from grassroots movements, think-tanks and universities to big charities and public museums are hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools and 3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces.
and University of Cambridge in November 2014 forecasts the growth of alternative finance (including peer-to-peer business lending,
These indicators now include innovative entrepreneurship and innovation in firms, universities and public research institutes,
as well as national research institutes and traditional universities. Building on existing schemes, such as innovation partnerships and PPPS with bigger telecommunications corporations, new schemes could be created to provide financial support for large-scale DSI experiments across Europe.
health authorities and universities to pilot large-scale DSI experiments around collaborative economy, direct democracy, distributed energy, civic health and bottom-up smart city solutions.
a school, a university, a service centre, a train station, a business park, an ecomuseum, an incubator, a neighbourhood, etc.
and working on triple helix approaches to innovation involving universities, city administrations and the private sector.
with European wide knowledge institutes (such as the University of Delft, RWTH, Fraunhofer IPT, IMEC, TNO,
ACIDI invests in the empowerment of immigrant leaders through training for immigrant association leaders, in 26 partnership with universities.
suppliers, citizens, the third sector, universities, regional developers, specialists, financiers and regional, national and international networks.
Universities/Supplier: Univisio Ltd. was developing a mattress with a built-in passive alarm sensor suitable for elderly people.
The Living Lab enabled cooperation between Tampere University of Technology, the supplier and elderly care professionals.
Management University is based a broad centre doing research and action research on social innovation. In Europe there are a number of centres in the public and third sector:
and is hosted by the University of Stockholm. IDEA69 is a local government development agency in the UK.
It includes the rectors of the three universities the chief executive of the cooperative group Mondragon, representatives from three ministries as well as chief executives from leading enterprises in the region.
the banking and finance sector and the academic and university sector play an active part in the consultative multi-stakeholders group set up by the Commission in 201210 and large groups of citizens all over the world are joining
The first institutions to be invited were the government itself, municipalities, universities, etc. to address all kinds of societal needs in Portugal.
with European-wide knowledge institutes (such as the University of Delft, RWTH, Fraunhofer IPT, IMEC, TNO,
ACIDI invests in the empowerment of immigrant leaders through training for immigrant association leaders, in partnership with universities.
The new collaborative structure consists of different stakeholders such as municipalities, suppliers, citizens, the third sector, universities, regional developers, specialists, financiers and regional, national and international networks.
It includes the rectors of the three universities, the chief executive of the cooperative group Mondragon, representatives from three ministries as well as chief executives from leading enterprises in the region.
education, cooperation among universities, business, and financial institutions organised around innovation ecosystems will be important. Innovation will also depend on the social and political organisation of society:
Universities have been encouraged to improve the quality of the courses they offer by making them more responsive to student's needs;
Innovation in Higher education (November 2013) and Measuring the impact of university-business cooperation. 109 Several FP7 research projects (Programme Social sciences and Humanities) delivered results relevant for this flagship initiative.
‘involving Ministers, Members of the European parliament, business leaders, deans of universities and research centres, bankers and venture capitalists, top researchers, innovators and citizens of Europe'.
Topics ranged from the role of the modern university through social innovation to cutting-edge technologies;
or regional level, including universities and business networks. The two networks have a broad geographical coverage across the EU
to progress towards the Europe 2020 headline target and encouraging partnership between professional institutions, universities,
yy University & Schools: to involve young generations and teachers in defining the most effective way to communicate
they acted as intermediaries between research done in universities and practitioners in government and elsewhere.
Within universities the usual form is a grant, often with few conditions to allow a group of researchers to explore an idea without specifying outcomes.
or service providers to buy research in universities; or to club together to commission incubators (being tested by the ESRC.
The University of Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership and The Climate Project designed and organised a training programme at
Stockholm University. Chapter 5; see also Strang, D. and Soule, S. A. 1998) Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements:
and close links with top universities such as Imperial and UCL, as well as with big firms like Glaxosmithkline and Pfizer.
There are many other examples from new models of personal finance to new models of university.
Mondragon University and Centro Popular de Cultura e Desenvolvimento (Brazil) go further, giving students the experience of working in small social enterprises.
Mars in Toronto links a university, a hospital, research labs, and a business incubator, alongside a social innovation investment fund.
and another 6, 000 scientists in related fields such as clean technology nearby. 295) Innovation universities and research departments, such as Finland's new Aalto University, launched in 2010
as a result of the merger of the Technical University, the Business school, and the School CONNECTING PEOPLE, IDEAS AND RESOURCES 135 of Arts and Design.
social entrepreneurs, nonprofit organisation managers and others. 296) Innovation learning labs. There are now a range of innovation learning labs within universities.
and the Catholic University of Leuven. There is also the Poverty Action Lab at MIT which tests out alternative interventions to reduce poverty in the developing world.
University of West indies, and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the Innovations in American Government Awards.
South africa set up the Centre for Public service Innovation (CPSI) in 2002 and now runs regular awards.
Saïd Business school, University of Oxford. Available at: http://www. sbs. ox. ac. uk/centres/skoll/research/Documents/Venture%20philanthropy%20in%20europe. pdf. For large scale developments in this field, see:
the University of Mondragón in Spain; the Sekem Academy in Egypt for the research and study of agriculture, pharmaceuticals and medicine from a bio dynamic perspective;
and the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Pollenzo and Colorno in Northern Italy, which has grown out of the slow food movement. 4 484) Retraining of business leaders to play roles in the social economy,
149 311 Services 21 Aalto University 134 Abecedarian Project 111 Academies 116; 192; 185 Accelerators 135 Accountability 3;
192 Mondragon University 116 Moore, Mark 7; 104 Moveon 41 Mozilla Firefox 139 M-Pesa 115;
and Melbourne University. His latest book is The Art of Public Strategy: mobilising power and knowledge for the common good (Oxford university Press, 2009.
University college London and Melbourne University. This paper draws on a report titled Social Silicon valleys: A manifesto for social innovation, available for download from<http://www. youngfoundation. org>.
some linked to universities, some linked to companies, and some focused on particular problems, including the MIT Community Innovation Lab, the Social action Laboratory at Melbourne,
and useful attempts have been made to understand social innovation in some universities, including Stanford, Duke, and Harvard.
and Sussex Universities linking social innovation to broader patterns of technological change). Nor has much use been made of the advances made in parallel disciplines.
Ideas were backed with large scale public funding, R&d departments in big companies and university departments, and the systematic testing of new ideas became the norm.
Two key features of the university are (1) its partnerships with a great number of businesses in the design and delivery of all programs,
Edler et al (2013), who summarise the Compendium of Evidence on the Effectiveness of Innovation Policy Intervention Project, led by the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (University of Manchester)
and findings from the DSI research and how data analysts from Lodz University of Technology could access
Edler et al (2013), who summarise the Compendium of Evidence on the Effectiveness of Innovation Policy Intervention Project, led by the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (University of Manchester)
I2cat's is established a foundation as a publicprivate partnership constituted by three universities around ten firms and the Secretary for the Information Society of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia105.
On one hand, traditional research has a prominent status, especially due to the participation of three technological universities.
Salzburg University of Applied sciences Fig. 2 The stack view of the Digital Business Ecosystem 6 Exe Eve Collective intelligence achieved through tools for the formalisation of knowledge built on top of a distributed persistent storage
or Creative Commons. 12 based on the business school of the University of Central England acting as the Regional Catalyst,
VUB University Press. David S. On Sourcescapes and Filescapes: Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networks, Cornell University. http://www. shaydavid. info/indexpapers. html, last accessed/7/07.
Dini, P, Darking, M L, Rathbone, N, Vidal, M, Hernandez, P, Ferronato, P, Briscoe, G,
Epistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Development, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark.
The Hard Problem for Artificial life, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Halpin, H (2006b.
VUB University Press. Varela, Francisco J, and H r Maturana (973). De Máquinas y Seres Vivos:
Foundation Finlandgiovanna Galasso Pricewaterhousecoopers Maria Savona SPRU University of Sussexpeter Corbett Advisory board Code for America, USSASHA Costanza-Choc MIT Department of Comparative Media Studies
and delivered by organisations and communities from across society, from public sector bodies and universities to business and third sector organisations.
Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks, unsurprisingly play a big role in researching
were developed originally in a university setting. Arduino, the open hardware circuit board was developed, for example, originally by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy.
and universities to big charities and public museums support the development of Digital Social Innovations by hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools
In general, European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies as well as national research institutes and traditional universities.
which gives them funding often despite their lack of formal university degrees or institutional affiliation to established companies.
University of Tilburg. Consolidating and packaging existing practices and assets into a technological framework and reference architecture that enables the effective transfer of smart city service components between cities.
'Type of organisation COMMUNIA is an international a network of researchers and practitioners from universities,
design schools and design-oriented universities, actively involved in promoting and supporting sustainable change. It is made up by a network of nonacademic actors
a consortium of Design Labs based in design schools and in other design-oriented universities that work alongside local,
and design-oriented universities and can be extensions of already existing entities or new, specifically established ones.
of Universities and Colleges of Design, Art and Media (CUMULUS). DESIS also establishes special partnerships with private companies, nonprofit organisations,
and conducted by the University of Bath to explore the effectiveness of digital storytelling. It conveyed this through the use of short video clips
Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany. The main driver behind Everyaware is the belief that‘the current organisation of our economies
A study based on a series of in depth interviews with central and peripheral Github users (carried out by the School of Computer science and the Center for the Future of Work, Heinz College and Carnegie mellon University;
In 2013, over 60 community-driven Mini Maker Faires were run around the world. 135 The mini Maker Faires are held usually by local institutions, such as people from local fab labs, research centres, universities,
a team based at the University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. The idea behind the Raspberrypi came about as a way to try
Type of organisation Safecast is a joint project between Tokyo Hackerspace, Crashspace LA, MIT Media Lab and Keio University,
other institutions such as Scanning Earth Project at Keio University, Uncorked Studios, and Global Survey Corp, among others.
and faculty at IAAC, who initiated the Smart Citizen project, is specialized an urbanist in digital fabrication and its implications on future cities'models.
Tor has been developed by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
In addition to this Tor received support from research partners at the University of Waterloo (Canada), the University of Cambridge (United kingdom), Georgia Institute of technology and many others around the globe.
for example through the resourceful geo-coding efforts of Anna Schultz at Tufts University, among others.
software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public institutions. 214 History and mission Zooniverse grew from the original Galaxy Zoo project first launched in July 2007.
Foundation Finlandgiovanna Galasso Pricewaterhousecoopers Maria Savona SPRU University of Sussexpeter Corbett Advisory board Code for America, USSASHA Costanza-Choc MIT Department of Comparative Media Studies
and delivered by organisations and communities from across society, from public sector bodies and universities to business and third sector organisations.
Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks, unsurprisingly play a big role in researching
were developed originally in a university setting. Arduino, the open hardware circuit board was developed, for example, originally by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy.
and universities to big charities and public museums support the development of Digital Social Innovations by hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools
In general, European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies as well as national research institutes and traditional universities.
which gives them funding often despite their lack of formal university degrees or institutional affiliation to established companies.
University of Tilburg. Consolidating and packaging existing practices and assets into a technological framework and reference architecture that enables the effective transfer of smart city service components between cities.
'Type of organisation COMMUNIA is an international a network of researchers and practitioners from universities,
design schools and design-oriented universities, actively involved in promoting and supporting sustainable change. It is made up by a network of nonacademic actors
a consortium of Design Labs based in design schools and in other design-oriented universities that work alongside local,
and design-oriented universities and can be extensions of already existing entities or new, specifically established ones.
of Universities and Colleges of Design, Art and Media (CUMULUS). DESIS also establishes special partnerships with private companies, nonprofit organisations,
and conducted by the University of Bath to explore the effectiveness of digital storytelling. It conveyed this through the use of short video clips
Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany. The main driver behind Everyaware is the belief that‘the current organisation of our economies
A study based on a series of in depth interviews with central and peripheral Github users (carried out by the School of Computer science and the Center for the Future of Work, Heinz College and Carnegie mellon University;
In 2013, over 60 community-driven Mini Maker Faires were run around the world. 135 The mini Maker Faires are held usually by local institutions, such as people from local fab labs, research centres, universities,
a team based at the University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. The idea behind the Raspberrypi came about as a way to try
Type of organisation Safecast is a joint project between Tokyo Hackerspace, Crashspace LA, MIT Media Lab and Keio University,
other institutions such as Scanning Earth Project at Keio University, Uncorked Studios, and Global Survey Corp, among others.
and faculty at IAAC, who initiated the Smart Citizen project, is specialized an urbanist in digital fabrication and its implications on future cities'models.
Tor has been developed by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
In addition to this Tor received support from research partners at the University of Waterloo (Canada), the University of Cambridge (United kingdom), Georgia Institute of technology and many others around the globe.
for example through the resourceful geo-coding efforts of Anna Schultz at Tufts University, among others.
software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public institutions. 214 History and mission Zooniverse grew from the original Galaxy Zoo project first launched in July 2007.
A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches Editors Michal Miedzinski, Technopolis Group Belgium Martin Charter, The Centre for Sustainable Design, University for the Creative Arts
Meghan O'brien, Wuppertal Institute Authors Technopolis Group Belgium Michal Miedzinski, Asel Doranova, Johanna Castel, Laura Roman The Centre for Sustainable Design, University
towards smart freight models TRI-VIZOR, a spin-off from the University of Antwerp in Belgium, developed an original horizontal cooperation based business model for freight transport.
you may choose to train a designer, contract an external consultancy or partner with an appropriate university or technical school.
University) and The Centre for Sustainable Design, 2002 cfsd. org. uk/smart-know-net/smart-know-net. pdf The EU Eco-label helps identify products
Eco-innovation in Romanian SMES ROXANA VOICU-DOROBANTU Department of International Business and Economics Bucharest University of Economics Bd.
University of Economics Bd. Dacia, 41, Bucharest ROMANIA paraschiv@inde. ro http://www. rei. ase. ro ANA MARIA MARINOIU Department of International Business and Economics Bucharest
University of Economics Bd. Dacia, 41, Bucharest ROMANIA anamarinoiu@yahoo. com http://www. rei. ase. ro Abstract:
and channelling the fruits of university and public R&d to enterprises. Progress in each of the above areas will create a more conducive environment for innovation in Europe.
Schools and universities produce a steady flow of graduates trained in software programming, network design and other technical aptitudes,
Its main focus has been the channelling of €400m per year of government funding to deserving university
%respondents could provide a maximum of three answers) Initiatives to encourage technology transfer from universities 29 Government leading the way in innovative use of ICT 35 Encouragement of foreign direct investment in ICT
Bart van Ark, an economist from the University of Gröningen, believes restrictive product markets discourage innovation and ultimately the effective use of ICT.
Funding for university and research institute spinoffs is another area where Europe compares*For example Van Ark and O'Mahony, 2003 20 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe's productivity challenge unfavourably with the US.
In Europe as in the US, a substantial volume of R&d work is conducted by universities and independent research institutes.
however, links in Europe between university-based institutes and businesses remain weak. Our own research and other studies reveal numerous complaints relating to R&d activity in Europe,
and too little into applied R&d) to universities'distrust of corporate clients or institutes'inability to attract
Finland shows that some European countries are The Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium (UCL by its French acronym) provides a good,
the university stresses the importance of applied research that can be put directly to use by companies.
The country has invested also great efforts into improving research collaboration between universities and industry. Danny O'hare, chairman of Ireland's Information Society Commission, says the focus on R&d ensures talented researchers are attracted into Ireland's universities and institutes
and that to some extent the brain drain of scientific talent to the other side of the Atlantic is being reversed.
business and universities first to identify critical skill gaps, and then to change the educational system to address them.
and through their indirect stewardship of universities have considerable influence on how research institutes operate.
supporting public-private mechanisms enabling SMES collectively to access the results of university or other R&d;
encouraging universities to establish closer ties with companies for R&d purposes; and actively sponsoring pilot projects to demonstrate the benefits of R&d.
Many large companies in Europe are eager to farm out research to university-based institutes but some need to be more flexible on issues of intellectual property ownership
and reward-sharing to keep universities interested. For their part, the universities need to show no lesser degree of flexibility.
Also, large firms such as Nokia, Ericsson and Philips have been extremely supportive of community-based pilot projects and often play prominent roles in them.
and secondary schools 33 Initiatives to encourage technology transfer from universities 29 Encouragement of foreign direct investment in ICT sector 23 Financing schemes for ICT-related investment 22
Cooperation among universities and research centres, utilities, manufacturers, regulators and legislators must be fostered, not only for the successful development of new technologies but also to overcome nontechnical barriers.
A prerequisite is the adequate technical staff trained by high level universities and other technical schools.
, Enel Distribuzione, Italy Edmund Handschin Professor, University of Dortmund, Germany Nickolas Hatziargyriou Professor, NTUA, Greece Nick Jenkins Professor, University of Manchester united Kingdom
REEEP, Austria Pier Nabuurs CEO, KEMA, The netherlands Jacob Østergaard Professor and Head of Centre for Electric Technology, Technical University of Denmark Carlo Sabelli Director
net generation Number of students enrolled in traditional and online courses/MOOCS, educational attainment, number of universities offering online courses, educational reform,
Y, 00. html BBC News,"End of Empire for Western Universities?""BBC website, 2012. As of 08/03/2013:
University of Oxford, April 2013. As of 23/09/2013: http://www. imi. ox. ac. uk/pdfs/imi-working-papers/wp-68-2013 Czernich, N."Broadband Internet and Political Participation:
University of Oxford, April 2011a. As of 23/09/2013: http://www. imi. ox. ac. uk/pdfs/imi-working-papers/wp-11-32-the-determinants-of-internationalmigration de Haas, H.,"Mediterranean migration futures:
a theoretical and empirical inquiry into the developmental drivers of international migration, Working Paper 24, University of Oxford, International Migration Institute, 2010. de Haas, H.,Mobility
Shifting Patterns of Adoption, Attitudes and Behaviour,"paper presented at ics-OII Symposium on‘A Decade in Internet Time'an OII-ics Symposium on the Dynamics of the Internet and Society, University of Oxford
European University Institute, 2011. Fine, D.,A. van Vamelen, S. Lund, A. Cabral, M. Taoufiki, N. Dorr, A. Leke, C. Roxburgh, J. Schubert,
http://www. econ. cam. ac. uk/faculty/goyal/wp11/socialnetworksweb8. pdf 45 Granovetter, Mark S,"The strength of weak ties,"American journal
Cornell University Press, 1998. Kenworthy, L.,"The High-Employment Route to Low Inequality,"Challenge, Vol. 52, No. 5, 2009, pp. 77-99.
Levin,"The rise of Asia's universities,"2010. http://www. hepi. ac. uk/483-1780/Seventh-HEPI-Annual-Lecture. html Lewis, Maureen,
Fertility at Older Reproductive Ages and Gender Equality Explain the Positive Link,"University of Pennsylvania Population Studies Center PSC Working Paper Series, PSC 11-06,2011.
RICS Foundation, University of Salford, The Futures Academy, and King Sturge,"Built Environment Foresight 2030:
Dutch University Press, 2004. Reproductive Decision-making in a Macro-Micro Perspective (REPRO) Synthesis and Policy Implications, Vienna:
Entrepreneurship schools and universities Possessing the skills to found and operate a business is an important complement to the attitude of risktaking and perseverance that successful entrepreneurs display.
and by influencing policy. 23 Publicprivate Public-platforms to connect private actors with schools and private universities to set up education programmes,
Achievements include numerous projects with universities and non-governmental organizations to improve entrepreneurship education, and the European SME Week with 1,
universities and research organizations Finland is a leading country in innovation cooperation between companies and the research sector.
of Finland António Pires de Lima Minister of Economy of Portugal David Willetts Minister of state for Universities and Science of the United kingdom Figure 19:
poor links between universities and the labour market don't help. We should be giving tax incentives to start-ups.
e g. university professors. The improvement of commercialization activities by academic spinoffs or of the situation for seed and early-stage financing for technology-intensive ventures,
e g. for academic spin-offs. 42 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness David Willetts Minister of state for Universities and Science of the United kingdom The role of innovation-driven entrepreneurship in the economy:
including representatives of schools, civil society, universities, business angels, accelerators, incubators, venture capitalists and corporate intrapreneurs.
Potential to improve collaboration between entrepreneurs, universities, large companies and academic institutions within your country(%)Connect:
Fully 80%of project survey participants see significant potential to improve the level and impact of collaboration between entrepreneurs, universities, large companies and academic institutions (Figure 23.
and universities to focus on the skills that entrepreneurs require. 55%said it is very important to provide more opportunities for potential entrepreneurs to obtain practical experience in an innovative business or start-up.
and universities, celebrate peer-level success stories to create awareness, initiate programmes to improve skills,
A key opportunity to create awareness of opportunities exists in entrepreneurship schools and universities. Strengthening this connection has an effect for both the next generation labour force and the education system.
Starting with local networks between schools, universities and entrepreneurs, this type of intervention could scale up to influence the culture among entire populations.
and universities to focus on the skills that entrepreneurs require, and 46%say they would be willing to provide more opportunities for potential entrepreneurs to obtain practical experience in an innovative business or start-up.
or start-up Tailoring the education curricula in schools and universities to focus on the skills that entrepreneurs require Raising awareness of entrepreneurial success stories
and high school/university professors or students to ensure we progress towards decreasing the gap between education and the marketplace.
How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape, Harvard Business school Press Cornell University, INSEAD, World Intellectual Property Organization (2013), The Global Innovation Index European commission (2012), Entrepreneurship
for Universities and Science of the United kingdom Karen E. Wilson, Senior Fellow, Bruegel and OECD, Switzerland Björn Woltermann, Vice-president, Emerging Technologies, Deutsche telekom, Germany Werner Wutscher
Global Agenda Council on Fostering Entrepreneurship Virginia Cha, Chief, Research and Innovation, Institute of Systems science, National University of Singapore, Singapore Hongbo Chen, Vice-Dean
, Tuspark Research Institute for Innovation, Tsinghua University, People's republic of china Esther Dyson, Chairman, EDVENTURE Holdings Inc.,USA George Foster, Konosuke Matsushita Professor of Management
, Singapore Jonathan Teklu, Cofounder and Managing Partner, Springstar Gmbh, Germany Marc Ventresca, Fellow and University Lecturer, Saïd Business school, University of Oxford, United kingdom Global
-General, Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry, European commission, Brussels Ding Chun, Dean, Centre for European Studies, Fudan University, People's republic of china M. Willem van Eeghen
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