level of education

Level of education

Advanced education (3)
College (217)
Doctoral education (2)
Graduate education (7)
Higher education (2397)
Kindergarten (13)
Level of education (43)
Middle school (4)
Polytechnic institute (3)
Postgraduate education (9)
Pre-school education (6)
Primary education (801)
Secondary education (404)
Undergraduate education (44)
University (6857)

Their vision, strategy and innovation attitude have been fruitful in possession of a huge amount of data they have become the master of the world through data, the new capital.

Daniel Byman (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Welsh School of Foreign Services at Georgetown University) states that drones offer a comparatively low-risk way of targeting terrorists

Traditional Masters'of Business Administration (MBA) courses are introduced late in some engineering schools. The impact of education on employment/entrepreneurship is evaluated not.

U multirank, European project, defined the right evaluation criteria, but it will be introduced to the educational and research system, will be practiced

reporting, scoring Master of ICT (intelligent and creative technology), able to take the best of technology Table 2. 1. Contrast in managerial roles MER 11 74 The Innovation Biosphere Briefly,

The duty of educational systems is to integrate a creative way of thinking into educational programs, from kids to university.

global, European and French perspectives The Millennium Project is a global participatory think tank created in 1996 under the American Council for the United nations University that is now an independent organization with 46 nodes around the world.

and they require collaborative action among governments, international organizations, corporations, universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOS) and creative individuals.

and innovative scheme open innovation and science 2. 0, to assist universities in order to become open innovation centers for their region in cooperation with companies,

if only the universities succeed with connecting their research objectives and motivation with regional ones and express their interest in

The China world factory ambition is to become the master of the world. How many years will it take to understand that this way is dead end?

96 The Innovation Biosphere Major rethinking University IP policies including Chief Academic Innovation Officers with a focus on building the flow of knowledge across stakeholders.

This action focuses on higher education and research, research evaluation criteria, university ranking, knowledge alliances and e-skills;

involving partners, competitors, universities and users; corporate entrepreneurship: enhancing corporate venturing, start-ups and spin-offs; proactive intellectual property management:

The previous government (2007 2012) introduced the autonomy of public universities and launched the reforms innovation for 8 http://www. retis-innovation. fr. 114 The Innovation Biosphere industry,

the Plan of Future Investments of €35 billion was launched in 2010 and centered on higher education, research and industries of tomorrow.

universities with research departments each have a special service devoted to technology transfer, instead of grouping them at the city or regional level.

The french National Research Agency (ANR) provides funding for project-based research in all fields of science for both basic and applied research to public research organizations and universities,

ANR has also been the principal operator of the Investments for the Future program in the field of higher education and research.

Higher education and Research. The role of the ADEME is to provide businesses, local governments, public authorities and the general public with their expertise and advisory capabilities.

better evaluation of public research and closer coordination between industry and the public sector. Universities with powerful public research should be involved better in the process.

Masters'of Entrepreneurship and schools are now booming, but only a few teach modern entrepreneurship. In Europe, the United states and other countries, efforts are made to encourage students

Almost every university in France has the transfer service. Evaluation of projects is made once a year to offer €5

The infrastructure of innovation considers the role of universities, incubators and other possible supports for innovation-related activities.

a recent tri-party agreement was signed between Exxonmobil Research Qatar (EMRQ), a tenant of Qatar Science & Technology Park, Qatar University (QU) and Texas A&m University at Galveston

(http://www. tamug. edu/).The Petroleum Engineering program at Texas A&m University, Qatar, has Experimentations and Results 137 ambitions in leading to safer, more environmentally friendly wells for the oil and gas industry.

The University of Reunion Island Living Lab likes to foster open and sustainable territorial innovation involving researchers, teachers, students and entrepreneurs through teaching and learning.

The University of Reunion Island Living Lab for Teaching and Learning (UR. LL. TL) developed a platform to share live interpretations,

and learning at school and also in the universities. New gaming research actions have been developed managing know-how rather than knowledge.

Head polymer cleaning technology developed at Leeds University may be used in washing machines instead of water. The beads agitate,

et Chaussées (LCPC) under the joint supervision of the ministry of ecology, sustainable development and energy and the ministry of higher education and research.

and work in collaboration with other species. Sergiy Shemet, a researcher at Dnipropetrovsk National University, Ukraine,

Researchers at the University of Akron, Ohio, USA, have discovered that, on the other hand, the patches of silk that are attached to the ground called gumfoot disks have an entirely different architecture or construction.

vignettes from the past, the present and future, Presentation at Regis College, available at http://www. entovation. com/whatsnew/pdfs/Regis2014. pdf, 3 may 2014.

DC-Based Bottom-up Energy Exchange System for Community Grid, Okinawa, 2-3 february, 2015 UNI 15 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, available at http://www. uky

the Development of Urban Form in Suzhou, University of Hawaii Press, 2000. Bibliography 199 ZAM 87 ZAMENHOF L. L.,.International language:

Eunika Mercier-Laurent is Associate Researcher at IAE Lyon University as well as being the founder of an international enterprise dedicated to knowledge and innovation management,

University of Liechtenstein Vaduz Liechtenstein Theresa Schmiedel Institute of Information systems University of Liechtenstein Vaduz Liechtenstein ISSN 2192-8096 ISSN 2192-810x (electronic) Management

we are also deeply thankful for the large support we received from the Eindhoven University of Technology and the European Institute of Innovation and Technology for its realization.

Further, we extend our thanks to the University of Liechtenstein for the additional funds that were provided

as well asv the whole team of the Institute of Information systems for their excellent work in preparing the conference and making every guest feel comfortable during their visit at our University.

only the incorporation of IT into business processes allows T. Schmiedel(*)J. vom Brocke Institute of Information systems, University of Liechtenstein, Fu rst-Franz-Josef-Str. 21,9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein e-mail:

Therefore a national strategy for manufacturing needs to be rooted in supporting local organizations with the creation of unique C. Møller(*)Center for Industrial Production, Department of Business and Management, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede

universities and knowledge centers to take up the challenge presented by the technological leadership of large international manufacturers Business Process Innovation as an Enabler of Proactive Value Chains 19 The innovation factory The innovation factory cultivates

or MADE, presently consisting of 26 manufacturing companies, 5 universities and 2 technological services, and the confederation of Danish industries.

industry and universities in an action program called MADE platform for future manufacturing. In many western countries, a similar debate has been around

SAP Service Innovation and the University of Liechtenstein, as an international partner, will also contribute to the research. 4 Discussion

A rich exchange of ideas and information P. Trkman(*)M. Klun Faculty of economics, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva pl. 17,1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia e-mail:

B. Schenk(*)Institute of Information systems, University of Liechtenstein, Fu rst-Franz-Josef-Str. 21,9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein e-mail:

J. Ohlsson(*)S. Han Department of Computer and Systems sciences, Stockholm University, Borgarfjordsgatan 12,16407 Kista, Sweden e-mail:

http://www. movelo. se/wordpress/om-oss/)The trends in sensor and smartphone development in combination with the research activities at the universities were a catalyst for the moving vehicle logger campaign that was set up by Movelo

Master's series No. 99-33-DSV-SU. Osterwalder, A, . & Pigneur, Y. 2010). Business model generation:

W. M. P. van der Aalst(*)Architecture of Information systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P o box 513,5600 MB Eindhoven, The netherlands International Laboratory of Process-Aware Information systems

, National Research University Higher School of economics (HSE), 33 Kirpichnaya Street, Moscow, Russia e-mail: w. m. p. v. d. aalst@tue. nl#Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 J. vom Brocke, T. Schmiedel (eds.

but it may be important to still be able to use his high school marks and know what other courses he failed.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Basic Research Program of the National Research University Higher School of economics (HSE) in Moscow.

innovation is seen also as applicable to the development of new service offerings, new business models, new processes or new management J. Recker(*)Information systems School, Queensland University of Technology, 2

These scientific capabilities can obviously be provided by universities and research institutions. And indeed, there is strong evidence to suggest that partnerships between corporate organizations

How to create productive partnerships with universities. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53 (4), 79 88.

University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, Tartu 50409, Estonia e-mail: marlon. dumas@ut. ee; f. m. maggi@ut. ee#Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 J. vom Brocke, T. Schmiedel (eds.

P. Loos(*)P. Fettke J. Walter T. Thaler P. Ardalani German Research center for Artificial intelligence (DFKI), Saarland University, Stuhlsatzenhausweg 3, 66123 Saarbru

Hence, BPM projects are conducted in large, possibly interorganizational environments (Houy, Fettke, J. Becker(*)Department of Information systems, University of Muenster, Leonardo-Campus 3, 48149 Mu nster, Germany e-mail:

, in the administration of the University of Mu nster (Becker, Algermissen, Pfeiffer, & Ra ckers, 2007a) or in a Brazilian municipal public administration (Matzner, Alexandrini, Araujo, & Becker, 2009).

In an experiment, 83 master's students were asked to model a process based on a textual description with varying degree of structure.

Dissertation, University of Mu nster, Germany. Piattini, M.,Visaggio, C a.,Canfora, G.,Ruiz, F, . & Garci'A f. 2005).

Sweden Swedish Centre of Digital Innovation, Chalmers University of Technology/University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden e-mail:

Licentiate Thesis, Linko ping University, Sweden. Haraldson, S, . & Lind, M. 2010, August 12 15). The emergence of a multi-organizational view on business processes Experiences from a double-loop action research approach.

University of Wisconsin Press. Davenport, T. 1993. Process innovation: Reengineering work through information technology. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.

Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, s n-Cidade Universita'ria, 50740-560 Recife, PE, Brazil e-mail:

rmfl@cin. ufpe. br H. A. Reijers Department of mathematics and Computer science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The netherlands e-mail:

S. Sackmann(*)K. Kittel Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Universita tsring 3, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany e-mail:

Tilburg University. Retrieved from http://ec. europa. eu/information society/apps/projects/logos/5/215175/080/deliverables/D2. 1 state-of-the-art-for-compliance-languages. pdf Dadam, P

University of Karlsruhe. Reichert, M.,Rinderle, S.,Kreher, U, . & Dadam, P. 2005). Adaptive process management with ADEPT2.

Ph d. thesis, University Ulm, Germany. Rinderle, S.,Reichert, M, . & Dadam, P. 2004). Correctness criteria for dynamic changes in workflow systems A survey.

Sects. 2 and 3 first look at key domains in which digital innovations and A. Van Looy(*)Ghent University, Tweekerkenstraat 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:

J. Kettenbohrer(*)Department of Information systems and Services, University of Bamberg, An der Weberei 5, 96047 Bamberg, Germany e-mail:

FAR+was developed conceptually in a joint research project by the University of Bamberg and Lufthansa Technik Group in accordance with an action design research approach.

Doctoral thesis, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane. Doebeli, G.,Fisher, R.,Gapp, R, . & Sanzogni, L. 2011).

Curricula Vitae Wil van der Aalst Eindhoven University of Technology, The netherlands Wil van der Aalst is a Full professor of Information systems at the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TU/e). He is the Academic

Supervisor of the International Laboratory of Process-Aware Information systems of the National Research University in Moscow.

Since 2003 he has a parttime appointment at Queensland University of Technology. His research interests include workflow management, process mining, Petri nets, BPM, process modeling,

In 2012, he received the doctor honoris causa from Hasselt University, Belgium. In 2013, he was appointed as Distinguished University Professor of TU/e. He is also a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen), Royal Holland Society

of Sciences and Humanities (Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen) and the Academy of Europe (Academia Europaea.#

BPM Driving Innovation in a Digital World, Management for Professionals, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14430-6 287 Peyman Ardalani Saarland University, Germany

Jo rg Becker University of Mu nster, Germany Jo rg Becker is Full professor and head of the Department of Information systems at the University of Mu nster.

He is Honorary Professor of the National Research University Higher School of economics Moscow. Also, Jo rg is partner of two university spin-offs on BPM consulting for retail and e-Government. 288 Curricula Vitae Daniel Beimborn Frankfurt School of Finance & Management,

Germany Daniel Beimborn is Full professor for Information systems at the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, Germany.

He received his Ph d. from Goethe University in Frankfurt, and afterwards held a Postdoc position at the University of Bamberg.

His current research activities cover the management of outsourcing and nearshoring relationships IT governance and business/IT alignment, business process standardization, BPO and shared services in the financial industry, the business value of Service Oriented Architectures (SOA),

Marlon Dumas University of Tartu, Estonia Marlon Dumas is Professor of Software engineering at University of Tartu, Estonia.

he worked in the BPM group at Queensland University of Technology in Australia. He has been recipient of best paper awards at the ETAPS'2006, BPM'2010,

Curricula Vitae 289 Peter Fettke Saarland University, Germany Peter Fettke obtained a master's degree in Information systems from the University of Mu nster, Germany, a Ph d. Degree in Information systems from the Johannes

Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany, and a Habilitation Degree in Information systems from the Saarland University, Germany.

Currently, he is the deputy chair of the Institute for Information systems (IWI) at the German Research center for Artificial intelligence (DFKI), Saarbru cken.

and researched previously at the Technical University of Chemnitz and the University Mainz, Germany. His research interests include Reference Modeling, Business Engineering, Applications,

Shengnan Han Stockholm University, Sweden Shengnan Han is a senior lecturer and associated professor at Stockholm University, Sweden.

Economics) in information systems at A°bo Akademi University, Finland in 2005. Since 2001, she started her research and practice in mobile services.

and technology-enhanced learning. 290 Curricula Vitae Peter Ha ndel Uppsala University, Sweden Peter Ha ndel received the Ph d. degree from Uppsala University,

From 1987 to 1993, he was with Uppsala University. From 1993 to 1997, he was with Ericsson AB, Kista, Sweden.

From 1996 to 1997, he was a Visiting Scholar with the Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.

and at the University of Ga vle, Sweden. Since 2011 he has an adjunct position at Movelo AB.

She holds a Licentiate Degree in Information systems Development from Linko ping University. She has a professional background from IT-consultancy related to different sectors.

Janina Kettenbohrer University of Bamberg Germany Janina is Graduate Research Assistant at University of Bamberg, Department of Information systems and Services.

She studied Information systems at University of Bamberg and she holds a Master of science. Her Ph d. topic covers the human side of business process standardization whereby her research focuses on business process standardization,

and business process governance. Besides her research, she works as an external consultant at Lufthansa Technik AG.

and has obtained his economic doctorate degree from the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg in 2013.

He holds a diploma in Business Information systems from the University of Cooperative Education Mannheim Germany, and a Master of business administration from University of louisville, USA.

Monika Klun University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Monika Klun is a full-time researcher and Ph d. student at the Faculty of economics of the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Curricula Vitae 293 Ricardo Massa F. Lima Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil Ricardo Massa F. Lima received the Ph d. degree in computer science from Federal University

Chalmers University of Technology, Go teborg, Sweden, in 2001. He is currently an Associate professor with UFPE.

Mikael Lind Viktoria Swedish ICT and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Associate professor Mikael Lind is with the Viktoria Swedish ICT and Chalmers University of Technology.

He is also one of the initiators of Maritime Informatics for applied research of digitalization in the maritime sector. 294 Curricula Vitae Peter Loos Saarland University,

and is Professor of Information systems at Saarland University. His research activities include business process management, information modelling, enterprise systems as well as implementation of information systems.

Peter graduated from Saarland University (Dipl. -Kfm.).) He received his Ph d. Dr. rer. pol. and his venia legendi also from Saarland University.

He held positions as professor at Chemnitz University of Technology and at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz.

Before he pursued a career in academics he worked for 6 years as software development manager.

Fabrizio Maggi University of Tartu, Estonia Fabrizio Maggi is Senior Research Fellow at University of Tartu.

Prior to this appointment, he was postdoctoral researcher in the Architecture of Information systems group at Eindhoven University of Technology.

He received a Ph d. in Computer science in 2010 from University of Bari. Curricula Vitae 295 Monika Malinova Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria Monika Malinova is a teaching

and research associate and a doctoral candidate at the Institute for Information Business at the Vienna University of Economics and Business,

Austria. She completed her Master studies in Information systems at the Humboldt Universita t zu Berlin, Germany.

Her research focuses on process architectures and the design of process maps. In particular, she is interested in how process maps enable an understanding of an organization's operations.

Jan Mendling Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria Jan Mendling is a Full professor and head of the Institute for Information Business at WU Vienna.

He studied at University of Trier (Germany) and UFSIA Antwerpen (Belgium and received a Ph d. degree from WU Vienna (Austria.

and board member of the Austrian Society for BPM. 296 Curricula Vitae Charles Møller Aalborg University, Denmark Charles Møller (born 1962) is professor in business process innovation at the Department

of Business and Management, Aalborg University in Denmark. Charles is researching topics like supply chain management

Charles Møller is the director of the Center for Industrial Production (CIP) at Aalborg University.

Jens Ohlsson Stockholm University, Sweden Jens Ohlsson received the MSC in Computer and Systems sciences, Stockholm University, 1999.

In 2004, he obtained an additional BSC in Communications-Pedagogics, Stockholm University. Between 1999 and 2011, Mr Ohlsson worked with business development at companies like SAP, Aptus Consulting,

Stockholm University. His research interests include disruptive technologies and business model innovations. Ce'sar Augusto L. Oliveira University of Pernambuco, Brazil Ce'sar Augusto L. Oliveira received the M. Sc. degree in computer engineering from the Computing systems Department, University

of Pernambuco (Recife, Brazil) in 2008 and his Ph d. degree in computer science from the Center for Informatics, Federal University of Pernambuco (Recife, Brazil), in 2014.

He has participated in several research and development projects in the manufacturing and energy industries. His main research area is business process management,

Curricula Vitae 297 Jan Recker Queensland University of Technology, Australia Jan Recker is the Woolworths Chair of Retail Innovation, Alexander-Von-humboldt Fellow and a Full professor for Information systems

at Queensland University of Technology. His research focuses on organizational innovation, process management in organizational practice,

Hajo Reijers Eindhoven University of Technology, The netherlands Hajo Reijers is a Full professor in Information systems at Eindhoven University of Technology as well as the head of BPM research at Perceptive Software.

He is the managing director of the European BPM Round table initiative. 298 Curricula Vitae Michael Rosemann Queensland University of Technology,

Australia Dr. Michael Rosemann is Professor and Head of the Information systems School at Queensland University of Technology,

Stefan Sackmann University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Stefan Sackmann is full professor and holds The chair of Information management at the University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.

After studying political economics at the University of Freiburg he received a doctorate in 2003 and a professorship in information systems and business economics (Habilitation) in 2010.

Curricula Vitae 299 Bernd Schenk University of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein Bernd Schenk is senior lecturer for Information systems at the University of Liechtenstein.

He holds a Ph d. in Information systems from the Vienna University of Economics and Business and a MSC from the University of Innsbruck, Austria.

Furthermore, he has taught at different universities, including the University of Barcelona, Spain and the Tongji University, Shanghai, China.

He served as global edition reviewer for the textbook Management Information systems (Laudon/Laudon. Theresa Schmiedel University of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein Theresa Schmiedel is an Assistant professor at the Hilti Chair of Business Process Management at the University of Liechtenstein.

She holds a Ph d. in business economics from the University of Liechtenstein and a Diploma in economics from the University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany,

which she conducted partially at York University, Toronto, Canada. She worked as a Research Assistant at the Department for Sociology and Empirical Social Research, University of Hohenheim,

and the Center for Cultural and General Studies, University of Karlsruhe, Germany. Her research focuses on social aspects in information systems research

particularly on the interconnection of culture and business process management (www. bpm-culture. org. Her research has been published in journals,

including Information & Management, Enterprise Information systems, and Business Process Management Journal, as well as in academic books and conference proceedings. 300 Curricula Vitae Tom Thaler Saarland University, Germany Tom Thaler is researcher at the Institute for Information systems (IWI) at the German Research center

for Artificial intelligence (DFKI) and research project lead at Saarland University. His research activities include business process management, process mining, software development as well as implementation of information systems.

After his study he worked as a Business intelligence Consultant at SAP. Since 2012, he coordinates the information systems study at Saarland University

and supervises several classes at Saarland University, Go ttingen University and VGU School of business Informatics. He is sponsored by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and currently works on his Ph d. thesis. Peter Trkman University of Ljubljana,

Slovenia Peter Trkman is Associate professor at the Faculty of economics of the University of Ljubljana. His research interests encompass business models

and various aspects of business process, supply chain and operations management. He participated in several projects

and published over 70 papers including papers in journals like Decision Support systems, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, International Journal of Information management,

International Journal of Production Economics, Journal of Strategic Information systems, Long Range Planning and Wirtschaftsinformatik. He won several research awards

Curricula Vitae 301 Amy Van Looy Ghent University, Belgium Amy Van Looy holds a Ph d. in applied economics.

She is Assistant professor at the Faculty of economics and Business Administration of Ghent University. Before entering academia, Amy worked as an IT consultant (i e.,

Jan vom Brocke University of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein Jan vom Brocke is Head of the BPM group in Liechtenstein.

He is Founder and Co-Director of the international Master Program in IT and Business Process Management and Director of the Ph d. program in Information and Process Management at the University of Liechtenstein (www. bpm-eduction. org).

) Since 2012 he has been appointed Vice-president of the University of Liechtenstein responsible for research and innovation. Jan has over 15 years of experience in IT

Jan is invited an speaker and trusted advisor on BPM serving many organizations around the world. 302 Curricula Vitae Ju rgen Walter Saarland University, Germany Ju rgen

Walter studied computer science at the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU. His research activities include business process management, software development and graph theory.

at the Robinson College of Business at Georgia State university. Prior appointments include professorships at TU-Delft, Erasmus University and Mcmaster University.

He is a cofounder of ICIS AIS, TIMS College on IS, and IFIP WG 8. 2. He has held C-level positions at a number of companies in the US and Canada.

His 100+papers are published in various books, refereed journals and conference proceedings. Dr. Welke's scholarly contributions are in the areas of methodology engineering, meta-modeling, business process management, service innovation BAM/CEP, compliance business rules, SOA

Coordination of cluster programs with infrastructure programs (e g. support of universities and other educational institutions) 62figure 23:

SME2, Non-SME, R&d institutions, universities, training and education providers, financial intermediaries, consultants, governmental agencies and others.

The share of R&d institutions and universities is very much different between the countries. Iceland and Germany have the highest share (R&d institutions

and universities account for 24 respectively 11 per cent of all stakeholders). 1. 2. 4 REGIONAL CONCENTRATION OF CLUSTERS According to the definition of Michael E. Porter clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies

Composition of clusters AUSTRIA 68%7%6%3%2%1%8%2%3%SME Universities Consultants Non-SME Training and education providers

if strategy and activities are defined mainly by research institutions or universities. If mainly industry defines strategy and activities

While research-driven clusters have a higher effect on R&d activities of research institutions (including universities) than industry-driven clusters through their cluster management organization,

For example, biotechnology clusters are oriented less towards industries as still today biotechnology is driven very much by research institutions and universities.

DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES Participation in the development and implementation of vocational training or study courses together with external partners such as universities Training courses for cluster members Recruitment of staff on behalf of cluster members

Clusters help people engaged in the same technology field to network with each other, e g. companies with companies, companies with research institutes, universities with governments and so forth.

in order to increase the benefit for the companies, universities and R&d institutions and other service providers within the cluster.

and increase the value added of their actions. 7 Ketels defines cluster policy as efforts by governments, alone or in a collaborative effort with companies, universities,

universities and business sectors DENMARK Innovation Networks Denmark To strengthen innovation and research in Danish companies and thereby promote knowledge-based growth in business

and innovation infrastructure, improve the facilities of higher education institutes To motivate the cooperation of companies through clusters To support joint innovation investments of clusters To accredit innovative clusters ICELAND Regional Growth Agreements (Vaxtarsamningur

through networking and cluster co-operation among firms, R&d institutions, universities, municipalities and the government Strategic Research Program for Centres of Excellence and Research Clusters To reinforce science and technology research,

innovation businesses, partnership and cooperation among businesses, universities and research institutes in the fields of research, development and innovation,

A Critical review, p. 9, United nations University INTECH Institute for New Technologies Discussion Paper Series, Maastricht.

Coordination of cluster programs with infrastructure programs (e g. support of universities and other educational institutions) 01234 IND NCE ARENA KOM COB ZIM NEMO OSKE SHOK POL VAX

Thomas holds a Master's degree in political science, law and sociology from the University of Göttingen. Email:

He has also been external associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. He holds a Master's degree in economics from the University of Copenhagen and a Phd degree in international economics from Copenhagen Business school.

Email: tac@fi. dk LYSANN MÜLLER has been working as a consultant at the international technology cooperation and cluster policy department of VDI/VDE Innovation+Technik Gmbh in Berlin, Germany since 2005.