Synopsis: Ict: Data: Data:

data on performance or improve their internal processes. It may however be easier to implement the model for a programme or a sub

the use of data-heavy websites †Limited numbers of sectors or limited number of companies are to be helped

Data Source: Au-Yeung et al, 2013 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5

Data Source: Au-Yeung et al, 2013 TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C

Data Source: IIASA and VID, 2008 TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C

Data Sources: ABS, 2014b; 2014e TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C

Data Sources: ABS, 2014d; ABS, 2014e -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Data Sources: ABS, 2014c; RBA, 2014b; RBA, 2014c TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia

for multiple data entry and many of the errors present in manual systems Autumncare systems are used by some of

Data Source: ABS, 2014j TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C

Data source: KPMG, 2014 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0

through considering options to improve data collection and information sharing between key VET stakeholders, and possible reforms focusing on VET in schools and school based

Data source: OECD, 2013 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80

Airport traffic data 1985 to 2013. Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. Canberra: Commonwealth of australia

conference-board. org/data/economydatabase /Times Higher education. 2014, October. Times Higher education World University rankings 2014-15.

) World bank Data. Retrieved August 2014, from Gross capital formation %of GDP: http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/NE.

GDI. TOTL. ZS World bank. 2014b). ) World Development Indicators. Retrieved May 2014, from World Development Indicators-Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products(%:

//data. worldbank. org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators World Economic Forum. 2010). ) The Global Competitiveness Report:

solutions in the public sector and increased use of public data Strengthen the municipal sector as a service provider

ï Collecting general company data ï Shaping company technology profile ï Performing SWOT analysis ï Identifying technological areas for further analysis

the installation or modernisation of their Wide area network, structured cabling, data network, video network and computers

ï Exploratory, followed by data collection ï Detailed, followed by a focused analysis Gathering information on Strengths and Weaknesses should focus on the internal factors of skills

ï Experience, knowledge, data ï Financial reserves, likely returns ï Marketing-reach, distribution, awareness ï Innovative aspects

ï Reliability of data, plan predictability ï Moral, commitment, leadership ï Accreditations, etc ï Processes and systems, etc

specifications testing, behavioural testing, data-driven test -ing, functional testing, and input/output-driven testing

An alternative form of black-box testing is to base the test data on the functionality of the module.

-ing very much the initial data of the problem ï prefer to do things differently ï are found in departments as marketing that de

After analysing the data together with the leadership, Bright side has developed an individual devel -opment process and one for the leadership that best fits the needs of the company.

should include the performance measures, a programme of visits, the method of data collec -tion, etc.

ï Collect the necessary data, according to the agreement. The collection of data could be achieved through observation, conversations with people involved, gathering of documents

etc ï The gathered information needs to be processed and analysed. The analysis of the informa

and provided relevant data over a period of time, at the end of which there was a meeting between the three companies.

-lected data was analysed, which was used later to produce a report, specifying the different ap -proaches and methods applied in each company

Managers can have access to volumes of data but still lack quality information about one of

physical models from Computer-aided design (CAD) data. These"three dimensional printers"allow designers to quickly create tangible prototypes of their designs, rather than just two-dimensional pic

and consider how data is to be captured. Different testing methods will have different objectives, approaches and types of modelling.

Data collection will tend to be qualita -tive based on observation, interview and discussion with the target audience.

Data will typically be qualitative and based on observation, discussion and structured inter -view. The study should aim to understand why users respond in the way that they do to the concept

Data from a validation test is likely to be quantitative, based on measurement of performance. Nor

Data should also be formally recorded, with any failures to comply with expected performance logged

both performance and preference data for each solution. The comparison test is used to establish a

data from manual tyre counts. The new system will automate data collection to allow better manage

-ment of machines, shifts, and teams while allowing efficient reporting tools with real-time views of all

The customer now has a system that utilizes real-time data for accurate planning and reporting while

data collection is automated now and less costly, and the system is designed for future scalability Case study 2:

Information about the processing of rods including various data collection is used by the opera -"Innosupport:

1) Data collection (identify the components, materials, and fastening mechanism in the assem -bly to be rated

-keting budget in order to collect all the data required and to make their analysis 9. 1. 1. How can we optimize the acceptance...

-tential customers from publicized data. Much of this information is free, or available at low cost, from

ï Others (data are National and Local governments, Business links, Chambers of Commerce and the European commission

9. Calculators-while not strictly databases, many do include an internal data component for cal

ï http://www. evfh-nuernberg. de/data/dbfiles/entwickl. doc Employees are the basis of social organisations.

and interpret data to enable the identification of both staff and organisational performance improvement. Key in an TNA is to gain comprehensive

data on training needs, which amounts to answering the fundamental questions of: who, what, when

ï Use knowledge of employees and data to make decisions in a timely manner ï Tolerate mistakes of employees in pursuit of continuous improvement

and data that would ensure suc -cessful operation of the company and its targeted development,

data or refer -ence material "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-12.1. Literature searches page 248 of 271

The use of databases is a way to obtain extensive and exhaustive data, as databases include various

summaries of data, statistics, publications and other sources. Databases are available in various for -mats †in printed form (e g.,

It should be noted that the Internet is the most comprehensive and complete storage place of data

Computerized data bank containing statistical tables of demographic and socioeconomic data for 227 countries and areas of the world

/Geopolitical data, statistics on the human population of regions, countries, provinces and cities, some statistics on economic factors and more

Depending on the type of the required information or specificity of data, it is possible to seek direct

First of all, set an objective â state what you want to find, what kind of information or data, â

International data base-Computerized data bank containing statistical tables of demographic and socioeconomic data for 227 countries and areas of the world

ï http://www. geohive. com /Geohive †Global Statistics-Geopolitical data, statistics on the human population of regions

countries, provinces and cities, some statistics on economic factors and more Libraries ï http://www. questia. com Questia Online Library

-conomic arguments for globalisation, such as data demonstrating the positive contribution made by multinational corporations to economic development

portal†data, show that the high percentage of SMES amongst all enterprises continues to remain high.

2 These data exemplarily demonstrate the key-role which SMES play in Germany†s economy.

rejected because of containing incomplete and/or contradictory data. Figure 3 shows the representation of the industry sectors in the sample

changing shifts the world-over whereby the data is transmitted electronically from one centre to next.

enumerators was engaged to collect the data. The questionnaire was developed for the study and was based on

7 http://ec. europa. eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2014 2015/main/h2020-wp1415-sme en. pdf

A novelty in Horizon 2020 is the Open Research Data Pilot which aims to improve and

maximise access to and reuse of research data generated by projects. While certain Work Programme parts and areas have been identified explicitly as participating in the Pilot on

Open Research Data, individual actions funded under the other Horizon 2020 parts and areas can choose to participate in the Pilot on a voluntary basis. The use of a Data Management

1 http://ec. europa. eu/regional policy/indexes/in your country en. cfm HORIZON 2020 †WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015

Plan is required for projects participating in the Open Research Data Pilot. Further guidance on the Open Research Data Pilot is made available on the Participant Portal

Mainstreaming SME support especially through a dedicated instrument SME participation is encouraged throughout this work programme and in particular in the

For an entrepreneur comprehensive data and performance indicators would allow drawing conclusions whether open innovation is productive

-Collection and analysis of information and data on the application of open innovation in SMES, taking into account different situations in Member States and in specific market

and data accumulated through the coaching engagement. It should also act as a single reference pool

benchmarking by accelerating the inflow of new data sets allowing to replace the oldest data

both more data and more evaluation and assessment of initiatives taken are needed The local dimension

data and statistics, to permit policy-relevant empirical analytical work to be carried out. The issues that are

Indeed, data are very scarce, but estimates indicate that there are more than 10 million self-employed women in Europe (both European union countries and

Reliable data and analysis relating to women†s entrepreneurship are scarce and provide little empirical

Definitional issues complicate data collection, and some national systems prohibit statistics at the individual level, making gender-specific analyses

Even in those few countries where such data are available, important information on development over time

panel data) and for the whole population are lacking. As regards analysis, longitudinal studies are needed to

the scope and the breadth of available data have improved during the last few years †and obstacles

While data are scarce, the broad picture for many OECD and some nonmember economies is that of a low, although

The source for these data is the Eurostat Community Survey on enterprise use of ICT.

provided and any necessary data collection should begin as soon as is feasible. It is also advantageous to formulate an

statistical data collection, processing and dissemination â Foster greater international comparability of statistics. This requires the OECD

introduce a single identification number for enterprises, so that data from different sources can be matched. It also requires that policy makers address

access to administrative data, such as tax offices and chambers of commerce â Promote data linking to make better use of existing data

and reduce respondent burden on SMES. Databases with linked data can strengthen the information base

for policy-relevant research, but require that statistical authorities arrange access while ensuring the confidentiality of information provided by individual firms

that detailed subsets of such data and analysis of them, for example women†s entrepreneurship, barely exist

numbers for enterprises and their use to link data more efficiently, and greater use of administrative sources of data

e g. tax, chamber of commerce), can only be taken in capitals and in several cases involve issues (e g. confidentiality

collection of useful data comparable on a cross-country basis will take even longer. But the proposals summarised in the

firm level data for this project. We thank also Susanto Basu, Ernie Berndt, Piergiuseppe Morone, Mike

We then apply the model to data on Italian SMES from the"Survey on Manufacturing

According to the latest available data from the Census, more than 99 per cent of active firms (out of 4 million) have fewer than 250 employees (95

along with a description of the data used in this analysis; Section 4 concludes with a discussion of the results and with directions for further research

survey data, from which it is possible to directly measure other aspects of innovation in

Given the increased diffusion of this type of micro data across countries and among scholars, many empirical explorations of the impact of

further information on the data 6 CDM model specification allowing our model to separate the impact of different kinds

3. Data and Methodology The data we use come from the 7th, 8th and 9th waves of the â€oesurvey on Manufacturing

Firms†conducted by Mediocredito-Capitalia (an Italian commercial bank. These three surveys were carried out in 1998,2001, and 2004 respectively, using questionnaires

We merged the data from these three surveys, excluding firms with incomplete information or with extreme

tailored for innovation survey data and built to take into account the econometric issues that arise in this context-is made up by three blocks,

sector study and, more recently, an analysis based on micro data by Potters et al, 2008 Because of the way our data and innovation survey data in general is collected, the

analysis here is essentially cross-sectional. Although there are three surveys covering 9 years, the sampling methodology used means that few firms appear in more than one

In addition, the innovation data are collected retrospectively (innovating over the past three years), and the income statement data is

mostly contemporaneous. As a robustness check we estimated the same 3 equation model using R&d intensity lagged one year instead of contemporaneous R&d intensity

and Baldwin and Gu, 2004, for an exploration using Canadian data), and this effect is particularly strong for high-tech firms,

However, in our data we also have a measure of capital available, constructed from investment using the usual declining balance method with a

building a slightly different sample of firms from our data that removed firms with fewer than 20 employees and included firms with more than 250 employees. 13 Using

the four countries and for a variation of our model applied to these data for Italy. 14 The

â€oeunderperformance†in these data, other than the observation that those firms which do R&d do somewhat less on average than firms in their peer countries

we hope to explore the question further in the future using these data Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Mediocredito-Capitalia (now Unicredit) research

department for having kindly supplied firm level data for this project. We thank also Susanto Basu, Ernie Berndt, Piergiuseppe Morone, Stã phane Robin, Mike Scherer

Data are from the third Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3) for France, Germany, Spain, and the U k. Results for Italy come from Tables 3-5 of this paper.

a) This column shows data for all 3 periods in Italy (1995-1997,1998 -2000,2001-2003

%of firms (Census data %of firms with innovation CIS survey on firms with more than 10 employees

Data are from the third Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3) for France Germany, Spain, and the UK.

Data for Italy are from the Mediocredito Surveys. Among the several variables included in the original table,

those comparable to our data. Data are weighted not population. a) This figure encompasses all the subsidies, regardless their source.

b) This column shows data for all 3 periods in Italy (1995-1997,1998-2000,2001-2003.

†Units are logs of euros (2000) per employee 34 Table A2 †A nonparametric selectivity test

of data, have minimal archives and don†t learn from experience (Woodcock et al.,2000 Uncodified or tacit knowledge has benefits

OEM collects data at the sale and has reduced costs associated with acquiring new customers The OEM has inherent product knowledge

Additionally the data accumulated from having a greater knowledge of customers†behavior enables the company to continually add value

seamlessly integrate with car plants exchanging data in real-time. GF is â€oelocked -in†to its customers both in design and operations making it difficult for

For example, using advanced data collection and data mining tools, coupled with real-time data collection over the Internet may provide a whole new

level of product and service reliability. The third â€oemini-case†provides an example Mini-Case Example#3:

the performance and relay the data over the Internet back to a central office Analysis of these data enable the company to predict possible performance

deterioration and ship parts followed, if needed, by a qualified service engineer Shutdown of a central power plant may have an enormous economic impact

These data enable Taprogge to a) predict the behavior of a system in most if not all locations and

Data Acquisition and Mining: Capturing data on customer requirements and using it to create unique services

or products can be a powerful way of adding value and keeping out competitors. Netflix has changed the way that consumers rent movies.

The following â€oemini-case†shows how, in a business-to-business market, acquisition of data and its subsequent analysis or mining can provide a powerful service model for a

The proprietary data that the company collects on its clients†unique situations are a major competitive advantage,

compatible data and computer systems can be prohibitive. On the other hand, the SME must be aware of becoming too dependent on one supplier

A sound business model using data lock in will have multiple partners so that the dependence on one partner is reduced.

employing data acquisition and mining to lock in customers, suppliers and partners. The fifth â€oemini-case†provides an interesting and illustrative example of a company supplying commodity

and distribute the data The database also builds barriers against competition. For example, Chemstation solved a cleaning problem at a Harley davidson plant within its shock absorbers

part of Chemstation†s data bank. Such captured knowledge helps to lock in customers, and prevents competitors gaining the account.

preference data (e g.,, from surveys. Tools such as cluster analysis have been used successfully for this purpose Generate and Assemble Ideas.

screening process, compared to the â€oehard†data (e g.,, projected market share, net present value They are (1) strategy fit;(

I obtain data from many different sources; we listen to suggestions from suppliers; we use consultants in focused rolesâ€

interpretation, and the firm†s willingness to invest in data capture and storage. The move to

and Taprogge used IT to capture data about their products†performance in different contexts and developed proprietary databases that allowed

They are rather sterile reports that are built around standard terms, categories and data and do not really convey any of the actual â€oetouchy-feely†attributes which are much more

The aim of these tools and support data is to prime the outreach function at the MEP offices on

Analysis of data from the U s. Bureau of Economic Analysis. A. Warren Personal Correspondence Ratio of 82.5 is taken at Q1 in 2005.

Data constraints can be overcome to study the extent of knowledge spillovers and their link to the geography of innovative activity using proxies like patenting activity, patent citations

comparability of the data in this table is guaranteed not fully 21 Year founded 22 Not included:

Data, Tools, and Research, Washington, D c.,25-26,may 1999 Berman, Eli, John Bound and Stephen Machin, 1997, †Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change

n Number of points of data making the SIC on Data point number pn Number of periods of SIV analysis

produced data, have different requirements and limitations than in other disciplines. For 25 example, the subject in natural sciences can be manipulated and altered, freely,

existing data without pre-structuring. Although I relied on existing accounting data for the financial parameters, there were no predetermined requirements on how the data would be

displayed. Finally, although the major outcome was an empirical model, verbal descriptions and explanations (i e. narrative-textual analyses) were used in a number of papers that

addressed the issue of performance in relation to the external environment of the firm, rather than quantification and statistical analysis.

and noisy data sets (Jain and Nag 1997). Furthermore decisions based on financial failure prediction, which is driven statistically, may actually

available financial data for larger firms (Chen and Shimerda 1981. Compared to that provided by larger firms,

works on analyzed data collected by Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939. Social psychologists such as Likert (1961) and Katz et al.

context of justification, where data are analyzed and interpreted (Brannen 2005. Traditionally quantitative methods are concentrated more on input issues.

was to compile data into review articles and conceptual papers There are some areas of debate in respect to qualitative research.

data and to satisfy both forms of logic. In quantitative research, observation is not generally

considered a very important method of data collection for two reasons. The first is that it is

study methods with textual analyses and analyses of accounting data Qualitative methods such as case studies allow for multiple data-collection

methods under the same study, unlike quantitative research studies (Chetty 1996. They are able to produce usable theories.

One of the best methods of collecting data is in -depth interviews (Welch and Comer 1988.

Data can be analyzed using different techniques (Chetty 1996. The writer recommended using a single case study method in SME

the data was taken directly from the accounting reports of the firm and the analysis was performed while I was

intake data can be taken directly from the financial records or deducted from this information. The

the data was delivered from the firm management for the period of the analysis; and I have good

In paper 3, the validity of the data used in the analysis of the firm stems from two

and the data was taken directly from the accounting reports of the firm for the period of the

In paper 7, the data used in the analysis of the firm is valid for three reasons:

the data was delivered from the firm†s management for the period of the analysis; and the owner of the firm is a close friend of mine

and have defined its limits within a specific context determined by the data input. In the case

should utilize the existing data and complete it with more new data reflecting the additional

years of analysis incorporated. It is important to highlight that reliability should be understood in relation to the research method used†in this case, qualitative.

The technology intake data can be taken directly from the financial records or deducted from the accountancy information,

technology intake data can be taken directly from the firm†s financial records. In this particular case, the management of Autoadapt AB was very generous

That implies the need for detailed data, which is something that SMES generally lack The desired model requires a reasonably moderate data input to counter the

issue of SMES€ accounting and reporting techniques, which provide less intensive information input than those of large firms.

basic accountancy data, without advanced statistical methods of variable elimination Due to the flexible nature of the SIV model, one could run the analysis at

which are accumulated data -points, were positive. This indicates that, on average, the change of the survival index was

basic accountancy data and does need not advanced statistical methods. The fishery firm had no innovation or development activities,

desired model should have a reasonably moderate data input to counter the issue of SMES

In that sense, graphical statistics play an important role in the interpretation of the data output

Regression for longitudinal even data. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications Altman, E. I. 1968. Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate

Accounting data and the prediction of business failure, the setting of priors and age of data.

Journal of Accounting Research 22 (1), 361†368 Houghton, K. A. and Sengupta, R. 1984.

data effects on the classification accuracy of probit, ID3 and neural networks Contemporary Accounting Research 9 (1), 306†328

and a realistically proportioned data set. Journal of Forecasting 19 (3), 219†230 Mcpherson, M. A. 1995.

Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and interaction. London, UK: SGAE Publications Ltd

with establishment data for Lower saxony, 1978†1989. Small Business Economics 4 (2 125†131 Wamsley, G. L. and Zald, M. N. 1973.

He may use retrospective data, but these bring little certainty since nobody is using them the way he suggests.

data presented. †1 Foreword: Capitalising on achievements Over the last seven years, with the goal of improving regional policies, more than 2 000 public institutions

•Project fact-sheets drafted with data based on interviews and desk research (one per project

analytical studies and EU-wide data and statistics. The overall objective of the programme is to foster a

and represent the demand for data to support policy development. Therefore, these projects are not about GPS,

but about data and case studies Specific knowledge available from ESPON can help managing authorities including regional

INTERREG IVC project partners could include these data when defining their work programme, identifying GPS and analysing their conditions of transferability

These three networking programme have a wealth of data relevant to regional policy improvement especially for URBACT II and ESPON;

data would be beneficial to the future INTERREG EUROPE project partners. As mentioned in section

could include data from these networks. Another way to improve synergies would be for the programme

further new paths for the provision of new services, including those based on massive volumes of data

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