Synopsis: Ict: Data: Data:

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European communities, 2006

to be adopted by the different players regarding data exchange, modelling grids ancillary services and their users.

data transparency •Since grids are highly complex with multiple connection points, it is recognised that

derived from status and ancillary data. This, along with the ability to re-route power means that the active network represents a step towards the internet-like model

use of chemicals and improving the data manage -ment of the chemicals2 www. aga. com

EC€ s LCA database including carbon footprint data of over 300 materials energy carriers, and delivery of waste treatment and transport

EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92 Figure 6: Yearly savings potential in SMES introducing material efficiency solutions

The most in demand information includes data on the origin of resources used in products and evi

What data and tools are available to assess †¢the (quantified) environmental impacts in Key challenges

Communicating data or information on a †¢product†s environmental impacts is not always a strong motivator for customers or users to

interfaces with data loggers that is now in use in higher education around the world. The eco-design approach

-vironmental performance related data in com -munications What is the product†s Unique Selling Proposi-â€

The European commission has funded a range of projects collecting data and good practice examples on eco-innovation.

 EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92 p. 28: Source:  www. lisec. com/LPS/Glas-Vorspannanlagen-speziell-fuer-Duennglas

and text and data mining As part of this exercise, a report will be published on the outcome of the consultation

BEREC), jointly with the Commission services, launched a Europe-wide data 21 For further info see IP/12/1367 http://europa. eu/rapid/press-release ip-12-1367 en. htm and MEMO/12/983

the data gathered by BEREC, the majority of ISPS offer unrestricted Internet access However, certain restrictions affect a significant number and portion of users

which determines the necessary technical details for exchanges of data under the mini OSS was adopted under the â€oecomitology†procedure

Open Data Strategy, adopted by the Commission on 12 december 2011, which includes support to R&d on data along with the development of European data

-portals and other actions designed to facilitate EU-wide access to PSI and to stimulate the creation of information products

framework for data protection41 and a Directive on protecting personal data processed for the purposes of the prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution

41 COM (2012) 11 final COM (2012) 11 final http://ec. europa. eu/justice/data

The Commission services have gathered information and data as regards ADR systems for disputes between businesses (B2b ADR) via a SME-panel survey and a

data portability and reversibility. A common mapping of the necessary standards needs to be identified by 2013

conformity with standards, interoperability and data portability. Certification would also encompass the verification that the provider has implemented the

organisational measures and the appropriate safeguards for data transfers •The development of model contract terms to cover issues not covered by the

data preservation after termination of the contract, data disclosure and integrity, data location and transfer, ownership of

the data or direct and indirect liability. Identifying and developing consistent solutions in the area of contract terms and conditions is a way of encouraging the

wide take up of cloud computing services by increasing consumer trust 57 COM (2012) 529 http://ec. europa. eu/information society/activities/cloudcomputing/docs/com/com cloud. pdf

5. 1. 6 Data subject rights and consent 10 5. 1. 7 Regulation and enforcement 10

Therefore, a comprehensive and effective data protection framework is of great importance. A coherent and

reflect with relevant stakeholders (i e. data controllers processors and data subjects) on the proposal in order to

achieve a harmonised framework based on a balanced approach in this important legislative step 8 Del Duca, L.,Rule, C.,Loebl, Z. 2011), Facilitating Expansion of Cross-Border E-commerce-Developing a

data must meet the dual objective of both ensuring an adequate level of protection for personal data and

ensuring the free movement of data within the EU •Ecommerce Europe stresses the need for general

principles applicable to all processing of data, but flexibility is needed to achieve the necessary context sensitivity

†legitimate interests of the data controller†as a ground for processing personal data. This ground for processing

â€oeexplicit consent†proposed in the new Data Protection Regulation, as it places an unnecessary burden on both consumers and merchants.

one consent from the data subject in order to process data †is vital but over-emphasised by the Commission

•The draft of the new definition however, increases the formality of obtaining consent. This could introduce a

the customer†s credit status, these data should be readily available and accessible •The right balance †as laid down in Directive 95/46

/EC-between the protection of consumers†data and the merchants†innovative legitimate business interests has to

be respected in order to get consent to process data 5. 1. 4 Harmonisation and international consistency •Ecommerce Europe emphasizes the need for

5. 1. 6 Data subject rights and consent •Where possible, data subjects should be in control of their

personal data. It will be important to strike a balance between individual rights, consumer trust, the public interest and the right of free access to (and

The rule that private data may only be stored for a limited time, supplemented by the right of

individuals to have deleted their data and/or withdraw their consent already forms, strictly speaking, a †right to

to data portabilityâ€, which has been introduced in the new draft regulation. Ecommerce Europe thinks that the

systems for data management. For this reason Ecommerce Europe challenges the impact assessment that has been carried out by the Commission

•The requirement for â€oeplain language, adapted to the data subject†when it comes to information and

•Rather than strengthening the rights of data subjects and thereby providing them with a false sense of security, data

subjects should be educated on how they can protect their personal data 5. 2. 2 Self-regulation

ï with clarity on how the data they leave behind is being used ï with clear guarantees

and the rights of businesses to capture data to optimally serve consumers 1. 3. Consumer access to balanced redress at the appropriate level †a recognition of

over the years, developed very sophisticated systems to manage data about products, stocks, logistics, and consumers.

With the advent of the internet, the capture of data has become easier but also more sophisticated.

With the internet, some data are given with explicit consent, others are gathered with less obvious consent.

continue being able to use data to deliver efficient value chains and meet consumers†expectations

With the digitisation of the economy and the gathering of data, a number of online-specific

to population data, address verification services, 3dsecure, and better security education of consumers 1. 7. FREEDOM TO TRADE (OR NOT

looks at data for a set of different countries at a single point in time, or over an average time-span (as

based on a combination of data and qualitative assessments that reflect each country†s level of

and harness data effectively 23 Flawed project planning or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22

data network and ensure that it operates properly Today†s managers need to be able to understand a

significantly lower costs of telephony and data services for end-users, as well as wide-scale deployment of broadband access networks. •OECD, 2003

It is constructed on the basis of data for 1. Fixed telephone lines penetration (lines per 100 population

and harness data effectively 23 Flawed project planning or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22

Integration of existing data/technologies 33 Remote/mobile working 23 Enterprise resource planning 21 Technologies for knowledge capture and dissemination 21

Integration of existing data/technologies 29 Technologies for knowledge capture and dissemination 25 Remote/mobile working 23

Google user data requests...29 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some

of the data requested...30 9 Introduction 1. 1. The context for this study and the European Strategy and

Policy Analysis System effort Over recent years, the European union has experienced a number of challenges. Facing these issues has

and analysis of the quantitative data available. Our approach is designed to identify the consensus as well as the disagreement on a given trend within a specific theme, and therefore

rising profits from progress in the fields of cloud computing and new business models associated with data

data. In fact, 24%of Europeans reported having accessed the internet through a mobile phone and 6

organisations to leverage Big data analytics (from location-based health data to engaging with public opinion) is likely to have an impact on the evidence base that informs policymaking in governments that

At the same time, big (and open) data policies will create a need for policies that make sure there is no discrimination between more and less digitally savvy

citizens and as a pool of data for surveillance purposes. Since the beginning of the 2000s analysis by

Opennet Initiative Data FAQ https://opennet. net/oni-faq 29 political actor. The future role of corporate actors in enabling democratic movements is controversial

Google user data requests9 Source: Google transparency reports 9 The category includes the following countries, from

Italy, The netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United kingdom. It comprises user-data requests, which may specify any users

Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested10

Source: Google transparency reports However, it has to be kept in mind that data mining is not only a tool for the surveillance of citizens and

spark innovation through data analytics and seek answers to societal problems. 11 10 For EU countries, see footnote 10 above.

http://open-data. europa. eu/open-data 31 Matrix for key trends in connectivity Trend Drivers

benchmarking data (EU UN +Short to medium term Unequal accessibility and ubiquity of services and citizen engagement across

Government data requests revealed by ISPS composite indicators such as Opennet Initiative data anecdotal evidence

sentiment analysis outputs +Short to medium term Social acceptance, social conflicts wildcards such as internet/surveillance

http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/population/data/database 43 Eurostat. from

http://www. euro. centre. org/data/1226583242 93408. pdf Lelkes, O, and Zà lyomi, E.,â€oepoverty Across Europe:

Lerman, J.,â€oebig Data and Its Exclusionsâ€, Stanford Law Review Online, 66,55, 2013 Levin,"The rise of Asia†s universities,"2010. http://www. hepi. ac. uk/483-1780/Seventh-HEPI-Annual

A panel data approach†The Social science Journal,(49) 2: 167-174 Sathyamurthy, T. V.,"Nationalism in the Era of Globalisation,"Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33

http://www. euro. who. int/data/assets/pdf file/0009/98307/E92469. pdf Times, N y. 2012."

http://esa. un. org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population. htm ††â€, United nations e-government Survey 2012, United nations, 2012

-data/excel files/1 population/wpp2012 pop f01 1 total population both sexes. xls United nations Department of Economic and Social affairs. 2007.''Economic consequences of

-data/excel files/1 population/wpp2012 pop f09 1 percentage of total population by broad age group both sexes. xls UNPD (2002),"Completing the fertility transition,"Population Bulletin of the United nations, Vol

http://www. census. gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpoptotal. php US Department of state (June 2013.""Trafficking In persons Report."

http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/SE. ADT. LITR. ZS/countries? display=default World bank World Development Indicators,"Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments

http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/SG. GEN. PARL. ZS World Economic Forum, The Future of Pensions and Healthcare in a Rapidly Ageing World Scenarios to

2. What kind of data and information may be collected to understand the extent of immunization system and immunisation coverage

through data networks. Telemedicine which uses telecommunication and multimedia technologies is used now increasingly for remote consultation, diagnostics and examination of

Data collection (Gambia), healthcare delivery (Ethiopia), research Ghana), medical databases, consultation and referral scheduling, epidemic alerts and

environment and be able to exchange data and information on service delivery. In order to improve the efficiency

Effective data collection and sharing of information can be enhanced through the application of information and communication technologies

collecting and analysing disease spread data in a country, and educating the community about good healthy living (Wasukira, Somerwel and Wendt, 2003.

and mortality reporting, with data flowing only from individual health units to the district and

collecting, using and disseminating data, carrying out routine maintenance of cold chain reporting and management of outbreaks

The data is uploaded then onto the handheld device and sent to the district database through a fixed wireless terminal.

generated and the data is uploaded then to the national database. Health workers will use the

At the district level, data can be used to prepare forecasts, analysis and plans for the district.

The data from all the districts is compiled to obtain the national immunization performance. The data can then be used to

generate national targets, imports of vaccines and supplies, management of staff and equipment as well as enhance decision making process for long term plans

electronic health systems and, third to create a public database that holds data at the

Data constraints can be overcome to study the extent of knowledge spillovers and their link to the geography of innovative activity using proxies like patenting activity, patent citations

comparability of the data in this table is guaranteed not fully 21 Year founded 22 Not included:

Data, Tools, and Research, Washington, D c.,25-26,may 1999 Berman, Eli, John Bound and Stephen Machin, 1997, †Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change

analysis on a primary data set of 120 SMES in the Cibaduyut footwear-manufacturing cluster, Indonesia.

Research Design and Data Collection We collected the data in 2012 based on an extensive survey in this cluster,

using questionnaires and interviews among owners and managers of the companies. Our sample is comprised of 120 owners/managers representing 120 footwear firms in Cibaduyut.

data set presents a near complete representation of firms in this cluster Measures and Validation Innovative performance

limit for normal distribution of  2 (George & Mallery, 2011) †indicating that the data are close

Our analysis, based on primary data collected through interviews and questionnaires, provided mixed support for our hypotheses.

First, the data we used, although original and derived from field research, is cross-sectional. This

Collecting longitudinal data in the emerging economy context is particularly challenging, given the lack of governmental level initiatives to this end

the CNIPMMR study pointing out data about Romanian SMES innovation activities and use of information technology in such

2. Data used Data used for this article was collected and compiled by CNIPMMR (Consiliul Naå£ional al à ntreprinderilor

Private Mici Å i Mijlocii din Romã¢nia †National Council of Small and Medium Sized Private Enterprises

According to the CNIPMMR, the data regarding the nature of innovation activities in SMES show that most

Own adaptation based on CNIPMMR data (2011-2013 3. 2 Innovation investments In terms of share of investments allocated to innovation from the total enterprises investments almost half of

48,44%),fast access to the enterprise data form anywhere and at anytime (38.21%)and regulatory compliance

Access to company data anytime, anywhere Regulatory compliance Ease of team-working Better internal control

Removal of redundant data insertion in more†Ease of use due to romanian language interface Free and quick solution upgrade

data security, data access from anywhere and at anytime, regulatory compliance, team-working possibilities and better internal control

Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data 3rd edition. Paris: OECD. Available at www. oecd. org/sti/oslomanual

data gathered by the university technology transfer offices. The findings of this research are highly

-makers who rely on the formal data collected by university technology transfer offices are privy to at

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data, the density of enterprises was approaching the national level. The same report also suggested that the population of the region has a fairly high level of

data available indicate that the larger firm sectors, including medium sized firms, have been more heavily affected than smaller enterprises seeing much greater percentage falls in their numbers (see

accounting for around 35 percent of total exports according to the most recent data, 19 percent of this

3. 1. Sample and data collection 51 3. 2. Techniques for controlling Common Method Biases 54

3. 1. Sample and data collection 81 3. 2. Variables 83 4. Analysis and Results 85

3. 1. Sample and data collection The companies included in this study were selected based upon three criteria:

The data were collected in two distinct stages. First, we used a questionnaire adapted from the model used in different studies (e g.,

organization reduces the variability of the data (Nasrallah and Qawasmeh, 2009. The selected companies belonging to five representative industries within the manufacturing

initial request for data were contacted a second time via telephone one month after the initial contact,

for which complete data were available on accounting information in the investigated years. The survey was carried out in the winter of 2009.

The second step of data collection was performed through companies†publications and annual reports to make

financial-statement data are obtained from the SABI of 2007-2009 Finally, to ensure the absence of bias in the data,

we have evaluated the bias of non -response (a sample of 121 firms which did not respond to the questionnaire,

and few studies have used longitudinal data to analyze the phenomenon Concerning the EO-firm growth relationship,

entrepreneurship, Zahra and Covin (1995) collected data from three different samples over a seven-year period to assess the longitudinal impact of EO on growth revenue

For example, Wiklund (1999), using data from Swedish small firms, has shown that there is a positive relationship between EO and performance

Using data from Norway, Madsen (2007) also concluded that the sustained and increased EO level was associated positively with high performance (employment

longitudinal (two years) data from 300 small technology-based Japanese firms, have concluded that EO In time 1 is positively related to firm performance (reflecting

data collection, control of response bias and common method biases are repeated 3. 1. Sample and data collection

To test the relationship between EO, network resource and firm growth, data were collected from a sample of SME Spanish firms

Survey All companies included in this study which develop manufacturing activities can be classified as SMES,

The data were collected in two distinct stages. First, we applied a questionnaire which has been adapted and designed to collect the necessary information,

variability of the data (Nasrallah and Qawasmeh, 2009 82 Using the sampling frame of the Iberian System Analysis of Balance (SABI), a total of

initial request for data were contacted a second time via telephone one month after the initial contact,

which had available data in the investigated years. The survey was carried out in the winter of 2009

The second step of data collection was performed through companies†publications and annual reports to make annual updates to the database of firms

The financial statement data are obtained from the SABI 2007-2009 database To ensure the absence of bias in the data,

we have evaluated the bias of non-response (a sample of 121 firms, which have not responded to the questionnaire,

The Chi-square statistic measures the distance between the original data matrix and the matrix estimated by the model,

Moreover, GFI (0. 869) and the adjusted GFI (0. 818) explain how well our data fit to the

using these SME data was to reply whether network usage affects the EO development in these Spanish firms or not.

and describes the main data sources; Section 4 presents the estimation results, and Section 5 provides discussion about it and concludes

using a compiled data from the Encuesta sobre Estrategias Empresariales (ESEE) †Spain, stressed a positive effect of firm innovation on the probability of participation in

In turn, using Spanish manufacturing data, LÃ pez Rodrã guez and Garcã a Rodrã guez (2005), stated that product innovations,

fundamental knowledge by assembling relevant harmonized data on an annual basis See Reynolds et al. 2005

by using data from two years, we have provided some evidence from cross-sectional analyzes of 2007 and 2008

Future research could examine using panel data for the prediction that a firm†s innovativeness enhances its probability of exporting

Multivariate data analysis. 5th ed. Prentice-hall International Corp.,London Hansen, E. L. 1995. Entrepreneurial networks and new organization growth

from exogenous innovation impulses and obstacles using German micro data Oxford Economic Paper, 58,317-350

data collection design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, 24,205-231 Rhee, J.,Park, T. and Lee, D. H. 2010.

evidence from GEM data. Small Business Economics, 24,335 -350 Yamada, K. and Eshima, Y. 2009.

The 2015 Gartner CIO Survey gathered data from 2, 810 CIO respondents in 84 countries and all major

For this report, we analyzed this data and supplemented it with interviews of 11 CIOS (or

analytics combined with data-led experimentation (see figure below Information and technology flip 3: From the nexus to the next horizon

of data Structured information Separate analytics To Forward-looking predictive analytics Active experimentation informed by data

New types of information including social and multimedia Embedded analytics Percentage of CIOS who agree

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union, 2013

It presents the latest data on the process of global technology development and future prospects based on strategic knowledge assets.

Data: Eurostat, OECD, Unesco, Science Metrix/Scopus (Elsevier Notes 1) Tertiary graduates in science and engineering

i) Data is not available for China 2) GERD: Shares were calculated from values in current PPSÂ

when compiling the data 36.1 28.8 33.1 31.8 26.6 22.9 21.9 23.0 28.3 28.8 39.8

Concerning FDI, the data shows that the EU is still the main destination in the world, representing 1/4 of FDI

The most recent data 2011) is consistent with the overall finding of FDI data, namely of the EU€ s slightly falling but persisting world lead.

However, China is rapidly increasing its global value chain income and is competitive at both the lower and the higher end of the value chains.

Data: OECD Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Notes:( (1) Bulgaria and Romania are included not for 2004,2005 and 2007

Data: OECD, Eurostat Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Figure 4: Foreign Direct Investments of European firms outside the EU

Data: OECD, Eurostat Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit â 0 â 100

due to missing data. The size of the pie chart for each country indicates the total amount of R&d expenditure

The data presented illustrates the pre-crisis period. 6 As for the investments in research and innovation, the

Data: OECD, Eurostat Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

However, Chinese data is incomplete and has some methodological issues, which makes a comparison with data from OECD countries difficult

The R&d expenditure of wholly foreign-owned companies in China was â 2. 4 billion in 2007.

Data: OECD, Eurostat, National statistical offices, DG RTD study calculations Notes: 1) Firms from the European union spent â 774 million on R&d in Switzerland in 2007;

2) Swiss data also includes the service sector; data for China is estimated based on national sources and US and Japanese outward data

Figure 7: Overseas business R&d expenditure in manufacturing between the EU, the US Japan, China and Switzerland, 2007 (in million euro

Data: OECD, Eurostat Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Other manufacturing (C15, C23, C27, C31, C32, C33) 12

The numerator is based on firm-level data by headquarter and the denominator on national data (firms

operating in the country independently of the location of their headquarter. 8 When a country has several large

the businesses registered in the country (BERD data The values for the country in Figure 8 are in this case

Data: Eurostat, OECD, EU R&d industrial scoreboard notes:( (1) EU average does not include Croatia

between the two data sets, these shares are only proxies of the extent to which a country is affected by the

The data for the United kingdom is particularly interesting, since the overall R&d intensity in the country is much lower than in other EU Member

full counting of sector-specific PCT data Technology-intensive countries in North America and Asia are more strategic than the

Data: WIPO PCT applications; data processed by the University of Bocconi, Italy 14 Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy

Economic transformation addressing societal challenges may come from Asia Figures 1warn-Not a number in Unicode character name:

Data Eurostat, DG ECFIN, OECD Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Notes

Data: WIPO PCT applications; data processed by the University of Bocconi, Italy Data Eurostat, DG ECFIN, OECD

Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Notes 1) Patent applications under the PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty), at international phase, designating the EPO by country of residence of the inventor (s

2) The estimation for the period 2011-14 is based on the annual average growth rate calculated for the period 2005-10

Data: WIPO PCT applications; data processed by the University of Bocconi, Italy 17 3. Potential of European cooperation in

converging technologies for emerging growth markets Technology development is an important part of the supply side of innovation potential.

Azagra-Caro, J. and Grablowitz, A. 2008) †Exploring data on business R&d: the case of BERD and Scoreboardâ€, JRC-IPTS

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