Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union, 2012
or a group of countries. 18 The advantage of this method is that such data are available in a
specialisation of regional economies on the basis of employment (or value-added) data Location quotients measure whether some sectors are represented over in a regional
important to match these specialisation data with performance indicators (value added exports, etc. which is one of the main tasks performed by the European Cluster
analysis using data on job changes between industries, showing proximity between industries in terms of skill sets
their baseline and achievement value could be the monitoring system, official data bases, ad hoc surveys, peer reviews,
historical statistical data and in depth analysis. Cluster mapping and benchmarking activities are powerful tools for starting the assessment of regional
stressed that statistical data at the same level of granularity are not always available across the EU and,
regions to complement existing data sets by more detailed quantitative and qualitative information Furthermore, smart specialisation strategies should look at optimal cluster-specific
if necessary, more detailed statistical data and perform qualitative -based surveys to better understand the dynamics of regional clusters to be
Data from the 2010 Digital Competitiveness report77 reveals that while representing 5%of GDP, ICT
) The deployment of a culture of open data and secured online access the harnessing of a true digital single market (ecommerce), together with an
The DAE scoreboard provides data and an annual assessment of the performance at EU and Member State level.
For this, solid economic data is necessary. The Commission is in the process of setting up an EU Monitoring Mechanism,
-wide and international market data on the demand and supply of KETS, which will help regions (and Member States) to identify their competitive advantages more
if possible, statistical data and perform qualitative-based surveys to better understand the dynamics of CCIS to be used for implementing smart
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union, 2012
A novelty in Horizon 2020 is the Open Research Data Pilot which aims to improve and
maximise access to and reuse of research data generated by projects. While certain Work Programme parts and areas have been identified explicitly as participating in the Pilot on
Open Research Data, individual actions funded under the other Horizon 2020 parts and areas can choose to participate in the Pilot on a voluntary basis. The use of a Data Management
1 http://ec. europa. eu/regional policy/indexes/in your country en. cfm HORIZON 2020 †WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015
Plan is required for projects participating in the Open Research Data Pilot. Further guidance on the Open Research Data Pilot is made available on the Participant Portal
Mainstreaming SME support especially through a dedicated instrument SME participation is encouraged throughout this work programme and in particular in the
For an entrepreneur comprehensive data and performance indicators would allow drawing conclusions whether open innovation is productive
-Collection and analysis of information and data on the application of open innovation in SMES, taking into account different situations in Member States and in specific market
and data accumulated through the coaching engagement. It should also act as a single reference pool
benchmarking by accelerating the inflow of new data sets allowing to replace the oldest data
For key data on the research and innovation landscape in your country, please consult the following link
Data network capability was nonexistent. Technological innovation, to say nothing of business model innovation, was slow
•offer immediate connectivity †voice, data, visual †improving efficiency, transparency, and accuracy •substitute for other, more expensive means of communicating
available data are relatively old †on average, surveys are from 2002 or prior †so it is not inconceivable that the ICT market has
since the data were collected. Compounding the measurement challenge is the fact that much economic activity among the poor goes unmeasured by surveys,
on theory, exhortations to corporate responsibility and a few early business cases rather than data. This is
Such data are a vital complement to business environment information collected by IFC, the private sector arm of the World bank, in its Investment Climate
environment data, an intimate feel for the target markets gained through firsthand, on-the-ground experience
information on data cards Even in developed countries, rapidly-changing technological opportunities may run well ahead of public sector
conferences providing policy-makers with data and good practices for encouraging innovation and broad -based ICT access. 61
and reconcile the data yield reasonably accurate results SAP€ s Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) team develops solutions that help customers collect and
document data to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. Business transparency across the extended enterprise has unlocked value for SAP€ s customers by helping them identify risks and opportunities earlier and
and report on data to each other, †he says. 107 SAP is implementing one to two pilots that could help speed implementation in other countries.
Data from AMI Partners Research 83. International finance corporation (IFC. n d. SME Toolkit http://www. smetoolkit. org (accessed September 27, 2007
As a principal analyst of household survey data and co-author for The next 4 Billion Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid (March, 2007),
Data from a research project †SME Policy and the Regional Dimension of Innovation (SMEPOL, see
data presented in Table 2 correspond to the results of other studies (e g.,, Fritsch and Lukas, 1997;
analysis of data from a survey on innovation systems in several European regions (Kaufmann and Toâ dtling
-2 All data regarding innovation support are based on the annual reports of the FFF (Forschungsfoâ rderungsfonds fuâ r die gewerbliche
According to the survey data the spillover effects to SMES in the region are negligible. In
communication technologies, chemicals, data pro -cessing, and electrical equipment. Of course, there is no simple correspondence between industry and technologi
Some key data on Bremen concerning innovation...43 Table 3: Some key data on Tuttlingen concerning innovation...
59 Table 4: Stylized Matrix of Good Practice Elements in Surveyed Regions...62 1 1. Introduction1
-ties which is reflected in statistical data showing a lower number of patents or lower expenses for R&d personnel,
Based on US data, Acs and Audretsch (1990) provided further empirical support for the disproportionate contribution of SMES to innovation.
Data from this study clearly shows that the pattern of patenting is concentrated much more than the distribution of the industry in general
, data net -works) that supported the settlement of foreign enterprises. In Bangalore subsidies were given on an enterprise level (e g.,
Talking of key data, on the one hand the in -habitants†income situation in Bremen is relatively good, for instance.
the existence of innovation abilities (see also Table 2 for more data referring to Bre -men†s success). But on the other hand the unemployment rate ranks clearly above the
Some key data on Bremen concerning innovation First, there are the general conditions and resources to look at.
-cations and audiovisual techniques and †Informatique†for microelectronics, data proc -essing, etc. A fifth pã'le is †Hà liopolisâ€
But for †the greater ease of retrieving data, (â€) we will make the Prato industrial
Some key data on Tuttlingen concerning innovation What is responsible for this success? Firstly, there are some general conditions resp
information about data sources. For data analysis, descriptive and analytical statistical methods were used, including advanced
statistical methods such as growth accounting The sector at stake The transport and logistics industry, as defined
system, data related to orders (received or placed) is exchanged typically in a paper-less way between the ERP systems of the two
large firms in the sector use Electronic Data Interchange (EDI. Only 7%of micro companies
capture, storage and analysis customer data in an integrated way, is used not yet widely in the
their data exchanges with business partners are conducted electronically, however, suggests that enterprises in Europe and in the US have
Data Exchange mostly electronically 13 13 WMS (Warehouse Management System) 6 15 ITS (Intelligent Transport
used data from the EU KLEMS Productivity and Growth Accounts2 (macro-data) as well as from the E-business Survey 2007 (micro-data
Regarding the relationships between ICT capital investment and productivity growth (see Section 4. 1), the results indicate that an
instantaneous impact of ICT capital investment on total factor productivity growth does not take place in this sector.
Regressions based on the micro-data from the E-business Survey 2007 aimed to explore links between ICT usage, companies'innovation
The empirical study findings (micro-data and case study analysis, macroeconomic analysis lead to the conclusion that the following issues
This chapter is mainly based on survey data from the Sectoral E-business Watch Chapter 4 assesses the impact of the developments described in Chapter 3 on work
descriptive presentation of quantitative survey data (Chapter 3) and an economic analysis of ICT adoption and its impacts (Chapter 4). This threefold approach is meant to
notably by enabling electronic data exchanges between a company and its customers suppliers, service providers and business partners.
Carrier services Fixed voice telephone and data services, mobile telephone services, cable TV â 293 billion
data exchanges between businesses and their suppliers and customers, fostered by progress in the definition
processes for data exchange E-business and a company's value chains In some contexts, the term c-commerce (collaborative commerce) is used.
Data and information sources The study is based on a mix of data sources and methodologies, including primary data
collection, desk research and case studies. More specifically, information was collected from the following sources Sectoral E-business Watch Survey (2007:
The TLS sector was one of five sectors covered by the Sebw Survey of 2007.
Member States as well as for the United states. In general, data for 1970-2005 are available for the former EU-15 EU MS and for the US,
while data from 1995-2005 are available for 10 new MS that joined the EU in 2004.
The data sources that have been used to create the EU-KLEMS data series are large based on series from the
national statistical institutes (e g. investment series), but also from a variety of national sources, in cases where no international database or statistics from the
Due to the broad range of sources used and data limitations in these sources, the level of detail in the EU-KLEMS database varies
basic step in data presentation. The requirement for this step is that micro-data have been aggregated and that weighting has been applied.
Weighting is an important issue for data presentation, as †unfortunately†it is understood not well by many users of data
However, weighting is necessary, as due to stratified sampling the sample size in each size-band is not proportional to the population numbers.
If proportional allocation had been used, the sample sizes in the 250+size-band would have been extremely small, not
combines micro-data analysis (using data from the E-business Survey 2007) and macro -data analysis (using the EU-KLEMS Growth and Productivity Accounts.
comparable e-business data and results for the land transport and logistics sectors, due to their huge importance in the European competitiveness and future economic
Standard data set to describe freight e-maritime Sustainable quality & efficiency Continuous bottleneck exercise Freight transport
Statistical data Simplification of transport chains Simplification of administrative compliance Single transport document Liability Security
wireless data RFID-enabled supply chains are beneficial in the following ways reduce inventory levels due to increased confidence in on-hand, in-transit, and
standardisation efforts towards a single platform for applications, data and inter -connectivity. In the one hand, the EU is investing considerable public funds in these
that would help the Working group to collect data as is the case of the FRIDA solution
and (iii) data acquisition technologies. 55in what concerns the identification technologies firms may appeal to bar-coding or to RFID.
As regards data communications technologies, firms may appeal to the electronic data interchange (EDI), the Internet, the Value Added Network amongst others.
regards the data acquisition technologies, the firms usually deal with a large amount of goods and data which means that data collection
and exchange are critical for logistics information management and control. Good quality in data acquisition can help firms
deliver customers'goods more accurately and efficiently Firms need to be able to manage information effectively,
value for customers, the information and communication systems convert data into information, in order to facilitate managerial decision making.
data is not available Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises
and Wireless LAN) medium to share data and other resources. In the TLS industry, as shown in Exhibit 3. 1-6, a half of all firms (75%for the Logistic sub
%Remote access means that employees can access data from the company's computer system remotely, e g. when working from home or travelling.
voice and data, especially where users have existing underutilised network capacity that can carry Voip at no additional cost.
Based on the data from the TLS Sebw Survey 2007, where companies were asked if their product or service innovations introduced by the company in the last 12 months
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a set of standards70 for structuring information that is to be exchanged electronically between and within businesses, organisations
Data for TLS total weighted by employment (read "firms representing x%of employment"),data for
size-bands in%of enterprises Source: Sectoral E-business Watch Survey 2007 Figures related to the TLS sector shows
The widespread adoption of XML as a common data language is giving B2b integration the critical mass it needs for rapid growth.
Interoperability refers to the"ability of two or more systems to exchange data, and to
Existing travel and transport information services often lack data outside a limited range of general facts.
in June 2006, having built defined system architecture, a data management module and a localisation algorithm,
This makes the interface specifications, the system architecture and the data models available to everyone
WMS with well-defined interfaces and data models. mywms will be object oriented and coded in the programming language JAVA.
The first level includes a core system with the inventory management, the master data management and the possibility to enter
or transforming data into a seemingly unintelligible form, which involves the user's secret or private key,
Data are weighted by employment (read:""firms representing x%of employment"in the sector Base: all companies
integration of business applications and data with the Internet and with the systems of the
systems integrate (or attempt to integrate) all data and processes of an organisation into a unified system.
is the use of a unified database to store data for the various system modules.
data in standardised, electronic format is hardly possible One of the main causes regarding this situation is also that the change from the non-ERP
presented data: one tenth of the TLS sector firms use a fleet control system, the rate of
If a customer or supplier has an ERP system, data related to orders (received or placed) is exchanged typically in a paper-less way between the ERP
processing of data during all transaction phases (request for quotations/proposals placing the order, order confirmation, invoicing process, dispatch confirmation
Data exchange between ERP systems represents the most sophisticated form of e -business. However, due to the low rate of adoption of ERP systems in the TLS sector
Exhibit 3. 4-4 Data exchange with business partners Companies characterising their typical data processing and
As expected, most of the companies where data with business partners is processed and exchanged mostly verbal are sized the small ones (76%.
and exchange data with business partners mostly electronically (Exhibit 3. 4-4 An example of a transport document management system
depends on a third party to provide the data, it is very important to get a clear
+Data for TLS total weighted by employment (read:""firms representing x%of employment "data for size-bands in%of enterprises.
Base: all companies E-business in the transport & logistics industry 70 3. 5. 1 B2b online trading:
extensible mark up language (XML), electronic data access (EDA) and the Internet To meet customer demand for seamless, comprehensive and reliable information on
which to base business decisions today, companies must integrate data from the many sources involved in a customer†s supply chain.
Data on SCM usage in the TLS sector in Europe are analysed in Section 3. 5. 1 of this
Warehouse management systems utilize Auto ID Data Capture technology, such as barcode scanners, mobile computers, wireless LANS and
Once data has been collected there is either batch synchronisation with, or a real-time wireless transmission to a central
Data for sector totals and sub-sectors are weighted by employment; data for size-bands in%of firms
Source: Sectoral E-business Watch (Survey 2007 Case studies about WMS in France Geodis Group The case study about Geodis Group (see Section 5. 7) shows a typical example for
data entry and reduces errors and delays. It also allows companies to develop new value-added services such as automated track and tracing systems, monitoring of
Analytical-analysis of customer data for a broad range of purposes (for example in order to segment customers or to design and execution of targeted marketing
Data for sector totals and sub-sectors are weighted by employment; data for size-bands in%of firms
Source: Sectoral E-business Watch (Survey 2007 The relatively low diffusion of CRM technology within micro and small firms should not
According to the survey data, large TLS enterprises are currently increasing focus on ICT issues, as they have started introducing more advanced ICT solutions such as e
productivity and links with the skills base, EU-KLEMS data have been used. 109 The analysis of links between ICT adoption and innovation, market structure
characteristics is based on micro-data from the E-business Survey 2007 The"structure-conduct-performance"paradigm
and considering the data that are available for a given sector in EU-KLEMS and from the Sectoral E-business Watch
The empirical analyses in sections 4. 1. 2 till 4. 1. 4 will be based on data from the EU
Development Centre (GGDC) in March 2007 does not allow the retrieval of the data for
an argument in favour of looking at the data at a somewhat higher aggregation level than
ten EU member countries for which the necessary data was available over the period from 1995-2004.
The EU KLEMS data contains consistent annual data for a subset of the EU-27 (typically
Data on labour input are available in terms of labour productivity employment, average hours worked per employee and total working hours.
stochastic production possibility frontier (SPF) model by using a panel data set for 14 EU member states for which all necessary data was defined available as EU-14). 114
Specifically, we have used the error component model suggested by Battese and Coelli 1992), which allows for estimating the industry†s efficient, state-of-the-art production
Data requirements include gross production value, total intermediate inputs, total working hours, ICT-capital stock, non-ICT
ICT-impact"which cannot be measured by means of the data on ICT-investment available in the database
information about inventory levels with business partners) to share data with business partners The analysis is conducted at the micro-level,
using data from the E-business Watch Survey 2007 Internal capacity Knowledge stock and skills found a firm†s absorptive capacity to adopt new technologies
The hypothesis is tested on the basis of data from the E-business Survey 2007. In order to focus the analysis only on ICT-enabled innovations,
The hypothesis is tested on the basis of data from the E-business Survey 2007. Again the analysis focuses only on ICT-enabled innovations.
the relationship between ICT-enabled innovation and the use of electronic data and information exchange between business partners, a probit regression was run
The hypothesis is tested on the basis of data from the E-business Survey 2007. The analysis focuses only on
and analysis of data, assuming that one variable is dependent upon another single independent variable (simple regression) or
The hypothesis is tested on the basis of data from the E-business Survey 2007. The dependent variable controlling for organisational changes is based on companiesâ€
analyse the relationship between ICT-enabled innovation and the use of electronic data and information exchange between business partners,
The hypothesis is tested on the basis of data from the E-business Survey 2007. The dependent variable accounting for the intensity of the ICT usage is a sum of answers to
The hypothesis is tested on the basis of data from the E-business Survey 2007. The dependent variable accounting for the change of a firm†s market share can take one out
The hypothesis is tested on the basis of data from the E-business Survey 2007. The dependent variable can take a value â€oe1†if a company outsourced any of its business
The analysis based on the E-business Survey 2007 data allows identifying the driving forces of ICT and its impact on selected business dimensions.
the main clients of AISA, require monthly statistics and data on passengers, sales figures, etc. for consolidation, settlement and result evaluation of services and
impossible to generate this type of operation data to satisfy these client demands. AISA innovates to be prepared for these processes with suitable e-business solutions like the
and aggregates data from its various facilities, for example bus information form the ticket machines, ticket systems onboard the busses and ticket
and analyse the data in real-time to support the management of its daily operations. The system has different application modules for
Data flows are integrated with the accounting analysis, planning and control systems of the company. The accounting information from
Data are transmitted via regular broadband network connections (ADSL with a download speed of 8mbit/s in the central offices and 3mbit/s in the rest of the
A practical example of applications enabled by the company-wide integration of data flows is a new timetable
automatically links these data to the payroll application. The system combines some features typical form systems like ERM and ERP.
systems and Wifi implementation onboard the buses for data transfers in the garages However the main e-business priority is the accomplishment and finalisation of the
accurate data, which facilitates decision making in operational management. This time reduction also implies a cost optimisation due to the improved control of operations and
possible to make backup copies of all the relevant data from the central servers avoiding duplicating task and minimising the risk of losing important data.
The system allows eliminating existing duplicated processes and reducing errors in the information process, reducing the costs of information processing for the company
through the availability of complete data. Current ICT solutions implemented are a company web site, a Sage software solution for the accounting, as well as a global
data on their traffic and activity from the current system in 2003, the solution provider
like the customer billing, purchasing, business operations and to provide detailed data analysis on the whole activity
Data entry of a transport file: At the beginning of the transport process a specific transport file is created directly in the system including all information related to the
Depending on the data that is entered at the beginning, transport purchase orders are created automatically. This is possible through the interconnection of the system with the global e commerce shipping
the elements of a future transport file (data directly usable if the customer accepts the
The most important benefit is achieved probably through the availability of detailed data of the activity allowing AIT today to have clear visibility on profitability of the different
and no data is available for the period before the solution implementation. There is no doubt that the solution
There is one operating database, where the data for one year is stored to optimise the respond times of the system.
data elder than one year and a third database contains all information for the â€oeinfocentreâ€
correct maintenance of the databases including cleaning the data, extracting the data from the operating database to keep the response time of the system optimised
The outsourcing of the solution to a data-centre may represent a major advantage for SMES since the solution is managed by specialists in a controlled technical environment
the data and operations of the sales area The Integrated Sales system is in its majority an internal development of the IT
and data for activity and service management payroll process accounting payments to transport service providers
sensors onboard some of the vehicles or the use of integrated mobile data communications systems onboard the buses. Some of the high class buses (like the
to CEMAT, the data is integrated directly into the internal CEMAT transport management system. CEMAT sends a pre-filled â€oebill of lading†document to the customer and to the
data into the CEMAT transport management system and gives the signed paper to the customer (or his driver.
and data is rekeyed into the CEMAT transport management system It is necessary that both, the customer and CEMAT, store paper documents
Increased efficiency, due to the elimination of data duplication, the electronic management of the transport documents and the automatic delivery of documents
Higher speed in transmission of data to the customer Improved production mode in the terminals, with the elimination of manual
market and financial Data analysis of this data allows the company to take efficient decisions for the continuous modernisation of the railways.
process and to get relevant business and market data about the passenger railway activities 5. 5. 2 E-business activities
system, as well as a statistics/reporting system (â€oexselldataâ€) and a data maintenance warehouse (xsellwarehouse†For a nationwide system, a unitary hardware and standard software architecture has
provided real data to determine the transaction volumes needed to operate such a system From 2000 to 2004 a new version of the software solution was designed by the CFR
The lack of data available before its implementation as well as its recent deployment does not allow the company to quantify the benefits achieved so far but the
Thanks to the availability of detailed data about destinations, passenger categories, distance choices etc. delivered by the system,
allows an easy data entry for the customer and a better order planning and management for Fret SNCF
management system (SAP), the data is sent to the Web platform where it is available to
sends the data to the internal order management system. The ordering process is composed of a couple of events like reservation of resources, departure of wagons
platform communicates data for each transport phase to the Web platform allowing the customer to follow up on the order
needed to be adapted by deploying processes that allow the improvement of data quality and that are adapted to the necessary information provided through the e-services
a driving force for improving data entry quality Today, the e-services portal is operational and the project team is working on the future
and publish the data on the website 5. 6. 3 Impact The e-services solution affects the whole company and its working processes:
A company investing in such a system should analyse precisely the different data creation processes and the quality of data produced.
If data quality is adapted not to the level required, the processes should be adapted, the employees trained and the quality of
information improved E-business in the transport & logistics industry 153 The final key point is to consider the sales channel of e-services when planning such a
and updated data, improved inventory management thanks to the visibility of exact stock variations and logistics and in a greater ability to serve the
Data accuracy and inventory accuracy both improve. Mistakes are pushed to an absolute minimum. Deliveries are timely
tracking, yard management, automated data collection, automated material handling and equipment management. The resulting increase in process efficiency has translated into
efficient exchange of data with clients, terminals, service providers and other operators through several information technology tools. â€oecesar†is an Information technology
integrated software that manages transport data in real time, coordinating all phases of intermodal traffic. â€oegoal†is connected to â€oee-trainâ€, an innovative GPS train control
concerning the automatic integration within â€oegoal†of data originating from external systems such as clients, terminals and third party operators has been developed further
and process data coming from peripheral terminals which do not use â€oegoalâ€. The second part of the solution is â€oee-trainâ€, a new satellite-based train monitoring
advantage with GPRS is that you are priced on the data volume and therefore this is less
data into the computer An IT solution, implemented in 1990 for managing accounts, invoices, sales and
The sales and nominal ledger data is transferred from the †Truck Business†solution by Transaction Broker automatically at the press of a button.
in order to get the data from the suppliers according to the requirements defined by ABX group.
Saima Avandero to automatically integrate data received into the database The solution has been operational for over 5 years
The quality of data received from the suppliers is an important issue for Saima Avandero
Sometimes the quality of data is poor and sometimes data is not even available at all
Since Saima Avandero works with a multitude of small suppliers (sometimes up to five suppliers for one single transport) it is very difficult to get them engaged to provide the
requested data (either through the common system or in any other way The biggest issue faced by Saima Avandero,
is to provide a homogenous level of data quality to the customers. For some transport, the quality of data is very good while for
others it is inexistent Another important issue is the additional work generated by the solution.
work generated by the data collection from suppliers and entry into the system is costly
whom the company puts many efforts in place to maintain the data quality at a high level
summarised in additional manual work to comply with the poor quality of data generated by the overall solution as well as poor customer satisfaction.
Solutions that are aimed at providing data to customers encounter huge issues if the quality of information cannot be guaranteed in cases where a company depends on a
third party to provide the data it is very important to get a clear commitment of this third
manual data entry of information provided, it is still fully dependant on the different suppliers. The best would probably be to deploy a solution that works independently on
It should be based on timetable data from the existing travel planner tool. Another important requirement was that the suppliers could meet time and
and download data The rollout is still ongoing and 90%of targeted vehicles are equipped with the solution
technical groups, training groups, data capture/testing groups, evaluation groups. Once a specific task for which the group was set up was finished the group was dissolved and
Passenger information data can be accessed using a dialogue-oriented user menu on a WAP-compatible mobile phone (Wireless Application
%Another important benefit results from the planning capabilities given through the data analysis provided by the system.
The data administration and evaluation system is used for the evaluation and report generation of data recorded during operations.
The operators are able to gain an overview of complex daily activities, evaluate these and
data is of great interest for Trafikanten and allows them to provide detailed reporting on
charge of filling the data at each transport company working for the PTA. They enter the
automatically with the data. Every 6 months the operators send the data about miles ran
and fuel used for each vehicle. The system calculates the pollution generated. Each time an operator buys a new vehicle the data is entered into the system.
The information is stored centrally in the system and organising authorities have full access to the
via mobile devices (through offline data synchronisation), to ease the process of data collection. Värmlandstrafik checks the vehicles on a regular basis to make sure that they
the data directly fed into the system The solution allows today counting any vehicle that runs in Sweden whatever kind of
used in a way that makes it possible for SLTF to compile national data about the vehicles
The data provided by FRIDA supports the Swedish PTAS today in achieving an important objective which is the reduction of the pollution generated by the public transport.
*Data weighted by employment("firms representing â€%of employment in the sector expect that ICT will have
Frontier production functions, technical efficiency and panel data: with application to paddy farmers in India, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3 (1-2), 153-169
sources and linked data. European commission European commission (2006)" Keep Europe Moving"."Sustainable mobility for our continent.
Evidence From Panel Data, Information systems Research, Volume 10, Issue 2, 134-149 Hossain, L, . and Wigand, R. T. 2003).
The Sectoral E-business Watch collects data relating to the use of ICT and e-business in
Automated data exchange (Project 1)/ E-business with customers and suppliers Project 2 C: e-Standards and interoperability issues (Project 1
substituted by electronic data exchanges. Some questions were filtered, such as follow -up questions dependent on previous answers,
data collection and reporting focus on the enterprise, defined as a business organisation (legal unit) with one or more
Statistics vary in their accuracy, depending on the kind of data and sources. A 'confidence interval'is a measure that helps to assess the accuracy that can be expected
from data. The confidence interval is estimated the range of values on a certain level of significance. Confidence intervals for estimates of a population fraction (percentages
130 In the tables of this report, data are presented normally in both ways, except for data by size
-bands. These are shown in%of firms within a size-band, where employment-weighting is implicit
To ensure data comparability, only interviews from these countries are included in the aggregated"total"values
) Confidence intervals for employment-weighted data are highest for the steel industry, due to the small number of observations and because this sector†s structure
makes it more sensitive to data weighting (i e. large firms dominate in a comparatively small population.
Employment-weighted data for this industry therefore have lower statistical accuracy than for the other sectors
For this analysis a panel-data approach was used because of the low number of countries sampled.
pooling industry and country data. Further trends can be drawn from the stochastic production possibility frontier model although a complete analysis is beyond the scope of
-country data panel with a common stochastic production possibility frontier 0 1 ln()ln for 1,,
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