they acted as intermediaries between research done in universities and practitioners in government and elsewhere.
Within universities the usual form is a grant, often with few conditions to allow a group of researchers to explore an idea without specifying outcomes.
or service providers to buy research in universities; or to club together to commission incubators (being tested by the ESRC.
Pratham provides primary education to some of India's most deprived children. Images courtesy of the Pratham team. 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 85 157) Distributed diffusion through provision as a social movement.
which promoted healthy eating in primary and secondary schools, and led to the creation of a Trust to put its ideas into practice. 5 96 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Another interesting example is The Climate Project set up by Al gore.
The University of Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership and The Climate Project designed and organised a training programme at
More than 460 Barefoot Solar Engineers trained by the Barefoot College of Tilonia, Rajasthan, India have electrified solar homes in rural communities in 18 countries benefiting the rural poor who make less than $1 a day.
Image courtesy of Barefoot College. 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 99 201) Growth through collaboration. Collaborations are used often to develop
Stockholm University. Chapter 5; see also Strang, D. and Soule, S. A. 1998) Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements:
Examples include the creation of welfare states after the Second world war, the spread of comprehensive early years'education programmes in Europe, dramatic expansions of higher education,
and close links with top universities such as Imperial and UCL, as well as with big firms like Glaxosmithkline and Pfizer.
There are many other examples from new models of personal finance to new models of university.
MEASURES Marriage age Secondary school Age first pregnancy ULTIMES MEASURES Income rates Accumulated assets Nike Foundation-Strategic Framework customer satisfaction,
Examples include the College of Health, and Forum for the Future. Mondragon University and Centro Popular de Cultura e Desenvolvimento (Brazil) go further,
giving students the experience of working in small social enterprises. These could play a critical role in training up a future cadre of social innovators. 249) Mutual help and mentoring by users.
and Bed Zed in the UK. 254) Designing and trialling platforms to trigger systemic innovation including peer-to-peer models such as the School of Everything and digital learning environments such as colleges in second life. 255) Comprehensive pilots,
It has a wide-ranging portfolio, covering regulation, enterprise and business support, higher education, innovation, and science.
Mars in Toronto links a university, a hospital, research labs, and a business incubator, alongside a social innovation investment fund.
and another 6, 000 scientists in related fields such as clean technology nearby. 295) Innovation universities and research departments, such as Finland's new Aalto University, launched in 2010
as a result of the merger of the Technical University, the Business school, and the School CONNECTING PEOPLE, IDEAS AND RESOURCES 135 of Arts and Design.
social entrepreneurs, nonprofit organisation managers and others. 296) Innovation learning labs. There are now a range of innovation learning labs within universities.
and the Catholic University of Leuven. There is also the Poverty Action Lab at MIT which tests out alternative interventions to reduce poverty in the developing world.
such as those for higher education, elder care and environmental investment. 380) Charitable status extended to allow tax allowances on investment funds,
University of West indies, and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the Innovations in American Government Awards.
South africa set up the Centre for Public service Innovation (CPSI) in 2002 and now runs regular awards.
colleges, local authorities and trusts to ask the Minister to suspend or modify educational legislation that was holding back innovative approaches to raising standards.
This is the West Philly Hybrid X Team, a group of students from West Philadelphia High school's Academy of Automotive and Mechanical engineering with their entry, the EVX.
'This technique is employed by Do Something, College Summit, and Teach for America. 411) Grants as investment including tapered grant funding, public equity,
including transformations of whole sectors for social ends. 419) Strategic investments to transform sectoral provision, for example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's investment in small high schools across America;
Saïd Business school, University of Oxford. Available at: http://www. sbs. ox. ac. uk/centres/skoll/research/Documents/Venture%20philanthropy%20in%20europe. pdf. For large scale developments in this field, see:
the University of Mondragón in Spain; the Sekem Academy in Egypt for the research and study of agriculture, pharmaceuticals and medicine from a bio dynamic perspective;
and the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Pollenzo and Colorno in Northern Italy, which has grown out of the slow food movement. 4 484) Retraining of business leaders to play roles in the social economy,
SPICE has established more than 40 projects in South Wales whereby institutions like local authorities, schools, colleges and housing associations grant time credits for various kinds of volunteer work
149 311 Services 21 Aalto University 134 Abecedarian Project 111 Academies 116; 192; 185 Accelerators 135 Accountability 3;
169 Azim Premji Foundation 185 Banca intesa 183 Banca Prossima 189 Banca Etica 188 Barcamp 46 Barefoot College 98 Bastoey Island
Initiative 137 Clissold Park User Group 207 Clore Social Leadership Programme 177 College of Health 116 Commons 76;
192 Mondragon University 116 Moore, Mark 7; 104 Moveon 41 Mozilla Firefox 139 M-Pesa 115;
and Melbourne University. His latest book is The Art of Public Strategy: mobilising power and knowledge for the common good (Oxford university Press, 2009.
We have a 55 year track record of success with ventures such as the Open university,‘Which?'
the concept of kindergarten was considered still revolutionary, and only one country had given women the vote.
and institutions using methods such as credit banks for farmers and networks of adult education colleges. This was a period
University college London and Melbourne University. This paper draws on a report titled Social Silicon valleys: A manifesto for social innovation, available for download from<http://www. youngfoundation. org>.
Wikipedia and the Open university; holistic health care, and hospices; microcredit and consumer cooperatives; the fair trade movement;
including the Open university and its parallels around the world, Which?,the School for Social Entrepreneurs,
the first private higher education institution in South africa to offer a virtually free business degree to students from disadvantaged backgrounds. 5 These individual stories are always inspiring, energizing, and impressive.
some linked to universities, some linked to companies, and some focused on particular problems, including the MIT Community Innovation Lab, the Social action Laboratory at Melbourne,
and useful attempts have been made to understand social innovation in some universities, including Stanford, Duke, and Harvard.
and Sussex Universities linking social innovation to broader patterns of technological change). Nor has much use been made of the advances made in parallel disciplines.
Ideas were backed with large scale public funding, R&d departments in big companies and university departments, and the systematic testing of new ideas became the norm.
Two key features of the university are (1) its partnerships with a great number of businesses in the design and delivery of all programs,
Edler et al (2013), who summarise the Compendium of Evidence on the Effectiveness of Innovation Policy Intervention Project, led by the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (University of Manchester)
and findings from the DSI research and how data analysts from Lodz University of Technology could access
The Open university Business school, the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies and the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES.
Edler et al (2013), who summarise the Compendium of Evidence on the Effectiveness of Innovation Policy Intervention Project, led by the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (University of Manchester)
I2cat's is established a foundation as a publicprivate partnership constituted by three universities around ten firms and the Secretary for the Information Society of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia105.
On one hand, traditional research has a prominent status, especially due to the participation of three technological universities.
Salzburg University of Applied sciences Fig. 2 The stack view of the Digital Business Ecosystem 6 Exe Eve Collective intelligence achieved through tools for the formalisation of knowledge built on top of a distributed persistent storage
or Creative Commons. 12 based on the business school of the University of Central England acting as the Regional Catalyst,
VUB University Press. David S. On Sourcescapes and Filescapes: Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networks, Cornell University. http://www. shaydavid. info/indexpapers. html, last accessed/7/07.
Dini, P, Darking, M L, Rathbone, N, Vidal, M, Hernandez, P, Ferronato, P, Briscoe, G,
Epistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Development, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark.
The Hard Problem for Artificial life, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Halpin, H (2006b.
VUB University Press. Varela, Francisco J, and H r Maturana (973). De Máquinas y Seres Vivos:
and digital technologies The research reported in this paper is supported by an ESRC discipline hopping fellowship (ES/L00271x/1) and the Open university Business school.
Foundation Finlandgiovanna Galasso Pricewaterhousecoopers Maria Savona SPRU University of Sussexpeter Corbett Advisory board Code for America, USSASHA Costanza-Choc MIT Department of Comparative Media Studies
For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom, and other models of distance learning have made education much more widely available.
which is born out of collaboration between Arduino and designers in the Master of Advanced Studies in Interaction design at SUSPI in Lugano.
and delivered by organisations and communities from across society, from public sector bodies and universities to business and third sector organisations.
Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks, unsurprisingly play a big role in researching
were developed originally in a university setting. Arduino, the open hardware circuit board was developed, for example, originally by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy.
and universities to big charities and public museums support the development of Digital Social Innovations by hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools
In general, European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies as well as national research institutes and traditional universities.
which gives them funding often despite their lack of formal university degrees or institutional affiliation to established companies.
and won the Soccer B category at the World series of the Robocup Junior (for high school students).
University of Tilburg. Consolidating and packaging existing practices and assets into a technological framework and reference architecture that enables the effective transfer of smart city service components between cities.
'Type of organisation COMMUNIA is an international a network of researchers and practitioners from universities,
design schools and design-oriented universities, actively involved in promoting and supporting sustainable change. It is made up by a network of nonacademic actors
a consortium of Design Labs based in design schools and in other design-oriented universities that work alongside local,
and design-oriented universities and can be extensions of already existing entities or new, specifically established ones.
of Universities and Colleges of Design, Art and Media (CUMULUS). DESIS also establishes special partnerships with private companies, nonprofit organisations,
and conducted by the University of Bath to explore the effectiveness of digital storytelling. It conveyed this through the use of short video clips
Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany. The main driver behind Everyaware is the belief that‘the current organisation of our economies
A study based on a series of in depth interviews with central and peripheral Github users (carried out by the School of Computer science and the Center for the Future of Work, Heinz College and Carnegie mellon University;
In 2013, over 60 community-driven Mini Maker Faires were run around the world. 135 The mini Maker Faires are held usually by local institutions, such as people from local fab labs, research centres, universities,
all of the elected representatives of particular areas and even all of the politicians who attended a specific college.
such as the location of pharmacies, kindergartens or one-way streets) and new e-services are being added and updated continuously.
a team based at the University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. The idea behind the Raspberrypi came about as a way to try
and skills levels of prospective undergraduates applying to study Computer science. Upton has hypothesised that this drop in skills
Type of organisation Safecast is a joint project between Tokyo Hackerspace, Crashspace LA, MIT Media Lab and Keio University,
other institutions such as Scanning Earth Project at Keio University, Uncorked Studios, and Global Survey Corp, among others.
and faculty at IAAC, who initiated the Smart Citizen project, is specialized an urbanist in digital fabrication and its implications on future cities'models.
Tor has been developed by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
In addition to this Tor received support from research partners at the University of Waterloo (Canada), the University of Cambridge (United kingdom), Georgia Institute of technology and many others around the globe.
for example through the resourceful geo-coding efforts of Anna Schultz at Tufts University, among others.
software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public institutions. 214 History and mission Zooniverse grew from the original Galaxy Zoo project first launched in July 2007.
Overburdened academic departments very often have neither the time nor the resources to dedicate to processing this backlog of data.
Foundation Finlandgiovanna Galasso Pricewaterhousecoopers Maria Savona SPRU University of Sussexpeter Corbett Advisory board Code for America, USSASHA Costanza-Choc MIT Department of Comparative Media Studies
For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom, and other models of distance learning have made education much more widely available.
which is born out of collaboration between Arduino and designers in the Master of Advanced Studies in Interaction design at SUSPI in Lugano.
and delivered by organisations and communities from across society, from public sector bodies and universities to business and third sector organisations.
Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks, unsurprisingly play a big role in researching
were developed originally in a university setting. Arduino, the open hardware circuit board was developed, for example, originally by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy.
and universities to big charities and public museums support the development of Digital Social Innovations by hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools
In general, European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies as well as national research institutes and traditional universities.
which gives them funding often despite their lack of formal university degrees or institutional affiliation to established companies.
and won the Soccer B category at the World series of the Robocup Junior (for high school students).
University of Tilburg. Consolidating and packaging existing practices and assets into a technological framework and reference architecture that enables the effective transfer of smart city service components between cities.
'Type of organisation COMMUNIA is an international a network of researchers and practitioners from universities,
design schools and design-oriented universities, actively involved in promoting and supporting sustainable change. It is made up by a network of nonacademic actors
a consortium of Design Labs based in design schools and in other design-oriented universities that work alongside local,
and design-oriented universities and can be extensions of already existing entities or new, specifically established ones.
of Universities and Colleges of Design, Art and Media (CUMULUS). DESIS also establishes special partnerships with private companies, nonprofit organisations,
and conducted by the University of Bath to explore the effectiveness of digital storytelling. It conveyed this through the use of short video clips
Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany. The main driver behind Everyaware is the belief that‘the current organisation of our economies
A study based on a series of in depth interviews with central and peripheral Github users (carried out by the School of Computer science and the Center for the Future of Work, Heinz College and Carnegie mellon University;
In 2013, over 60 community-driven Mini Maker Faires were run around the world. 135 The mini Maker Faires are held usually by local institutions, such as people from local fab labs, research centres, universities,
all of the elected representatives of particular areas and even all of the politicians who attended a specific college.
such as the location of pharmacies, kindergartens or one-way streets) and new e-services are being added and updated continuously.
a team based at the University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. The idea behind the Raspberrypi came about as a way to try
and skills levels of prospective undergraduates applying to study Computer science. Upton has hypothesised that this drop in skills
Type of organisation Safecast is a joint project between Tokyo Hackerspace, Crashspace LA, MIT Media Lab and Keio University,
other institutions such as Scanning Earth Project at Keio University, Uncorked Studios, and Global Survey Corp, among others.
and faculty at IAAC, who initiated the Smart Citizen project, is specialized an urbanist in digital fabrication and its implications on future cities'models.
Tor has been developed by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
In addition to this Tor received support from research partners at the University of Waterloo (Canada), the University of Cambridge (United kingdom), Georgia Institute of technology and many others around the globe.
for example through the resourceful geo-coding efforts of Anna Schultz at Tufts University, among others.
software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public institutions. 214 History and mission Zooniverse grew from the original Galaxy Zoo project first launched in July 2007.
Overburdened academic departments very often have neither the time nor the resources to dedicate to processing this backlog of data.
The EU should encourage Member States to provide for an adequate level of education that will strengthen consumers competences
A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches Editors Michal Miedzinski, Technopolis Group Belgium Martin Charter, The Centre for Sustainable Design, University for the Creative Arts
Meghan O'brien, Wuppertal Institute Authors Technopolis Group Belgium Michal Miedzinski, Asel Doranova, Johanna Castel, Laura Roman The Centre for Sustainable Design, University
towards smart freight models TRI-VIZOR, a spin-off from the University of Antwerp in Belgium, developed an original horizontal cooperation based business model for freight transport.
you may choose to train a designer, contract an external consultancy or partner with an appropriate university or technical school.
a cleaner printed cicruit board Crawford Hansford & Kimber developed a cleaner printed circuit board (PCB) that is incorporated into equipment that interfaces with data loggers that is now in use in higher education around the world.
University) and The Centre for Sustainable Design, 2002 cfsd. org. uk/smart-know-net/smart-know-net. pdf The EU Eco-label helps identify products
Eco-innovation in Romanian SMES ROXANA VOICU-DOROBANTU Department of International Business and Economics Bucharest University of Economics Bd.
University of Economics Bd. Dacia, 41, Bucharest ROMANIA paraschiv@inde. ro http://www. rei. ase. ro ANA MARIA MARINOIU Department of International Business and Economics Bucharest
University of Economics Bd. Dacia, 41, Bucharest ROMANIA anamarinoiu@yahoo. com http://www. rei. ase. ro Abstract:
and channelling the fruits of university and public R&d to enterprises. Progress in each of the above areas will create a more conducive environment for innovation in Europe.
Schools and universities produce a steady flow of graduates trained in software programming, network design and other technical aptitudes,
Its main focus has been the channelling of €400m per year of government funding to deserving university
%respondents could provide a maximum of three answers) Initiatives to encourage technology transfer from universities 29 Government leading the way in innovative use of ICT 35 Encouragement of foreign direct investment in ICT
and secondary schools 33 Availability of specialist high tech qualifications in further and higher education 10 Policies to redress under-representation of women in ICT jobs 2 Financing schemes for ICT-related investment
19 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 36 Promotion of common technology standards 32 Availability of good ICT education in primary and secondary schools 43 Other
Bart van Ark, an economist from the University of Gröningen, believes restrictive product markets discourage innovation and ultimately the effective use of ICT.
Funding for university and research institute spinoffs is another area where Europe compares*For example Van Ark and O'Mahony, 2003 20 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe's productivity challenge unfavourably with the US.
In Europe as in the US, a substantial volume of R&d work is conducted by universities and independent research institutes.
however, links in Europe between university-based institutes and businesses remain weak. Our own research and other studies reveal numerous complaints relating to R&d activity in Europe,
and too little into applied R&d) to universities'distrust of corporate clients or institutes'inability to attract
Finland shows that some European countries are The Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium (UCL by its French acronym) provides a good,
the university stresses the importance of applied research that can be put directly to use by companies.
The country has invested also great efforts into improving research collaboration between universities and industry. Danny O'hare, chairman of Ireland's Information Society Commission, says the focus on R&d ensures talented researchers are attracted into Ireland's universities and institutes
and that to some extent the brain drain of scientific talent to the other side of the Atlantic is being reversed.
business and universities first to identify critical skill gaps, and then to change the educational system to address them.
and through their indirect stewardship of universities have considerable influence on how research institutes operate.
supporting public-private mechanisms enabling SMES collectively to access the results of university or other R&d;
encouraging universities to establish closer ties with companies for R&d purposes; and actively sponsoring pilot projects to demonstrate the benefits of R&d.
Many large companies in Europe are eager to farm out research to university-based institutes but some need to be more flexible on issues of intellectual property ownership
and reward-sharing to keep universities interested. For their part, the universities need to show no lesser degree of flexibility.
Also, large firms such as Nokia, Ericsson and Philips have been extremely supportive of community-based pilot projects and often play prominent roles in them.
and secondary schools 33 Initiatives to encourage technology transfer from universities 29 Encouragement of foreign direct investment in ICT sector 23 Financing schemes for ICT-related investment 22
and higher education 10 Policies to attract ICT skilled immigrants 10 Policies to promote labour mobility 9 Policies to redress under-representation of women in ICT jobs 2 Other 1
(%respondents) Government innovation in providing online services to citizens 44 Availability of good ICT education in primary and secondary schools 43 Government schemes to promote universal access to PCS
Cooperation among universities and research centres, utilities, manufacturers, regulators and legislators must be fostered, not only for the successful development of new technologies but also to overcome nontechnical barriers.
A prerequisite is the adequate technical staff trained by high level universities and other technical schools.
Higher education and skills issues. With regards to education and skills, it is already evident that an insufficient number of well-trained engineers are being produced in the power engineering field.
, Enel Distribuzione, Italy Edmund Handschin Professor, University of Dortmund, Germany Nickolas Hatziargyriou Professor, NTUA, Greece Nick Jenkins Professor, University of Manchester united Kingdom
REEEP, Austria Pier Nabuurs CEO, KEMA, The netherlands Jacob Østergaard Professor and Head of Centre for Electric Technology, Technical University of Denmark Carlo Sabelli Director
Percentage of the population age group 30-34 who have completed tertiary education, by country in the EU-27, in 2011.24 Figure E. 4. 1:
economic growth and interconnectedness together with rising levels of education in many parts of the world have enabled a technological revolution in life sciences.
Percentage of the population age group 30-34 who have completed tertiary education, by country in the EU-27, in 2011 Source:
Correspondingly, the global mobility and flow of 25 students in tertiary education has soared since the 2000s, increasing by 78%between 2000 and 2010 from a total of 2 million to 3. 6 million.
Such policies may also increase the globalisation of higher education and of associated changes in values.
Despite the decreasing affordability of education, increasing unemployment caused by the financial crisis has led to increases in the number of students enrolled in higher education institutes as education is seen as an alternative to unemployment.
however, has contributed to exacerbating inequalities in access to higher education (see Figure E. 3. 1 on educational attainment in tertiary education.
with the potential effect of increasing participation in higher education especially in countries where enrolment rates are currently low.
net generation Number of students enrolled in traditional and online courses/MOOCS, educational attainment, number of universities offering online courses, educational reform,
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