UK public policy and open innovation Charles Levy and Benjamin Reid September 2011 The Big Innovation Centre is an initiative of The Work Foundation and Lancaster University.
universities and public bodies to research and propose practical reforms with the ambition of making the UK a global open innovation hub as part of the urgent task of rebalancing and growing the UK economy,
a major initiative from The Work Foundation and Lancaster University, will examine how the UK can position itself to be a major global innovation hub in 2025.
and investigation undertaken by the Big Innovation Centre, a groundbreaking new initiative from The Work Foundation and Lancaster University.
including SMES and Universities, although the concept of open innovation needs to be shifted slightly from that frequently articulated.
nuclear reactors, mainframe computers Largely internal ideas Low labour mobility Little venture capital activity Few, weak start-ups Universities unimportant Examples of industries:
PCS, movies Many external ideas High labour mobility Active venture capital Numerous start-ups Universities important Source: Chesbrough (2003) With open innovation such a widely deployed term for describing organisational activities,
The evolving focuses of our universities (exemplified by the changing impact assessment guidelines) and the open nature of the Technology Strategy Board or research funding applications are good examples of this.
Universities face the challenge of rethinking their position within the value chain to identify additional revenue streams;
Universities Arguably, universities have been practicing a form of open innovation practice since their mediaeval origins:
This perspective on universities'role in the innovation ecosystem suggests a deeper and more complex engagement with‘open'innovation than the slogan of a recent shift by UK universities from‘ivory towers to knowledge brokers'.
UK Public policy and open innovation Nonetheless, changes to innovation value chains wrought by the changes labelled‘open innovation'do present challenges to universities,
Universities in the UK are challenged increasingly particularly by government to diversify funding streams, and to act as a more direct partner
Modern universities'diversified engagements with industry include links through (at least) the following channels:‘‘publications/reports, informal interaction, public meetings or conferences, contract research, consulting, joint or cooperative research, patents, personnel exchange, licenses, recently hired graduates.'
For example the 1980 Bayh-Dole Act in the US sought to encourage entrepreneurial spin-off companies from US universities by allowing them to retain intellectual property rights from research activities which were funded originally government.
Some UK universities have looked, in turn to follow this model, and shift their role in the innovation value chain from creation to a greater degree of innovation value capture,
and exploitation role has provided undoubtedly a challenge for universities to reposition themselves in relation to their multiple roles in the innovation ecosystem.
Universities also have a greater level of tension in relation to national policy, some voices pressuring universities to‘pay their way'more directly that they should look to protect their native IP as much as possible
while others suggest that they should act as purely open‘public good'institutions, the better to allow maximum outflow of knowledge and innovation into the national economy.
university activities to support development of innovation, or to support use of innovation, are most effective according to where they operating at different points within innovation value chains and networks.
The challenge for universities is to be able to make decisions regarding the balance of openness in their role between the value to business and the value to the national economy. 16 Cohen, Wesley, M.,Nelson, Richard, R.,Walsh
The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&d',Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp1-23 17 Lambert, R. 2003) Lambert Review of Business-University Collaboration:
The Big Innovation Centre, a major new initiative from The Work Foundation and Lancaster University, will be driving forward this analysis and commentary.
3. Universities and public research organisations as interactive partners within the innovation system will consider the support/incentives offered to universities here
'Journal of International Business studies, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 124-141 Lambert, R. 2003) Lambert Review of Business-University Collaboration:
UK Public policy and open innovation Acknowledgements This report is a publication from the Big Innovation Centre, an initiative from The Work Foundation and Lancaster University.
The Big Innovation Centre is supported by the following companies, public bodies, universities and private trusts. 44 Missing an open goal?
UK Public policy and open innovation We are supported by a university consortium. 45 Missing an open goal?
. biginnovationcentre. com www. theworkfoundation. com Contact details All rights reserved Big Innovation Centre (The Work Foundation and Lancaster University.
Landec Ltd, University House, Lancaster University, Lancashire LA1 4yw. Cover Design: Bison bison 2011
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 1 EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP 2table of Contents Executive Summary 3 1 Background and Context
Approximately 75 per cent of Irish university spin outs go on to raise venture capital and 66 per cent of the SMES collaborating within the Science Foundation Ireland Funded Centres for Science,
11-Seroba Bioventures €20m 10 27 Yes Trinity Venture Fund II €138. 7m 17 40 Yes 4th Level Ventures University Seed Fund
and draws on the expertise of local universities and industry experts. The High Growth Start-up Programme targets start-ups in high technology sectors and provides coaching
which is based in the University of Linköping, and SMIL a local business association whose membership is composed of small technology-based firms in the region. 154 Appendix III:
including the Glostrup Hospital of the University of Copenhagen. These contacts introduced the founders to the science of sleep and the clinical practice of sleep medicine.
In this case, most technologies are developed co with knowledge partners such as universities, research labs, and lead-customers.
and technologies developed at universities, research labs, or large companies. Finally, small firms must make choices 32 about the way they will profit from their technology.
Dingens wanted to collaborate with the University of Hasselt and knowledge partner Sirris to develop a completely new instrument The new barometer should have the same advantages of the mercury barometer (accurate, legible, durable,
therefore, developing technology based business opportunities should no longer be limited to university and corporate spin-offs. Start-ups can use their organizational agility, application know-how,
or market intelligence to commercialize technologies that they license from universities or larger, technology-savvy companies.
Examples include newsletters from universities and knowledge centers and publications of Design Vlaanderen among others.
and a few additional knowledge partners such as universities, research labs, and knowledge intermediaries. This strong reliance on value chain partners is partially due to the fact that most companies are active in low-and medium-tech industries.
Therefore, they visited several renowned sleep institutes located in Danish hospitals such as the Glostrup Hospital of the University of Copenhagen.
where universities would be invited to participate in the product days with their own ideas. They would also have access to factory resources
Universities, research labs, crowds of experts, lead users, and knowledge brokers are just a few examples of potential external sources of knowledge.
Developing new flavors has traditionally been completed with different universities in Europe, with DSM, and with other innovation partners.
including several European universities, research labs, DSM and other value chain partners. The technology licensed from DSM is a technological platform that can be used for different applications.
it could build on the reputation of DSM to get access to universities, technology labs, and commercial partners.
established companies are increasingly aware of the growing technological capabilities of universities, research labs, and high-tech start-ups.
Philips relies recurrently on new technologies from universities, specialized research labs, and high-tech start-ups. The electronic giant endeavors to be preferred the partner for small,
Partners may be technology partners such as universities, research labs, or other companies, but in most cases these are not the most important partners in the network.
institutional sources (universities and university colleges (v), government and public research organizations (vi)), and other available sources (professional and industrial associations (vii), trade fairs, exhibitions,
universities (v; and public research organizations (vi. Collaborative innovation is captured by calculating the average score of the six questionnaire items registering the firm's use of cooperative agreements with innovation partners.
Osterwalder, A. 2004), The business model ontology a proposition in a design science approach, Ph d. Thesis University Lausanne, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales HEC. 173 p;
University college Dublin Ciaran Mcgarrity Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment Eddie Friel University of Ulster Eoin Magennis Intertradeireland Ian Hughes Forfás John Smith
and Occasional joint interventions of public research organisations (through Universities Ireland. 8 10 NESTA, Measuring wider framework conditions for successful innovation (January 2011). 13 Actors Function in innovation ecosystem Businesses Conceive of radical innovations in anticipation
and support universities and research institutes with their third stream. Identifying and supporting the development of new technologies and new markets.
Still others believe innovation pertains only to the research and development (R&d) activity occurring at universities, national laboratories, and corporations.
Universities in many countries are hotbeds of innovation. More must be done in Ireland to optimise relationships between academia and industry around the cross-fertilisation of research and commercialisation.
what university professors have known for centuries: make some regular time available, and the people who really want it will go out of their way to show up
Ireland's universities in the 80s had many innovative programmes in computing and communications, which were very current with trends in the industry.
There is no one person, university government organisation or financier who can possibly be the head of an entrepreneurial ecosystem.
such as the public sector financiers, universities, professional services organisations, etc. There are a number of highly engaged government agencies in Ireland with plugged-in
universities and institutes of technology should play a critical role in being‘feeders'into the entrepreneurial pipeline.
While universities'primary focus and strength in supporting entrepreneurship is to provide/develop graduates they also have a strong role to play in leveraging their research developments to create new startups.
We encourage the new direction of HEIS that enables companies to engage directly with graduate students without any intellectual property ownership being claimed by the university,
Introduce a Framework for companies to provide contracts to university graduate students for thesis work without clouding IP ownership. 34.
and university pays for 2/3rds of research. All of the increase in IPP funding should go to SME businesses. 35.
or an MBA while conducting their thesis research at a small marginal cost to the university as the student is enrolled already.
Universities should offer their Phd students a Masters course in business at half price, while the students are conducting their thesis. 39.
Training on commercialisation or entrepreneurship should be provided to every Phd student and Post Doc via mandatory programmes held every semester by the universities. 40.
Introduce a Framework for companies to provide contracts to university graduate students for thesis work without clouding IP ownership. 34.
and university pays for 2/3rds of research. All of the increase in IPP funding should go to SME businesses.
Universities should offer their Phd students a Masters course in business at half price, while the students are conducting their thesis. 39.
Training on commercialisation or entrepreneurship should be provided to every Phd student and Post Doc via mandatory programmes held every semester by the universities. 40.
Leading the entrepreneurial university: Meeting the entrepreneurial development needs of higher education institutions. In Universities in Change (pp. 9-45.
Springer New york. Greene, F. J.,Mole, K, . & Storey, D. J. 2008). Three decades of enterprise culture?
the universities and the Institutes of Technology to bring together the State's support structures in a way that works for the entrepreneur.
The Government funds Campus Incubation facilities on every university and Institute of technology and these accommodate over 350 companies and over 1, 500 people.
Through EI, the Government funds Campus Incubation facilities at every university and Institute of technology. These incubators house over 350 companies and over 1, 500 people. 5. 3. 3 Co-working Spacethe Entrepreneurship Forum highlighted the importance of the availability of co-working spaces
the United states ranked just twenty-eighth out of thirty-four nations studied by the OECD in 2010.17 And in terms of government investment in university research, of thirty-nine nations,
exactly as predicted by financial experts PAGE 15 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JANUARY 2014 like Aswath Damodaran, professor of business at the Stern School of business at New york University.
Luke A. Stewart and Robert D. Atkinson, University Research Funding: Still Lagging and Showing No Signs of Improvement (ITIF, December 2013), http://www2. itif. org/2013-university-research-funding-no-sign-improvement. pdf. 19.
This would increase at the same rate as nominal GDP. 20. Matthew Stepp and Robert D. Atkinson, An Innovation Carbon Price:
of which are operated for the government by industrial firms, nonprofit research institutes or universities. The 2014 Source-Performer Matrix Performer of R&d Source of Fundssource:
The sequester-associated reductions in 2013 U s. R&d had pronounced a effect on university research activity, among other areas.
As a group, the nation's research universities are the second largest performer of U s. R&d, accounting for 13%of the U s. total,
U s. universities continue to lead world rankings. ARRA funding for academia has expired. Funding Trends & Outlook In response to the 2009-2010 recession,
The scale of university research activity is indicated by 2011 spending, which is the most recent year for
the University of Wisconsin at Madison (including WARF), Duke university, the University of California at San diego and the Massachusetts institute of technology (including Lincoln Laboratory).
At the system level, the University of California and the University of Texas topped the list, accounting for $5. 4 billion and $2. 5 billion in research, respectively.
Looking ahead, funding at these institutions will continue to be among the $63 billion expected to be spent on U s. academic research in 2014
Sequestration impacting U s. universities Strong Position Masks Emerging Concerns The Times Higher education (THE) World University rankings reflect continued leadership of U s. educational institutions
S. U s. U s. Standing Among World's Top Universities Source: Times Higher education rankings Despite this positive track record, the U s. academic research enterprise faces challenges, many of which were expressed as concerns by researchers responding to the survey on
Among the responses to these concerns is a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences entitled Research Universities and the Future of America,
which makes ten recommendations that recognize the association between university research and U s. prosperity and security.
In Their Own Words Comment from the Battelle/R&d Magazine Global Researcher Survey Over the coming years, it will be increasingly critical to clarify the role of universities and their relationship to corporations in technology development.
both in terms of the university teaching mission and the research carried out at universities. If universities are expected to perform as for-profit companies,
driven by short-term returns on investment, then the foundations upon which major high-risk scientific discoveries are made will eventually erode.
although European universities are regarded well in global standings. Survey results indicate that U s. applied research is viewed more favorably than Europe,
European universities place second only to U s. universities in the latest Times Higher education World Rankings,
with about 71 European universities ranked in the Top 400, compared to 77 U s. universities.
THE rankings are based on 13 performance indicators in areas involving teaching research, knowledge transfer and global outlook.
The U k. had the largest number of European universities in the top 400 list with 29.
Universities have become increasingly important sources of innovation and collaboration in life science research in applied areas like drug discovery,
Battelle, R&d Magazine Basic Research Applied Research Development Consulting & Other Total Academia/University 29%25%1%1%56%Research Institute
and likewise the same as university and government R&d. While there are differences in the research being undertaken,
Although most of the research centres (and of the researchers) are in the public sector or in public universities,
R&d-intensive MNC subsidiaries, indigenous enterprises and R&d performers and services providers (the region's universities) could all benefit from an unprecedented volume of support.
and collaborate with universities received generous support, which definitely intensified these activities. Universities'research infrastructure was renewed and extended:
expensive research 5 The source of all data in this section is the Hungarian Central Statistical Office,
and ensure thereby a predictable source of income to universities and provide at the same time opportunities for them to engage in innovation collaboration with industry actors.
There are a number of corporate research departments in this industry that collaborate with the Széchenyi University-based centres of excellence.
this industry features the most intensive industry university collaborations. Another notable industry in the region is the wood industry.
The key related actor in WT's innovation ecosystem is the Natural resources Research Centre of the University of West Hungary,
Intensify regional universities'market-oriented R&d activities, including R&d services provision, collaborative R&d with industry;
At the same time well-devised incentives should be elaborated to channel additional students to these faculties. The third challenge is to improve the commercialisation of research results in the region,
Consequently the reluctance of industry representatives to engage in collaborative innovation undertakings with university-based research performers needs to be overcome by well-targeted incentives.
Universities'technology transfer offices should be strengthened and better integrated in universities'research ecosystems. Meeting this challenge also necessitates the restructuring of the mix of innovation policy measures that are currently excessively supply-oriented.
More policy measures ought to target demand (market for technology and entrepreneurship (start-up and spin-off formation.
or industry-university-specific collaborative innovation, support 20 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus to the development of incubation and innovation management services,
the intensifying industry-university linkages and the availability of dedicated support to innovation collaboration have led to the emergence of foreign investors'strategic asset seeking motivations in the 2000s.
Széchenyi University in Gyor is a key stakeholder in AM-specific policy implementation. AM-related priorities are present both in the regional smart specialisation strategy and in county-level strategies.
'A third measure targeted industry university innovation collaboration (Support to regional and sectoral collaboration involving higher education.
and mechatronics-oriented consortium (with several regional higher education institutions) and to Széchenyi University that formed a consortium with its automotive partners.
including the Regional Development Agency, Pannon Business Network Association, Chamber of commerce and Industry of Gyor-Moson-Sopron County, three regional universities (Széchenyi University, University of West
Hungary, Pannon University (a Keszthely-faculty). When asked about good practice cases, regional stakeholders usually mentioned the PRACTING initiative that combines AM-specific objectives with another policy field that is highly relevant for the region's knowledge-based upgrading:
In the framework of this scheme, students in Széchenyi University spend a praxis semester at a company.
Additionally, company representatives deliver courses at the university and finance investments in the university's research infrastructure.
An AM-specific, policy supported initiative that can be considered a good practice case is the Mobility and Environment Programme of Széchenyi University and Pannon University,
Since the completion of this programme in 2012, Széchenyi University has gained support for several other collaborative research initiatives the implementation
(Széchenyi University, University of Miskolc, University of Óbuda, Pannon University and Kecskemét College). This latter project supports the development of consortium members'domestic (with industrial partners) and international linkages, members'collaboration in the field of research and innovation,
Given Széchenyi University's outstanding linkage building efforts and results, i e. its large and diversified portfolio of industrial companies that have over time become strategic partners of the university,
endeavours related to meeting this challenge can also be considered successful. 3. 3 Appraisal of Regional Innovation Policies In a Hungarian context,
such as the promotion of cluster-based collaboration, industry-university innovation collaboration, promotion of start-ups and spin-offs, etc. complemented the traditional supply-oriented ones,
If universities'investment had ensured thereby long-term research collaboration with industrial partners and guaranteed a sustained source of income to fund the new equipment related research undertakings of both students
However, the contracts related to these projects (that were signed between universities and the Intermediate Bodies of the National Development Agency) were incomplete24.
sustainability was taken not into account (universities had no funding to employ a person who operates the research equipment
purchase of low-cost items necessary for research based on the use of this equipment) and sustainability has this become hot issue for the university owners.
Beneficiaries are located either in convergence regions'large‘university cities 'or in Central Hungary and operate in the machinery industry (25%of the total in February 2013), metal processing (18%);
The measures that supported‘university/public research organisation and industry'-collaboration were considered effective. Some of the conditions of eligibility for support were considered superfluous by the experts who drafted the evaluation report, for example,
The position of newly established technology transfer offices is usually weak within their universities. Evaluation experts recommended that universities'basic research projects should be addressed separately from applied
and collaborative (industry-university) undertakings and funded from different sources. Regional knowledge centres should not be expected to meet the same criteria as science universities:
the primary task of the former group is to ensure alignment between the supply of graduates and the demand of the regional labour market,
and participate actively in collaborative applied research undertakings with regional industry actors. A third evaluation report (Horváth et al.
Innovative clusters are more likely to concentrate in innovative areas (e g. in urban, metropolitan regions and near universities),
%Analysis of additional documents (newspaper articles, cluster documents, documents of industry university collaboration, the company's website, etc.
In addition to the traditional policy instruments, such as direct support to enterprises'R&d and technology development initiatives, to universities'investment in research infrastructure, to collaborative projects etc. more emphasis is going to be laid on the establishment of competence centres Improvement
and promotion of industry-university collaboration were considered more or less successful (by the interviewed stakeholders). Nevertheless, multinational companies'regional embeddedness is still to be improved,
A recent achievement is the development of an electric car (prototype) at Széchenyi University Gyor and its successful testing in urban traffic. 25 In the future,
Kardos, K. 2011) Practice-oreinted engineering education at Széchenyi University in Gyor. In Hungarian, Available at:
www. kozszov. org. hu/dokumentumok/2011konf/zold nagy viktoria. ppt Appendix B Stakeholders Consulted 1. Tibor ALPÁR, Dean, University of West Hungary, Simonyi Károly
Faculty, Natural resources Innovation Centre (Sopron, 01.07.2014). 2. Zoltán FARSANG, innovation manager, Pannon Novum, Regional Innovation Agency (Szombathely, 02.07.2014). 3. András
). 5. János RECHNITZER, Professor, Széchenyi University Gyor, Institute for Regional Studies, MTA KRTK, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Gyor,
and linkages are growing strongly. 4 Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2014: The Global Innovation Index 2014:
including over 211,000 students enrolled in third-level courses across Ireland's universities and institutes of technology.
Hospital Holles St to the St vincent's University Hospital campus, and the primary care infrastructure programme and a considerable number of smaller health care infrastructure projects across the country.
under stu University Ho nnovation Hu lation of Linc the Respirat the engagem e patient car lications for visitation for ucation;
D/Health) 293 Publication and enactment of Technological University Bill. DES) 294 Use the standardisation system intelligently to expedite the commercialisation of new technology
ESDN Office at the Institute for Managing Sustainability Vienna University of Economics and Business Welthandelsplatz 1, Building D1, A-1020 Vienna, Austria E:
Science Communication Unit, University of the West of England, Bristol. Report produced for the European commission DG Environment, February 2014.
The example we are showcasing here is the famous experience of the Grameen Bank started by university professor Muhammad Yunus in 1976,
After returning from his graduate studies in the US to be a university professor in Bangladesh
Science Communication Unit, University of the West of England, Bristol. Report produced for the European commission DG Environment, February 2014.
Laurens Cherchye and Tom Van Puyenbroeck from the Catholic University of Leuven; Pascal Rivière from INSEE;
the laggard and the average performance (Figure 2). Finland's top ranking is primarily based on having the highest values for the indicators relating to the Internet and university,
Royalties Internet Telephones Tech exports Electricity Schooling University Top 3 (average) Finland United states Note: Technology Achievement Index (TAI.
875 925 TAI Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University Performance range Finland 38 HANDBOOK ON CONSTRUCTING COMPOSITE INDICATORS:
Internet 86 X Tech exports 63 X Telephones 100 X Electricity 100 X Schooling 82 X University 100 X Japan
100 X Schooling 78 X University 36 X Note: Technology Achievement Index (TAI. There are several ways to assign colours.
Table 6. Correlation matrix for individual TAI indicators PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONE ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING UNIVERSITY PATENTS 1. 00 0. 13-0
1. 00 0. 65 0. 26 SCHOOLING 1. 00 0. 08 UNIVERSITY 1. 00 Note:
-0. 02 0. 20-0. 07 UNIVERSITY-0. 36-0. 12-0. 87 0. 15 0. 26-0. 03 0
while university is loaded exclusively on Factor 3. Finally, Factor 4 is formed by royalties and telephones.
-0. 09 0. 09 0. 85 UNIVERSITY 0. 08 0. 04 0. 96 0. 04 0. 93 Explained variance 2.
%The commonalties for seven individual indicators are greater than 0. 64, with the exception of university, for
which indicates that university does not move with the other individual indicators in the data set,
0. 89 SCHOOLING 0. 14 0. 95 0. 10 0. 14 0. 95 UNIVERSITY-0. 01 0. 03 0. 03
Note also that the factor analysis in the previous section had indicated university as the individual indicator that shared the least amount of common variance with the other individual indicators.
0. 614 0. 624 SCHOOLING 0. 451 0. 662 UNIVERSITY 0. 249 0. 706 Note:
patents and university, are not useful in distinguishing between these three groups, as the cluster means are very close.
0. 29 0. 04 0. 01 0. 00 University 0. 08 0. 04 0. 96 0. 04 0. 00 0
the third only by university (0. 77) and the fourth by royalties and telephones (weighted with 0. 49 and 0. 26).
. 08 Electricity 0. 11 0. 12 Schooling 0. 19 0. 14 University 0. 02 0. 16 6. 2. Data envelopment
Export Telephones Electricity Schooling University CI (weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( score) Finland 0. 15 0. 17 0. 17 0. 16
Comparison matrix of eight individual TAI indicators Objective Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephone Electricity Schooling University Patents 1 2 3
1 1 1/5 1/2 Schooling 1 2 5 2 5 5 1 4 University 1/3 1/3
AHP assigns high weights (more than 20%)to two indicators, exports and university, for which Korea has higher scores for one
analytic hierarchy process (AHP) Method Weights for the indicators (fixed for all countries) Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University EW 0
or 2%of university enrolment in exchange for a 2%increase in electricity consumption. The implication is the existence of a theoretical inconsistency in the way weights are used actually and their real theoretical meaning.
Impact matrix for TAI (five countries) Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 080
and university (weight 1/8) . Thus the score for Finland is 4*1/8=0. 5,
followed by royalties, university, exports and schooling (Figure 26). Two indicators, telephones and electricity, appear not to be influential on the variance in the TAI scores.
Standardised regression coefficients for the TAI LOG TELEPHONE LOG ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING EXPORTS UNIVERSITY RECEIPTS PATENTS INTERNET 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4
%Schooling 13.1%University 10.8%There appears to be no dominance issue in the TAI example,
A comparative evaluation, Phd dissertation, Department of Geography, University of South carolina. Gentle J. E.;Härdle W. and Mori, Yuichi (eds.
Kahn J. R (1998), Methods for aggregating performance indicators, mimeo, University of Tennessee. Kaiser H. F. and J. Rice,(1974), Little jiffy, mark IV, Educational and Psychological Measurement 34,111-117.
Columbia University Press. Roy B. 1996), Multicriteria methodology for decision analysis, Kluwer, Dordrecht. Saaty T. L. 1980), The Analytic Hierarchy Process, New york:
which represents the basic education needed to develop cognitive skills (2000) UNIVERSITY%Gross enrolment ratio of tertiary students enrolled in science, mathematics and engineering,
INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES (log) ELECTRICITY (log) SCHOOLING UNIVERSITY 1 Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 08 4. 15 10 27.4 2 United states
METHODOLOGY AND USER GUIDE ISBN 978-92-64-04345-9-OECD 2008 153 PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES (log) ELECTRICITY (log) SCHOOLING UNIVERSITY 42
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