DSI activities: Research project, network, operating web service providing education

-ing, data aggregation, and information presentation to users by means of mobile and web-based devices such as smartphones, computers and

data and subjective opinions which will expose the mechanisms by which the individual perception of a known phenomenon is translated into its

A central server efficiently collects, analyses and visualises data sent from arbitrary sources. The Everyaware platform will handle both sensor

and subjective data acquisition. It will host a modular system based on two hardware components: a smartphone controlling the data acqui

-sition and a modular sensor box with several pluggable sensors. This approach guarantees high scalability of the overall system and allows

The data storage system and the gaming platform are the two main components of the Everyaware web-based infrastructure, which comple

storing and analysing relevant environmental data Case studies: Case studies concerning different numbers of participants will test the scalability of the platform,

data and indicates the noise pollution levels all over the world. At the same time, Widenoise also visualises the data to explain to users in a

more accessible manner how they might gain a deeper understanding of the problem Sensorbox, Airprobe, a dedicated Web server and Web application

aggregate data gathered by the community, as personalised information concerning personal levels of exposure to pollutants.

which allow effective data and opinion collection, and real-time information spreading processes In addition, theoretical and modelling tools developed by physicists

and visualize complex data sets. The integration of participatory sensing with the monitoring of subjective opinions is novel

of an environmental issue, corroborated by quantitative data, evolves into socially shared opinions, eventually driving behavioural changes

Generating data and sharing opinion in a user friendly manner: The combination of sensor-based data generation and online sharing pro

-vides the possibility of gathering opinions in a user friendly manner Sensor-based gathering of temperature and noise-level information, for

example, allows collection of data on totally new levels of scale. Use of mobile phones for this purpose seems a particularly powerful way of get

as it could integrate subjective data (such as moods or opinions) as well as scientific readings. It is possible to make

more sense of the collected data when they are displayed over a base map of the local streets either via GPS readings or by captures through a

-cuses on the question of whether †socially accepted†data gathered in this way could induce widespread opinion dynamics leading to changes

data, together with their analysis, processing and visualisation should trigger a bottom-up improvement for social strategies.

and personalised representation of the collected data to users has the potential of triggering a bottom-up improvement of citizens†behaviours

The comparison between sensor data and subjec -tive opinions aims to expose the mechanisms by which the individual

for capturing new types of data across EU 104 105 Fablab Amsterdam At a glance

Teleconferencing system and digital communication: To Fablab Am -sterdam, it is very important to build and be part of the global Fablab

more open source, open data, and open government. This portal is spe -cifically aimed at helpingâ governments all over the world to open source

relies on open data How is funded the organisation? The Spanish Minister of Culture has helped co-fund (amount unclear

Open data; Open knowledge DSI activities: Advocating and campaigning; Operating a web service Key facts:

MAPIT-Mapit Global†s API uses Openstreetmap data to †establish the location of different administrative boundaries, anywhere in the world. â€

Boundaries data is essential for anyone creating geographic web and mobile services that rely on locating a particular point within the correct

A structured database that links people to places, organisations and roles. It†s an accessible display all of the members of a particular house of

A database of parliamentary transcripts linked to the individual speak -ers, making it easy to display how often a politician has spoken in parlia

Kenyan Election contacted the site personally to query the data behind their scorecard rating. mysociety emphasize the fact that, if Presidential

seen the city adopt an open data policy and share data related to popula -tion, economics and science.

Relevant data also comes from around the areas of statistics, geospatial, transportation and economics. This shift

2011 with opening up datasets on data. wien. gv. at. The main targets of the Open Government strategy for Vienna are:

Furthermore the data and spin-off apps that come about as a result of the Open Government Data strategy are hoped

to have positive impact on citizen engagement and participation; busi -ness and research; and administration in the city of Vienna

the open data generated to deal with the particular needs of citizens in the city,

â€oefruit Fly†an app that offers users a visual map that captures data on all fruit trees on public ground in Vienna.

Crowdsourced data is used also to index which fruit is ripe or in season. The result is a quirky app that citizens

In opening its data records to the public, the City of Vienna is taking an

city†s Open Government activities and the first edition of the Open Data catalogue are available online,

Open Government Data Vienna, and the community of over 500 users is made up by a diverse demographic of students, teachers and professors

-gic issues in the field of Linked Open Government Data (such as strategy forms and consultation

-enced by recent technology trends around open data and open networks As part of this citywide effort to make Vienna a †smart cityâ€, the City of

In addition to this, the City of Vienna launched an Open Data portal and an Open Government Portal in 2011.

time the aggregated data has been made open to the public as an Open Data Catalogue. Lastly 109 apps and visualisations were created by the

community, some of which are of particular value to the citizens and tourists of Vienna A report produced by the City of Vienna, †Open Government Implemen

-tation Model†suggests that a †focused look at public sector data manage -ment has been missing so far In public Management†and that †a control

gap has become evident due to the trend toward the release of data in Open Government Data Portals. †It also concedes that the Open Gov

-ernment Data Implementation Model †is a contribution toward closing this gap†by producing †data catalogues,

implementing evaluations in the context of internal data monitoring and the planning and implemen -tation of approval cycles in the first stage of Open Government consti

-tute a contribution to Data Management and Data Governance as new disciplines of Public Management. †Yet advances in public management

of this sort would doubtlessly be impossible without the improvements in computing storage and high levels of Internet penetration

Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Open Government Vienna has centred itself around interaction, com

Data quality: data management tools like CKAN are necessary to build up a range of datasets that are of a high standard,

and that can in turn generate useful cross-referenceable findings Data islands: transferring data over from older devices posed a challenge

for the Open Government†s push for open data What really helps to achieve goals?

Political buy in: the scope and breadth of what Open Government Vien -na has achieved would not have been had possible the city authority not

voted to make open data a major priority focus How to achieve better European collaboration? The model implemented in the Open Government Vienna initiative has

already been used by other Authorities in Austria (e g. Environment Agency Austria, small municipality of Engerwitzdorf, City of Graz

-net penetration rate of 89.3 percent, according to data released by the International Telecommunications Union in June 2012) more needs to

Open networks, Open data, Open Knowledgeâ Â DSI activities: Operating a web service Key facts:

Created open data sets with more than 60 million companies registered Website: http://opencorporates. com /Organisation Name Opencorporates

Short description Opencorporates is the largest open database of companies in the world It is a website

which shares data on corporate entities as open data under the share-alike attribution Open Database Licence.

It aims at creating a URL with such data for every corporate entity in the world, as well as

importing government data relating to companies and matching it to specific companies. The site also shows groups of companies that are

legally part of the same conglomerate, which helps provide transparency on networks of corporate subsidiaries and holding companies spread

as open data in XML or JSON format. Today the site has grown from 3 territories and a few million companies to over 75 jurisdictions and 60

and is working with the open data community to add more each week Type of organisation Opencorporates is a for-profit company, based in the UK

data and providing tools for analysing it. To do this, Opencorporates is not only creating a general database,

but also a database that has certain focuses, and an open data community, to make the open information

sharing more open, and thus effective What does it do, and how does this activity enhance social innovation?

The core business of Opencorporates is to collect data on companies through web scraping tools and then visualize the data

Web scraping data: The main activity within Opencorporates is to collab -orate with Scraperwiki, a platform for doing data science on the web, to

help get the company data. The basics that are needed in order to create a company record at Opencorporates are the company number, the juris

-diction and the company†s name. People only need to write a scraper for a country if there is not standard data available for this already

The Opencorporates database has been built by the open data communi -ty, under a bounty scheme in conjunction with Scraperwiki, by offering

a small fee for new jurisdictions opened up (explained in more detail below). ) Web scraping (web harvesting or web data extraction) is a com

-puter software technique of extracting information from websites. The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal

entities to company names â€oea bounty schemeâ€: Opencorporates offered a small fee for new jurisdic -tions opened up,

them open up data sets. It offered £100 for any jurisdiction that had not yet been done and £250 for those territories that Opencorporates saw

and neither the code nor the data will belong to Opencorporates, but to the open data community

Data visualisation: The main output from Opencorporates work on capturing data is searchable maps and visualisations of complex corpo

-rate structures with multiple layers of control below the headquarter of the organisation and it in some cases thousands of subsidiaries.

-rate structure of Goldman Sachs†s based on data from public filings and company registrations in the U s.,New zealand, the Cayman islands

have done as an academic study based on this data, but maybe half a dozen people would have read it.

founders and a number of other people in the open data community had around access to data,

whether it†s Government spending, subsidy info or court cases. As Chris Taggart has explained it in an interview with

opening up data. In 2011 it won the 3rd prize in the EU funded open

data challenge and was recognised by the vice president of the European Commission, Neelie Kroos as †the kind of resource the (Digital) Single

To date Open Corporates have managed to grow an open database with information on more than 61 million companies in it

Getting and Returning Data †Making open data more open: Opencor -porates inspires a social sharing concept to people who want to get data

from it. All Opencorporate†s data where the company has the right to share it,

is made openly available under the share-alike attributionâ Open Database Licence. In return, any product of that data must also be open

for others to use. For organisations that don†t want to give back data they pay Opencorporates a fee

Innovating data driven journalism: As part of the development of their offer Opencorporates is making a new open database of corporate

officers and directors available to the world. This will enable journalists to be able to search not just all the companies with directors for a given

name in a given state, but across multiple states What it the role of the

organisation within the DSI ecosystem? Not applicable What technological methods and tools is it using, and what

Open data: Open data sit at the core of all Opencorporates work. This is both a tool to scrape, capture

and analyse data, as well as a way for the organisation to release data to a community of collaborators

Open source: Opencorporates wants to make its product and the da -tabase accessible and scalable. It would not be possible without a huge

number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database

as well as the community accessible online. Within five years the data -base has expanded to over 61 million companies, without the Internet

and the participation through Internet, this would not have happened Technical specs behind the website: Opencorporates is built on the Ru

-byonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers running Linux. Famfamfam icons and flags, Twitter Bootstrap, and

in the UK Open Data Institute, and has received also a grant from the Alfred P Sloan Foundation

Opencorporates licence the information and database under a share -alike attribution license, allowing free and open reuse even commercially

Access to data: The main driver behind Opencorporates is access to data on the businesses whose corporate structures they want to capture and

release data on. However, accessibility to good data varies significantly from country to country, depending on governments†willingness and

capability to release this. New zealand as an example have easily accessi -ble data sets which Opencorporates with very simple coding can inte

-grate into their data base, where as others release data in pdf files, which makes scraping and accessing the data significantly harder

Linked to this is the varying quality of data available. When mapping US companies data from Theâ Federal reserve system is for example more

granular, structured and detailed than data from the Securities and Exchange Commission. To address issues around quality of Opencorpo

-rates assing data confidences†to links, with higher or lower confidence depending on data they were able to access

What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers? Just as lack of access to data can be a barrier, the easy access to open

data sets from countries like New zealand has helped Opencorporates grow their database Building on this it can be argued that the ability to access a global open

data community who as part of the bounty scheme helped Opencorpo -rates scrape data from countries around the world has played a big role

in their growth of the dataset Finally, the incubation within the Open Data Institute helped Opencor

-porates grow their business model and receive expert support from open data peers How does it achieve better

European collaboration? Not applicable 157 Open Garden At a glance Type of Organisation: Private business

Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends: Open networks, Open Knowledgeâ Â DSI activities: Operating a web service

Key facts: 3 million users in 2013, which is tripled from 1 million a year before

registered Website: http://opengarden. com Organisation Name Open Garden Short description Open Garden is based a San francisco start up,

focusing on innovating in Internet use, through its mobile app and network building, and creat

-ing new ways to grow the Internet. The simple mobile app enables users to connect to each other seamlessly and share their Internet connection

With the largest scale implementation of a mobile Mesh Network, Open Garden is pioneering work on exploring ubiquitous connectivity

Type of organisation Open Garden is based a San francisco for-profit start-up History and mission The Open Garden Mesh app was launched in Beta on May 21st 2012

ubiquitous mobile Internet, mobile consumers have become data users and data transfer activities are constantly taking place among mobile

users. Skyrocketing consumption of mobile data is becoming curbed by a finite amount of licensed spectrum and the capacity limitations of

cellular networks. Capacity and spectrum limitations can impact the user experience in very important †and very negative †ways.

They can produce inconsistent data services that leave consumers wondering when and where they can access the network, and

more data at faster speeds in more locations Stronger Coverage: Consumers actually become part of the network

to access more data at faster speeds in more locations Use of Multiple Networks At once:

traditional mobile data solution. Open Garden therefore wishes to speed up innovation from both the technology perspective and social perspec

networks even as they deliver a superior experience for mobile data us -ers. It enables faster,

more efficient data transmissions without requiring users to manually sift through available networks to find the best one

It minimizes network traffic without the use of data caps and network throttling, which consumers abhor

such as mobile data costumers, mak -ers, hackers, the DIY community, urbanites and crowds, events attendees

Open networks, Open data, Open Knowledgeâ Â DSI activities: Participation and democracy Key facts: Developed CKAN

such as the Ckan tool for releasing open data Type of organisation The Open Knowledge Foundation is a nonprofit organisation founded

promoting open data and open content in all their forms †including government data, publicly funded research and public domain cultural

content. The Foundation is sees itself as an international leader in its field and has extensive experience in building tools and community

data community One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source

data portal platforms CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments companies and organisations) wanting to make their data open and

available. CKAN also has a number of built-in features catered to data us -ers, enabling users to browse

and find the data they need, and preview it using maps, graphs and tables-whether they are developers, journalists

researchers, NGOS, citizens or professionals. CKAN also offers a pow -erful Application programming interface (API) which allows third-party

applications and services to be built using the published data It was developed originally in 2006 by the OKF to run Thedatahub. org, a

public registry of open knowledge datasets. As a powerful data manage -ment system which makes data accessible, discoverable and presentable

on the web by providing tools to streamline publishing, sharing, finding and using data; its obvious usefulness has been evidenced by its wider

adoption. CKAN now powers more than 40 data hubs around the world including portals for local, national and international government, such

as the UK€ s data. gov. uk and the European Union†s publicdata. eu Open Data Training:

In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills

and capacity of govern -ments and civil society organisations, through providing a range of open

data training programmes Challenges: In 2011 the Foundation ran the Open Data Challenge, which was Europe†s biggest open data competition to date,

attracting 430 en -tries from 24 Member States Events: Finally the OKFN seeks to stimulate the debate about open

knowledge through events, from small scale policy workshops and cod -ing sessions to its annual international OKFESTIVAL and OKCONFERENCE

events What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence of impact to date?

The OKFN overarching goal is a vibrant open knowledge commons that empowers citizens and enables fair and sustainable societies.

They de -scribe how they aim for a social impact in the four following areas

material and open data and content are the key raw ingredients for the development of new innovative tools and services

organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to open data sets.

Some of the most prominent users of CKAN include the UK€ sâ data. gov. uk website, the United states government†sâ Data. gov and

the Australian government†s data. gov. au Members: The buy in to the OKFN principles is evidenced also by its

membership. Currently the organisation has more than 8000 members spread out globally across chapters in 40 countries

The open data challenge, for example, helped identify more than 430 open data entries for the chal

-lenge What it the role of the organisation within the DSI ecosystem? Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open

example, open data. Just as the engagement of tens of thousands of peo -ple in Open Knowledge events help further the debate

projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards Some of these, such as CKAN are developed by OKFN itself, but it also

and distribute large quantities of data How is funded the organisation? The primary funding source is from grants to provide advice or develop

Open Knowledge, Open Data DSI activities: A network, A research project, Operating a web service

To data it has organised two annual physical meet-ups in Bel -gium and the UK,

most commonly known application is popularized file sharing, which the technology. Other applications are, such as, instant messaging systems

profile, Patientslikeme allows members to input real-world data on their conditions, treatment history, side effects, hospitalizations, symptoms

Answers come in the form of shared longitudinal data from other patients with the same condition (s), thus allowing mem

studies with real-world data that have helped refute and preempt traditional randomised clinical trials. On June 9, 2011, Patientslikeme

The list of available trials is refreshed each night from the open data from Clinicaltrials. gov,

Sharing and selling data: Both a part of Patientlikeme†s business model as well as its mission to create better treatments for its members, Pa

-tientlikeme sells aggregated de-identified health data from patients to relevant parties such as companies that are developing

and do not do with their data. Memebers, Patientslikeme argue, are compelled to get involved as their sharing of this informa

based on its patient data and it has generated over 1 million treatment & symptom reports. In the United states, approximately 10 percent of

Patientslikeme, the practical and individual data and information from patients becomes extremely useful for clinic research,

patients share real-world data, collaboration on a global scale becomes possible, new treatments become possible, and most importantly

and generates an database that is being used to return the benefit to the community 176 What technological methods and

-ronment with ease, where patients share data about their treatments symptoms, and disease outcomes Internet:

allow for greater democratisation of patient medical data Social networking and Community Power: Peer-to-peer networks are becoming the cornerstone for a new era of patient-centered health care

and contribute data directly to research. Patientslikeme also combines an enhancing collaboration with the actual measurement of medicine

share their personal health data. The more data generated from users the more detailed insights the network can garner from the data and in

return provide a higher value service for its members How is funded the organisation? Patientslikeme has been funded by a group of philanthropic organi

-sations and investment companies such as Commercenet, Omidyar Network, LLC, and Invus Commercenet was an key part of Patientslikeme†s success as they

do not have data or keep a long-time track of information from patients that they treated.

Currently, most healthcare data is inaccessible due to privacy regulations or proprietary tactics. As a result, research is slowed,

data, and open up the healthcare system. In this way people can learn what†s working for others, improve the dialogue with doctors, and best

In spite of the structural barriers in accessing patient medical data Patientslikeme†s fast uptake illustrates the obvious need for services of

Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: Operating a web service Key Facts: About 15,000 members in September 2013

Raspberry Pi to log all relevant data in your own weather station. Signif -icantly, the Pi community†s focus on reuse

Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: An event, A network, Running/hosting maker spaces and hackerspaces

can map and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets. The overarching aim of Safecast is to encourage people to actively

contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate en -vironmental problems.

data on radiation levels across Japan, caused by the meltdown at the power plant. However, the Safecast team quickly realised that most of

there were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger counter, imme

network where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting Safecast then worked with Hackerspaces and used grant funding to

the data and log the location Harnessing the power of collective intelligence: The history of Safecast is

Later on Ray Ozzie a data expert based in Boston joined the conversa -tion when the question of how to release

and analyse the data arose Looking beyond Japan: While Safecast was focused initially on mapping radiation levels in Japan the network has gone now global.

and data collection in Los angeles and Detroit, and scale radiation moni -toring globally Spread information via Social media:

data per se cannot be a useful resource for nuclear risk knowledge pro -duction. Volunteer Geiger counter users and social media users among

The majority of data is captured through the bgeigie mobile sensor. A Geiger counter designed to be mounted on a vehicle,

All data captured via the Geiger counters is cap -tured and released in an open data set,

and the radiation measurements are color-coded and plotted on a radiation level map which lets people

of volunteers who use the Geiger counters to capture the data that makes the platform a valued resource.

was a belief that people needed more and better radiation data, and that currently a lot of governmental data is not adequate or transparent

Building on this Safecast intends to bring the attitude of â€oecitizen help themselves†where the government â€oefailedâ€.

collecting and sharing open data, as well as educating, without input from government. To date, this has

As a pro-data organisation, Safecast generates nuclear risk knowledge by harnessing measurement data in multiple ways.

Safecast initially claimed not to â€oework with any government and government agency directly†precisely because they try to â€oeremain independent

Open Data: As mentioned earlier, a cornerstone of Safecast is its com -mitment to open data,

which means that anyone with an interest in global radiation can freely contribute to and access the large data sets

created by the Safecast community In addition to this, the team behind Safecast also seek a social impact by

pro data. The goal is to provide more informative data where it didn†t exist so that people can make more informed decisions based on facts

rather than the fear and speculation that comes from uninformed sourc -es. The goal is not to single out any individual source of data as untrust

-worthy, but rather to contribute to the existing measurement data and make it more robust 194

What is the role of the organisation within the DSI ecosystem? As described in more detail below,

Open data: Safecast provides an Open Application Programming In -terface (API), allowing people to access raw measurement data.

More importantly, Safecast presents useful information on measurement data such as geo-location information and time of upload.

Such information not only makes it possible to locate when and where each datum was captured and uploaded,

-ume of raw measurement data for their own ends Social media: Social media has helped Safecast in two main ways.

-es measurement data on the Safecast Map in six coloured layers. This provides information for people on the level of nuclear radiation in areas

platform also enabled a sharing of data collected by citizens, to citizens at a scale not possible before the advance of the Internet

The richness of radiation data grows as people use and share radiation data. Equally, the variations and development of different

Geiger counters grows, adding value to the overall service, as DIY makers develop new types of counters

provides a barrier in access to public data as well as distribution of data through public channels.

data, combined with intense media attention in the wake of the Fukush -ima disaster. This helped †get the word out†and mobilise a large commu

Open Networks, Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: A network, operating a web service

the kit to contribute to the collection of environmental data, which it is hoped can be used to generate useful research and analysis

Through connecting data people and knowledge, the objective of the platform is to serve as a node

to produce new types of data and information which people previously couldn†t get good access to.

data as close to the public as possible. Tomas Diez, who directs Fab Lab Barcelona, and faculty at IAAC, who initiated the Smart Citizen project

different data that is around the city, as well as how citizens interact with it. Believing that citizens can interact with the city data more often and

in an easier way, Tomas and a group of people started to look into the existing products sensors and devices,

and share data themselves, and make this a tool that could be used by citizens. At the IAAC Tomas met a group of people

and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit The Smart Citizen Kit itself is a an electronic board based on the open

data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a solar charger

upload data from the sensors in real time to the online platform Anyone who has owns a kit,

collate and share their data online on smart -citizen. me/pages/sck online platform. The platform is open to anyone, as

the data, share it instantly and compare with other places in the city in real time, and thus help improve the environment quality

participation of the general public in the process of producing open data used for the purpose of monitoring the environment.

While the focus is generated on citizen data, the Smart Citizen Kit has attracted the attention of cities across Europe, such as Barcelona and

and compare data and information in real time. On a grander scale, however, the very ideas underpinning

Open Data and Open source: The web platform is developed with Open -Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaã l, jquery, Cakephp, and many more.

Easy capture and distribution of data The generation of analysis and further research as a result of this open

data being generated Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The Smart Citizen Kit itself is just a board with sensors attached to it.

To be sustainable in working the data, motivate users to send data Smart Citizen kit has its own community, where users collect and share

the data online. But to keep users being motivated and therefore to keep the community active, is essential to

what Smart Citizen Kit wants to achieve. In response to this challenge, the team is frequently designing

To make the data and the technology meaningful: The team consider their Smart Citizen Kit as very effective data producers.

The next step is to find how people can make use of the data and how the data can help

people to participate. To achieve this, Tomas believe that it is necessary to make more and more people aware that they all can do something

good with the data. â€oei think for Smart Citizen Kit it is important that people will feel it as a big name,

like same important as IBM, otherwise it won†t work. †On one hand, the project is now slowly by slowly gen

The original data, including its destination, are encrypted and re-encrypted multiple times, and are sent through a virtual circuit

to pass the remaining encrypted data on to it. The final relay decrypts the last layer of encryption and sends the original data,

without reveal -ing or even knowing its sender, to the destination. This method reduces the chance of the original data being understood in transit and, more no

-tably, conceals the routing of it. Needless to say, the connection between a global network of volunteers who help reroute traffic would not have

data that people opt to share Dark web: The cloak of anonymity provided by Tor makes it an attractive

Open data*;*Open Knowledge Organisation Name Ushahidi Short description Ushahidi is a nonprofit tech company that specializes in developing free

US military organisations used Ushahidi data feeds along with other sources in a similar manner to inform their early situational assessments

supplementary services data) app to reduce the time it takes to process reports and manage the flood of SMSS coming through its platform to

-ed questions about the representativeness and quality of the data Several technological limitations to information use.

policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data streams. Limited bandwidth was cited by organisations on the ground in

spare computer processing power to analyse data, known as volunteer computing, Zooniverse projects require the active participation of

means of handling the enormous volumes of data by enlisting the help of public volunteers

nor the resources to dedicate to processing this backlog of data. Similar -ly, a growing challenge for scientists is analysing large datasets †tens or

data is in forms that computers still can†t process, but that human beings can This is where the uniting of †citizen scienceâ€

and open data forms a powerful synergy; using the web to provide a means of reaching a much

who seek to interact with the data in a deeper way are given a greater platform to do so.

abundance of †big data. †Volunteers are presented with a series of image or †slidesâ€.

to accelerate the analysis of this data and †bring forward the cures for cancers. †The palpable social impact of this project has certainly been a

through open knowledge and open data What technological methods and tools is it using, and what

up data analysis to the public) to process big data sets quicker, while simultaneously advancing scientific research. As mentioned above, the

project was launched in 2007 to help process a data set made up of a million galaxies imaged by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, who still pro

Furthermore, data analysed through crowdsourcing in this way provides quantitative estimates of error thanks to multiple independent interac

-tions with the data 216 Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The very success of Zooniverse†s projects relies upon the time, abilities

CRUK) that allows the massive volumes of data to be processed through a platform of open data

Yet since the very first days of Galaxy Zoo, projects have seen volunteers go well beyond the main classification tasks to offer amazing contribu

For instance, the data collected from the various projects has led to the publication of dozens of scientific papers

to collaborate with the data generated even further. This application will offer community members tools of analysis to enable them to interact

more deeply with the data generated In addition to this, the decision February 2013 to start making Zo

-oration to be pursued other than the analysis of data. While Zooniverse had made not the move to open source a priority (because behind the

data, a survey carried out with Galaxy Zoo volunteers in 2009 revealed that of the 10,000 respondents surveyed the primary self-reported

Open Data Wikipro-gress Open Corporates Ushahidi Crisis -commons OHM Festival Cell slider CKAN Vienna

Data collection Chapter 3-Defining DSI †Interim Findings An emerging typology of the DSI field:

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