but also universities and research centres should be engaged. Engaging them will not only allow policy makers to develop a deeper insight into the matches
ECOOM-Centre for Research & development Monitoring at Leuven University Here, the role of government intervention is important
Manuel Desantes from the University of Alicante Articulation between smart specialisation and cluster policy Clusters are important building blocks of a smart specialisation strategy. 3 Indeed,
In the region of Malopolska, Poland the emergence of fast-growing companies and clusters in industries like information and communication technologies and telecommunications has been supported by the changes of the profiles of regional universities.
firms public research institutions and universities (OECD, 2011. In the main, the smart specialisation approach suggests regions, especially those regions
universities and firms) collaborative initiatives and public-private partnerships to strengthen the region's economic and innovation base.
OECD-TIP case-studies on smart specialisation The universities dealing with economics, public policy and administration,
regional governments and key stakeholders should be ready to adjust their responses rapidly to the changing conditions (e g. strengthening the collaboration between Universities
THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION OECD 2013 33 Box 1. 6. Detecting changing conditions and adjusting policy actions Changing the role of regional universities:
In the region of Malopolska, the emergence of fast-growing companies and clusters in industries like information and communication technologies, telecommunications and pharmaceuticals has been supported by the changes of the profiles of regional universities.
Regional universities are engaged also in many initiatives aimed at addressing the main challenges in traditional areas of regional specialisation (e g. mining
Successful mobilisation of the resources of the universities may also have a strong positive effect on the achievement of comprehensive regional strategies (EC-IPTS (2011.
universities and institutions of research, innovation and creativity complement the market know-how of business entrepreneurs with sound expertise for the skills,
In Austria, smart specialisation and the RIS3 KEY are used by the federal government, together with public performance-contracts, to mobilise universities and research institutions to deal with their regional habitat in a strategic way (Standortpolitik.
ECOOM-Centre for Research & development Monitoring at Leuven University In order to help policy makers to have a broader picture on national or regional specialisations,
ECOOM-Centre for Research & development Monitoring at Leuven University Additional limitations to data analyses arise when considering that regional internationally comparable data especially on economic specialisation are underdeveloped.
updating the skills required by the increasingly cross-sectoral and cross-technology activities (e g. university level training in mechatronics in Upper Austria as a reaction of a new specialisation evolving from machine building.
8 COM (2010) 553 final of the European commission. 9 For example, Universities can provide private and public authorities both with strategic advice
The role of Universities as a critical'asset'of the region may be even higher in the less developed regions,
Among the mechanisms by which universities can contribute to regional innovation systems are: i) stimulating the entrepreneurial spirit of its staff and students;
See also EC-IPTS (2011)‘ Connecting Universities to Regional Growth: A Practical Guide'.'http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu/activities/research-and-innovation/documents/connecting universities2011 en. pdf 10 On July 14th, 2010, the European Economic and Social Committee approved an opinion
on national/regional Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3) http://s3platform. jrc. ec. europa. eu/s3pguide EC-IPTS (2011)‘ Connecting Universities
A Practical Guide'A guide to help improve the contribution of universities to regional development,
www. econ. cam. ac. uk/faculty/chang/pubs/DPRLIN-Changdebate. pdf OECD (2009),‘Regions Matter:
internationally recognized top-research teams active in the 5 universities of the region. Furthermore, one of Europe's largest University Hospitals is located in Leuven (Gasthuisberg), with a strong expertise in complementary fields within the other three University hospitals in the region.
The clinical infrastructure in the region is a third outstanding trump card. Finally, Flanders has a relatively strong position in terms of biotech and pharmaceutical companies,
While the initial strategy development (the entrepreneurial discovery process) started from one research centre, during the course of the OECD-TIP exercises, a wider set of stakeholders universities, academic hospitals, companies from the health
On the initiative of actors from the research community (imec, VIB and the Catholic University of Leuven), a dedicated centre for bringing together neurosciences and electronics was granted a one-off co-funding to set up a trans-disciplinary laboratory.
the competence pole FISCH, Flanders also has a number of research institutes and universities that work in this field.
Most notable are the University of Gent with a strong group in the biotech sector,
Nevertheless, the quality and quantity of the research at the Flemish universities and research institutes is probably not yet high enough to meet the needs of the envisaged transformation of a world-class industrial cluster.
and in terms of academic research there are some small pockets of mostly basic research at various universities but no critical mass.
The TTR ELAT is populated a densely high-tech knowledge region with more than 10 universities and an annual R&d expenditure of EUR 4 bn.
the value network includes a number of renowned universities (Eindhoven, Tilburg, Maastricht, and Leuven) and research institutes of which Holst Centre, Leuven-based IMEC,
Aachen is largely complementary from a specialisation point of view, with a strong public R&d and university cluster.
supported by research institutes and universities and in broader interaction with civil society. Future challenges:
and attract universities, research institutes and service agencies. Four local universities or their affiliated campuses, nine research institutes/local branches of government research institutes
and seven public service agencies are the driving forces to induce and promote local photonics industrial cluster.
and regional institutions and provided support to local actors including universities, research institutes and firms.
universities and research institutes emerged through project implementation. At the regional, national and international levels, issues were found for cluster promotion such as intensifying networks and financing of commercial activities and product development.
THE ANDALUSIAN AEROSPACE CLUSTER Simon Vazquez, Innovation and Development Agency of Andalusia (IDEA Agency) and M Angeles Ruiz, General Secretary of Universities, Andalusian Ministry of Economy
The knowledge base stems from the School of Aeronautic Engineers and the rest of applied studies from the Universities of Seville, Pablo de Olavide, Cádiz and Córdoba.
AICIA (Association of the Seville University School of Engineers), Andalusian Institute of technology (IAT, regarded as a centre for knowledge management), CITIC (Innovation Centre for ICTS), FAICO (Centre for image and colour.
Innovation and Development Agency of Andalusia (IDEA Agency), the Technological Corporation of Andalusia (CTA), the Aerospace Technology Institute (INTA), the Andalusian Institute of technology (IAT) and the Andalusian Universities of Seville
and ii) Agents of Knowledge, supporting the researchers (individual or group) at the Technological Centres, Parks, Universities.
University and industry linkages: There is a clear need for promoting university research and university researchers within the entrepreneurial activities of the technological Parks and Centres.
Importance to incorporate Phds at the entrepreneurial and industrial level. Better industry-public strategy support alignment:
such as Automotive Manufacturing Association, Association of Automotive Parts and Components Manufacturers, Automotive Distributors Association, Automotive Consumers Association etc. and research institutions such as, Istanbul Technical University, Uludag
University, Gebze Institute of technology, TÜBITAK Marmara Research Centre and Automotive technology R&d Centre etc. Besides and with public institutions such as Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology;
, Finance, National Education, Health food, Agriculture and Livestock, Forestry and Water Affairs, Customs and Trade as well as Energy and Natural resources), Chairman of the Council of Higher education, Undersecretaries of the Ministry of Development and the Ministry
and a member to be appointed by a university to be designated by the Council of Higher education.
For simplicity, this case study will refer to any unit which was a part of DTI, BERR, BIS or DIUS (the Department for Innovation, University and Skills
THE SOUTH EAST MELBOURNE INNOVATION PRECINCT (SEMIP) Dan Quinn and Hugh Bampton, Department of Industry, Innovation, Science, Research and Tertiary education Regional, national and international policies
which contains Monash University, a Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) laboratory complex and a strong private sector presence specialising in advanced manufacturing.
OECD 2013 97 Monash University has initiated also a cluster type initiative on its Clayton campus, the Monash Science Technology Research and Innovation Precinct (STRIP.
Monash University has launched also the John Monash Institute which aims to assist industry in the MSE region by connecting businesses to relevant researchers
in part, been encouraged by the presence of higher education and research institutions in the region. These include the CSIRO Clayton laboratories, Monash University, the Cooperative Research Centre for Polymers, the Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, the Australian Synchrotron and the Small Technologies Cluster.
Swinburne University of Technology is located also on the regions periphery. Ambitions strategic plans and tools and catalysts in the innovation ecosystem Strategic priorities identified by the SEMIP to support the specialisation
and innovation in the region are focused on: i) Connecting and interacting-fostering knowledge sharing, problem solving and open innovation environment that encourage businesses
Additionally Lower Austria piloted a landmark scheme to encourage SMES to employ recent university graduates
These are‘intrapreneurs'with a university background managing innovation projects tailored to the specific needs of the SME (Priedl 2011c.
whether there is enough tertiary education in Wieselburg. Ambitions strategic plans and catalysts in the innovation ecosystem As mentioned in the chapters above,
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery The advantage of Lower Austria in terms of RTDI is definitely the fact that it does not have to offer basic research and tertiary education only by itself
Technology clusters, relevant higher education and technology networks exist in strategic sectors. The current strategic framework comprises the Regional Competitiveness Upper Austria 2007-2013 Program and the Innovative Upper Austria 2010plus
In 2011 all tertiary education and research institutes owned by Upper Austria as well as all R&d, and innovation and economy promotion agencies, owned by majority by Upper Austria,
THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 108 OECD 2013 University a publicly funded academic university is located in the region of Upper Austria.
The share of the (JKU) university is relatively small, since the JKU does only get 5%from the total Austrian university budget,
whereas Upper Austria produces more than 25%of Austria's technology exports. Regional Upper Austrian R&d intensive important industry sectors are automotive (with leading companies BMW Motoren, MIBA, MAN, KTM), machinery & engineering (SIEMENS VAI
i) Underdeveloped und underfunded university sector compared to the economic and industrial strength of Upper Austria;
from National Systems and"Mode 2"to a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations.
Vienna University of Economics and Business, Institute for Regional Development and Environment INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
, Charles University, Dept. of Social Geography and Reg. Development, Prague Regional, national and international policies that have been decisive for prioritization of domains Before focusing on South Moravian regional innovation policy,
while the surrounding area lags significantly behind the national average in the key socioeconomic indicators (e g. the level of tertiary education).
universities and intermediaries agreed on the following strategic goals: i) to expand overall intervention from start-up support to include cluster development, technology transfer, internationalization etc.;
i) the creation of a joint technology transfer centre for all universities and other research organizations in the region;
and iii) International Secondary school. Future development for smart specialisation The first two generations of RIS were mainly about the development of incubators and services for innovative start-ups.
On the other hand, there is a growing demand among business people as well as economic development professionals for an elaborated national innovation strategy that covers the whole ecosystem, incl. the quality and relevance at all level of education, institutional setting etc.
THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 118 OECD 2013 ESTONIAN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGIES THE ROADMAP TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY Marge Seppo and Urmas Varblane, University of Tartu
Other important area-specific development plans are Estonian Higher education Strategy 2006 2015, Estonian Enterprise Policy 2007 2013, Development Plan for Estonian Adult education
The former is responsible for research and education policies, the financing and evaluation of research institutes and higher education institutions also coordination of international cooperation in research;
In 2011 was carried through the mid-term evaluation of the implementation of measures in favour of R&d and higher education in the framework of the EU co-financed Structural Funds during the period 2007-13.
MEAC, Estonian Development Fund, University of Tartu (TIPS programme) are the initiators of the analysis,
They included regional authorities, representatives from universities, polytechnics and also private companies. Altogether almost 300 regional decision-makers participated in the workshops.
and not having a university of its own. These characteristics have been reflected in weaker competitiveness and a lower level of education compared with the national level.
On the other hand, they have provided, for example the opportunity to create an entirely new way of implementing university policy through networklike operating models
which focus specifically on research transfer, a key factor to this region. Tailored university expertise focuses specifically on the needs of its own region without fragmenting the university sector,
and it can be tailored precisely to the needs of current business life without requiring the entire university sector to change.
In the Päijät-Häme case, the combination of inefficiency caused by the isolating nature of the cluster strategy
Lappeenranta University of Technology Lahti School of Innovation hosts a research team which is the leader in Finland in innovation environment research.
and tools and catalysts in the innovation ecosystem The capital region's higher education and science landscape is multifaceted and unique.
Brandenburg Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery The capital region hosts many internationally renowned universities as well as research institutes (such as Fraunhofer and Max Planck institutes.
PRIORITY SETTING AND GOVERNANCE FOR SMART SPECIALISATION Marcin Kardas, Policy Advisor, Ministry of Science and Higher education and Krzysztof Mieszkowski Policy Advisor, Ministry of Science and Higher education Regional
The coordinator of the project is the AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków.
including the Jagiellonian University, the University of Agriculture in Kraków and the first technology park dedicated to life science in Central and Eastern europe.
One of the objectives of the Lifescience Cluster in Kraków is to enable effective global connectivity and optimization of existing potential of individuals and organizations.
which is an interregional network of collaboration created at the initiative of the Nowy Sacz Business school National Louis University and medium-sized enterprises predominantly from the regions of Malopolska, Silesia and Mazovia.
Both companies cooperate with regional universities e g. the Jagiellonian University, the AGH University of Science and Technology,
and the Cracow University of Technology. Besides, onet. pl, and interia. pl have their headquarters in the Malopolska Region (onet. pl is the biggest Polish webportal;
The role of universities in supporting transformation of regional economy: The example shows that important role in transformation of regional economy has been played by regional universities, especially in the fields such as:
ICT, multimedia and life sciences. Regional universities are engaged also in many initiatives aimed at addressing the main challenges in traditional areas of regional specialisation i e. mining (clean coal technologies) or chemistry, foundry and steel industries (new materials, ICT.
The role of foresight, monitoring and evaluation system in the priority setting: The example of the Malopolska Region shows that the setting of research
Furthermore, almost all public university activities are covered by a single entity: the University of the Basque Country, EHU, with a high degree of autonomy.
This means that in the field of public governance, the clear leadership of the Basque government should also consider the need to coordinate research and innovation strategies with the Provincial Councils and the University of the Basque Country.
Key Policy Instruments The key policy instruments in the field of research and innovation in the Basque Country are, first of all, the regional strategic planning tools, with a long experience in this region.
ii) University strategies (University Plan 2011-2014; iii) Crosscutting strategies; and iv) General strategies, mainly the Business Competitiveness Plan 2010-2013, the 2015 Science, Technology and Innovation Plan, approved in December 2011 by the Basque government.
iii) Public funding of R&d provided by the University of the Basque Country; and iv) public funding of sectoral clusters.
public colleges and universities), there is a limited capacity in the regulation of research activity, as a result of the regulatory power remaining in the Spanish state and of the high level of autonomy of the University of the Basque Country.
From the point of view of management these aspects have an impact on research and innovation of the technology centres.
and technology policies between the Basque public bodies, including universities. On the other hand, different entities and agencies of the Science, Technology and Innovation Basque are configured structurally to perform relevant functions for the purposes of coordination between different elements of the system.
ii) The University of the Basque Country, for coordination between scientific activities and Government; iii) Mondragon University, for the purposes of coordination between businesses and university activities;
and iv) The vocational training centres for the purpose interaction between business and technology development. Measuring the effects
i) Education (Higher education Expenditure to GDP(%;%ii) R&d (R & D expenditure to GDP(%;%Private expenditure on R&d as a share of GDP;
Expenditure on R&d performed by universities as a share of GDP; number of people employed in R&d;
and research, including universities and research centres, allowing a better use of public resources. This probably requires a redefinition of public funding policies for research and innovation activities.
THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 144 OECD 2013 LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE OECD-TIP CASE STUDIES Patries Boekholt, Technopolis, Philip Mccann and Raquel Ortega-Argilés, University of Groningen
University of Edinburgh This chapter presents the synthesis of the 17 case studies on smart specialisation strategies in 12 countries that have been carried out by the OECD's Working Party on Innovation and Technology Policy (TIP).
Other obvious assets are the research and technology competences in companies, universities and research organisations.
but also universities and research centres in this evaluation process. It shows how diagnosing apparent strengths, weaknesses, fits and misfits in terms of scientific, technological,
including universities or research centres. Rigidity will require strong methods of measurement and ex ante evaluation of potentials, based on a good specification of the granularity (degree of specialisation) and relatedness (degree of complementarity) of existing specialisations.
but also universities and research centres should be engaged. Engaging them will not only allow policy makers to develop a thorough insight in the matches
Representatives of the regional science, knowledge and creative sector (e g. universities, research and technology organisations or innovation and design centres concentrate expertise on a region's specific knowledge profile.
From regional universities or from international R&d partners? Do local universities supply regional enterprises with ample graduates
or do need regional employers to look abroad for qualified personnel? How do you assess the climate for entrepreneurship in your region?
Are people (incl. young people, university graduates, etc. keen to start up their own business or do they rather prefer jobs in established enterprises or public sector?
What budget do you intend to invest in joint ventures with universities and technology centres of the region?
Which lead institutions in the science/knowledge and creative sector (i e. universities, research and technology organisations,
(i e. are graduates/engineers/professors moving easily between universities and firms and back)? Do universities train scholars
and graduates to become entrepreneurs? Does current academic education fit to the needs of the regional economy do regional employers absorb graduates
or are forced graduates to look elsewhere? INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS: THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION OECD 2013 197 How many permanent/temporary international research fellows, professors,
(i e. do you have industry-science co-operations in you region, privately endowed chairs at universities, joint research infrastructures,
and/or pro-active technology transfers, contract research, living labs, student placement schemes, brokerage and technology demonstration events, share of regional business representatives in university management boards)?
Universities, research and technology organisations, innovation & design centres that are shaping the regional knowledge base
Educational institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) primarily represent academia in this paradigm. However, educational institutions at other levels are precluded not from contributing to,
Innovation in Romanian SMES and its impact on performance Professor Ph d. Nicolescu Ovidiu Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania inst. manager@gmail. com
Professor Ph d. Popa Ion Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania popaion 2000@yahoo. com Professor Ph d. Dobrin Cosmin Management Faculty
. Nicolescu Ciprian Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania cnicolescu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Sebastian Management Faculty Academy
of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania ceptureanu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Eduard Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest
Lecturer Accounting Sciences and Finance Department Nicholas Kakava Coordinator in Consumer Sciences Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe Corresponding author:
Low levels of education and training, as well as poor business skills are contributing factors to the lack of capacity and poor business efficiencies among SMES.
Virtual Environments Innovation and R&d Activities, University of Technology Malaysia, Malaysia. Essentials, 1999. Entrepreneurship development, 2: 1 http://www. essentials-on-entrepreneurship. pdf. Accessed 25 october 2012 Ettlie, J. E. & Rubenstein, A. H. 1987, Firm size and product
Reid, M. G. S. &garnsey, E. 1996), Innovative Management in Small Hi-tech Firms, Cranfield University, Cranfield.
Questions from a user's perspective Ruud Smits Department of Innovation Studies, University of Utrecht, P o box 80125, NL 3508 TC Utrecht, The netherlands Received 26 february 2001;
Roads and Challenges'potentially important role of‘Cultural Industry'in our economic system was pointed out 7. When accepting his professorship in‘Cultural Industry'at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam,
and universities as well, being asked to account for themselves more specifically. Justification is expected often in terms of contributing towards solutions to societal problems.
has been cast back to those university groups operating at the absolute forefront of science. Many other university researchers will see an increase in the number of requests to set out
what they are able to do for the economy and the society of the future. As a follow-up to the above, there is the demand for management of the knowledge infrastructure.
The increasing trend for universities being expected to account for themselves is only one manifestation of an expansive phenomenon that is emerging in the international dimension:
Table 1 sets out the main differences between Mode 1 and Mode 2. This gives rise to a dilemma for universities and public research organisations 42.
Universities, because the demand for more specific orientation towards the problem in question calls for a multidisciplinary approach,
Hierarchic and stable Heterarchic and variable Academic quality control Quality measured on a wider set of criteria Accountability to science Accountability to society as well 3 Den Hertog et al.
Technology Assessment (Constructive Consumer Technology Assessment), Dissertation, University of Twente, 1994.36 J. W. Schot, Constructive technology assessment and technology dynamics:
Towards an integral technology policy), Dissertation, Free University, Kerckebosch, Zeist, 1991.38 J. Grin, H. van de Graaf, R. Hoppe, Technology Assessment Through Interaction
of a New Discipline), address at the opening of the academic year, Utrecht University, 1999.52 K. Kelly, New Rules for the New Economy, Viking Books US/Forth Estate, UK, 1998.53 H. J. Brouwer,
Long-term Foresight Studies in Policy Exercises), address Tilburg University, Samson H. D. Tjeenk Willink, 1993.57 I. Mayer, Participatory policy analysis:
Debating technologies, Dissertation, Tilburg University, Tilburg Univ. Press, 1997.58 J. Dijck, Ondernemen tussen vermarkting en vermaatschappelijking (Running a Business Between Commercialisation and Communalisation), Farewell
speech, Tilburg University, 2000.59 W. van Rossum, Innovatie en de ontwikkeling van bedrijven (Innovation and the Evolution of Businesses), Inaugural address, Twente Univ. Press
But Not Always the Technology it Needs), Address, Tilburg University, Tilburg Univ. Press, 1994.61 B. Martin, Foresight in science and technology,
Technologie and Samenleving (Technology and Society), Open university, Heerlen, 1995 (course book. 64 Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs, Industrie-en dienstenbeleid (Industrial and Services Policy), Letter to the Lower House 26 628, session 1998 1999, Staatsuitgeverij
, The hague, 1999.65 F. Bongers, Participatory policy analysis and group support systems, Dissertation, Tilburg University, yet to be published, 2000.66 F. Bongers, R. Smits, J. Geurts, C. Holland,
Ruud Smits is‘Professor of Technology and Innovation, more particularly the Strategy and Management of Innovation Processes'of the Department of Innovation Studies of the University of Utrecht.
which involve universities, public R&d laboratories and firms. The aim of this policy is to enhance the innovative capability of the host region by strengthening the ties among scientific, technical and institutional agents.
universities and research institutions involvements are stronger. 1 In spite of these initiatives, one must not forget that cooperative agreements are based on technology transfers
clients, suppliers, other firms (than clients and suppliers), professional and technical centres, educational institutions (university, engineering school, technical college), research institutions (CNRS, INRA, INSERM and CEA.
-0. 5025(-1. 629)- 0. 4138(-1. 392) Technical centre 0. 3034 (0. 936) Engineering and technical school/university 0 213 (0.
Indeed, the level of education influences the receptiveness of executives to external sources and their approach to innovation problems to a considerable extent (Gibbons and Johnston, 1974.
When executives with a high level of education are confronted to a complex problem they recognise if the firm can rely on its own competencies to resolve this problem.
Conversely, the staff with a lower level of education relies more on their own knowledge. In firms, innovative competencies do not depend exclusively on executive staff.
because they fear their high level of education. Firms who are endowed with this office have structured already their innovative capabilities.
Some results were discussed also at the seminars at the Universities of Orléans (LEO) and Strasbourg (BETA.
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