For example, Mars in Toronto, links a university, hospital, business incubator, alongside a social innovation investment fund.
Germany's homeshare programme, Wohnen für Hilfe was originally set up in 1992 by the University in Darmstadt to meet the accommodation needs of students and the needs of older people for help in the home.
It is coordinated by Cologne University and the City council, and between 2005-2008,240 students used homeshare,
but the many programmes in Spain today are now coordinated by universities, not-for-profit organisations, local or regional authorities (town halls,'Diputacion',regional government departments.
Again, the most successful programme today is partially coordinated by a university, so successful that the majority of students at Barcelona University have at one point during their studies,
participated in a homeshare programme. In addition to linking different programmes, Homeshare International aims to sustain good codes of practice and influence policy in housing and the social sector.
Recent studies conducted by several major universities show that 72%of those who completed the programme at San Patrignano are reintegrated fully into society
in 2003 by an Institute within the University of Wales. xcv Spice has disseminated‘community time credits'within public services
which is part of a university and allows volunteered time to be exchanged for waived tuition fees and Fureai Kippu in Japan,
whether through intermediaries, universities, or civil service colleges. Procurement mobilising public procurement to support promising innovations.
The other 78 residencies will be dedicated to employment, health, democracy, social networks, universities, transport and food systems. cii Another project run by the 27th Region is Atelier 27,
'Innovation Universities Innovation focused universities could play an important role in supporting and accelerating the development of social innovation.
Aalto University, Finland Due to launch in January 2010, Aalto University, or the so called‘innovation university',is created a newly institution merging three Finish universities, The Helsinki School of economics,
The University of Art and Design, and The Helsinki University of Technology. Aalto is a response to the Finish government's aim for educational reform.
The university will aspire to transform existing disciplines, creating hybrids and in turn its own specialised disciplines.
At present the university is funded with €500 million from the government and €200 million of donations.
Students are to have a high involvement in the running of the university, being involved actively in different themed planning groups.
In the preparation and running of the university three primary research projects have been established: Sustainable Communities, Neuro Applications,
and Economics and the Internet of the Future. Workshops will be run to enhance co-creation of ideas
and services between the three institutions involved in the hope to create a diverse and wide-reaching hybrid.
and communication of ideas in the preparation and implementation stages of the university's inception. cvii Pro-innovation cultures 83
More than 450 Harvard courses and over 2, 250 courses worldwide have incorporated Innovations in American Government case studies including Milano Graduate school, University of West indies
and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the Innovations in American Government Awards. 85 Participation Over the last few decades,
such as the University of Mondragon in Spain, and the University of Gastronomic Science in Bra and Colorno in Northern Italy,
are supporting social innovation. But most practitioners learn on the job, through trial and error, and with the help of the networks they themselves create.
In the UK, the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills has commissioned NESTA to develop a new‘Innovation Index'to measure the UK's innovation performance
Developing materials, curriculum, case studies, open source materials Coordinating universities, civil service colleges etc to work collaboratively through the development of a network of institutions to spread
addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford, Oxford: UK lxxxviii
http://www. tekes. fi cvi VINNOVA at http://www. vinnova. se cvii Aalto University http://www. aaltoyliopisto. info/cviii Petts, J
Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford. Oxford: UK cxxiv Murray, R.,Caulier-Grice, J. & Mulgan, G. 2009.
Addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford, Oxford: UK cxxvi
Closed innovation systems of laboratories, universities, research institutes art schools, corporations, public administrations, professions are no longer a viable approach for future innovation.
To guide Universities towards research excellence and make them participate in strategic partnerships. 27 Warsaw (February 2012) Thank you very much for your attention Department of Industry, Innovation, Trade and Tourism Donostia-San Sebastián n 1, 01010 VITORIA
they acted as intermediaries between research done in universities and practitioners in government and elsewhere.
Within universities the usual form is a grant, often with few conditions to allow a group of researchers to explore an idea without specifying outcomes.
or service providers to buy research in universities; or to club together to commission incubators (being tested by the ESRC.
The University of Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership and The Climate Project designed and organised a training programme at
Stockholm University. Chapter 5; see also Strang, D. and Soule, S. A. 1998) Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements:
and close links with top universities such as Imperial and UCL, as well as with big firms like Glaxosmithkline and Pfizer.
There are many other examples from new models of personal finance to new models of university.
Mondragon University and Centro Popular de Cultura e Desenvolvimento (Brazil) go further, giving students the experience of working in small social enterprises.
Mars in Toronto links a university, a hospital, research labs, and a business incubator, alongside a social innovation investment fund.
and another 6, 000 scientists in related fields such as clean technology nearby. 295) Innovation universities and research departments, such as Finland's new Aalto University, launched in 2010
as a result of the merger of the Technical University, the Business school, and the School CONNECTING PEOPLE, IDEAS AND RESOURCES 135 of Arts and Design.
social entrepreneurs, nonprofit organisation managers and others. 296) Innovation learning labs. There are now a range of innovation learning labs within universities.
and the Catholic University of Leuven. There is also the Poverty Action Lab at MIT which tests out alternative interventions to reduce poverty in the developing world.
University of West indies, and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the Innovations in American Government Awards.
South africa set up the Centre for Public service Innovation (CPSI) in 2002 and now runs regular awards.
Saïd Business school, University of Oxford. Available at: http://www. sbs. ox. ac. uk/centres/skoll/research/Documents/Venture%20philanthropy%20in%20europe. pdf. For large scale developments in this field, see:
the University of Mondragón in Spain; the Sekem Academy in Egypt for the research and study of agriculture, pharmaceuticals and medicine from a bio dynamic perspective;
and the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Pollenzo and Colorno in Northern Italy, which has grown out of the slow food movement. 4 484) Retraining of business leaders to play roles in the social economy,
149 311 Services 21 Aalto University 134 Abecedarian Project 111 Academies 116; 192; 185 Accelerators 135 Accountability 3;
192 Mondragon University 116 Moore, Mark 7; 104 Moveon 41 Mozilla Firefox 139 M-Pesa 115;
and Melbourne University. His latest book is The Art of Public Strategy: mobilising power and knowledge for the common good (Oxford university Press, 2009.
Maria Angela Ferrario1, Zoltán Bajmócy2, 3, Will Simm1, Stephen Forshaw1. 1 Lancaster University, School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster, UK 2 University of Szeged
, tiger Small organizations, universities, chambers o f commerce Basic e-services, Simple services Accounting sys, Payment sys, Groupware sys. Group
and by mobilising all local players including local authorities, innovation and research centres, universities, consumers and trade associations, NGOS.
The research and innovation centers, the universities The entrepreneur community and small organizations through their representative organizations The local government and the public administration.
universities, research organizations, innovation centers enterprises (in particular SMES and enterprise organizations; government and of public administration The regions (or local areas) which succeed in the application of digital sectorial ecosystems,
Stanford CA 94305, USA b Edinburgh University Business school, Edinburgh, Lothian EH8 9js, UK c Department of Management, Birkbeck College, University of London
650-725-2166 Abstract This paper introduces the concept of Triple Helix systems as an analytical construct that systematizes the key features of university-industry-government (Triple Helix) interactions into an‘innovation
university-industry-government interaction; innovation systems; regional innovation strategies..2 Introduction Recent decades have seen a shift from an earlier focus on innovation sources confined to a single institutional sphere,
In this paper, we introduce the Triple Helix systems as a novel analytical concept that systematizes the key features of university-industry-government interactions,
i) components (the institutional spheres of University, Industry and Government, with a wide array of actors;(
From this analytical framework, empirical guidelines for policy-makers, university and business managers can be derived, in order to strengthen the collaboration among Triple Helix actors
The concept of the Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government relationships developed in the 1990s by Etzkowitz (1993) and Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (1995
encompassing elements of precursor works by Lowe (1982) and Sábato and Mackenzi (1982), interprets the shift from a dominating industry-government dyad in the Industrial Society to a growing triadic relationship between university
universities, research institutes and other Swedish innovation actors-a mission adopted in the early 2000s, shortly after the agency's inception,
public universities and research centres, allows grants to innovative firms, the setup of private firms'incubation facilities in public universities and the shared use of university infrastructure.
University-industry-government cooperation has a central role also in European union (EU) innovation policies, such as the Innovation Union flagship initiative of the Europe 2020 Strategy,
and is perceived as a solution to the innovation emergency that Europe now faces (European commission, 2011;
which looks at university, industry and government as co-evolving sub-sets of social systems that interact through market selections,
and provide the analytical foundation for a new vision of university-industry-government interactions. The paper is organized as follows:
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The Triple Helix thesis is that the potential for innovation and economic development in a Knowledge Society lies in a more prominent role for the university and in the hybridisation of elements from university,
but also the creative renewal that arises within each of the three institutional spheres of university, industry and government,
The enhanced role of the university in the Knowledge Society arises from several specific developments.
the recent addition of the university‘third mission'-involvement in socioeconomic development, next to the traditional academic missions of teaching and research, is the most notable,
This is to a large extent the effect of stronger government policies to strengthen the links between universities and the rest of society, especially business,
but also an effect of firms'tendency to use universities'research infrastructure for their R&d objectives,
which provides a large part of university funding (Slaughter and Leslie, 1997). Collaborative links with the other Triple Helix actors have enhanced the central presence of universities in the production of scientific research over time (Godin and Gingras,
2000) disproving former views that increasing diversification of production loci would diminish the role of universities in the knowledge production process (Gibbons et al. 1994).
Secondly, the university's continuous capacity to provide students with new ideas, skills and entrepreneurial talent has become a major asset in the Knowledge Society.
Students are not only the new generations of professionals in various scientific disciplines, business, culture etc. but they can also be trained
or the Team Academy-the Entrepreneurship Centre of Excellence of JAMK University of Applied sciences in Jyväskylä, Finland, where students run their own cooperative businesses based on real-life projects5).
Universities are also extending their capabilities of educating individuals to educating organizations, through entrepreneurship and incubation programmes and new training modules at venues such as interdisciplinary centres, science parks, academic spin-offs, incubators (Etzkowitz, 2008;
Thirdly, universities'capacity to generate technology has changed their position, from a traditional source of human resources and knowledge to a new source of technology generation and transfer,
and comparative historical analyses that explore different configurations arising from the positioning of the university, industry and government institutional spheres relative to each other and their movement and reorientation, with one as a gravitational centre around
university acting mainly as a provider of skilled human capital, and government mainly as a regulator of social and economic mechanisms.
whereby university and other knowledge institutions play an increasing role, acting in partnership with industry and government and even taking the lead in joint initiatives,(Etzkowitz, 2008).
Through this creative process, the relationships among the institutional spheres of university, industry and government are reshaped continuously in an endless transition to enhance innovation (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff,
which sees the University, Industry and Government as co-evolving sub-sets of social systems. Interaction between them occurs through an overlay of recursive networks and organizations
and an institutional one, between private and public control at the level of universities, industries and government,
such as industrial liaison 8 offices in universities or strategic alliances among companies, creating new network integration mechanisms (Leydesdorff and Etzkowitz, 1998).
the institutional spheres of University, Industry and Government, each encompassing a wide-ranging set of actors;(
Helix literature focuses on the institutional spheres of university industry and government as holistic,‘block'entities, without going deeper to the level of specific actors within each sphere,
o R&d innovators can be found in each of the University, Industry and Government institutional spheres,
In universities, key R&d performers are the academic research groups and interdisciplinary research centres; in the business sector, the company R&d divisions or departments;
and can also be found in various forms in the Government and University spheres, as well as in the nonprofit sector.
be it University or Industry or Government (e g. education 7 For example, the members of The Kitchen in New york city's Soho District invent new forms of conceptual art,
etc. o Multi-sphere (hybrid) institutions operate at the intersection of the University, Industry and Government institutional spheres and synthesize in their institutional design elements of each sphere,
Technology transfer offices in universities, firms and government research labs, industrial liaison offices, business support institutions (science parks, business and technology incubators), financial support institutions (public and private venture capital firms
Also, institutional boundaries are more permeable (Etzkowitz, 2012) as the single institutional spheres of University,
For example, in the 1930's New england, MIT's President Compton was the Innovation Organizer who played a key role in getting support for a new model of knowledge-based economic development relying heavily on university-originated technologies.
In 2011, New york's Mayor Bloomberg re-took the Innovation Organizer role with an initiative to attract leading technological universities to the city to fill the gap in the region's innovation environment8.
as in the case of Birmingham University's consortium of Triple Helix actors who projected the post-Rover,
Similarly, universities, in addition to their teaching and research activities, often engage in technology transfer and firm formation, providing support
Industry can also take the role of the university in developing training and research, often at the same high level as universities.
such as universities and firms, may come forward to set forth a future achievable objective (playing an Innovation Organizer role,
for example when vocational training institutions take the lead over universities in engaging into joint initiatives with local firms (especially with low-tech,
low/non-R&d small firms) that prefer the more practical, shorter-term oriented opportunities of the vocational training institutions to the more complex, long-term programmes of the university (Ranga et al. 2008).
depending on the network's age, 15 scope, membership, activities and visibility in the public domain (e g. the Association of University Technology Managers AUTM, the European Technology Platforms and Joint Technology Initiatives,
) o Attraction of leading researchers through the foundation of a science-based university, as in San diego, where a new branch of University of California was gestated in the 1950s
and eventually became the basis for a leading high-tech complex. The attraction of leading researchers in fields with commercial potential, like molecular biology, was recognized early as an economic development strategy by the coalition of academic,
The strategy of the University of California San diego campus was replicated by the Merced campus which has recently been established as an entrepreneurial university to promote high-tech development in an agricultural region.
The strategy aimed to create and then leverage location-specific knowledge assets to induce new investment
and create new value. 17 o Creation of new university resources to support the development of new industries or raise the existing ones to a higher level.
o Virtual congregation of geographically dispersed groups from university and industry around common research themes, with government support,
This strategy is exemplified in Sweden by the founding of the Stockholm School of Entrepreneurship as a joint initiative of Stockholm University
and Copenhagen included the creation of Oresund University, an organisation that encourages collaboration and joint projects between universities on both sides of the strait that previously divided this cross-border region.
Karolinska Institute initiated a university-building strategy of incorporating a series of small schools in the biological sciences,
nursing and other loosely related field scattered across Sweden and even across the Norwegian border
or for military or other specific purposes, to encouraging 18 university, industry and government institutional spheres to work more closely together to promote innovation.
of which were oriented to the older universities and traditional academic disciplines. The foundations changed a rigid innovation system both by providing alternative sources of funds
o Creation of a university in a region without higher education capacity, as a means of raising the technological level of existing clusters or as a source of new ones.
MIT is the classic instance of a university founded to raise the technological level of existing clusters.
In the 1950's, the regional leadership of San diego deployed this explicit model of a science-based entrepreneurial university as a strategy for creation of a new science-based industry in a region that was heretofore known as a naval base
With a charter for a new campus of the University of California, leading scientists were recruited in emerging area of polyvalent knowledge, with both theoretical and practical potential,
o Building an integrated environment for university technology transfer and entrepreneurship activities. When a university establishes a liaison
or technology transfer office, it soon realizes that a much broader range of services and support structures are required
A good example of this approach to building an innovation Space is the Flemish Catholic University of Leuven (KUL)
universities and local government actors begin to see themselves as part of a larger whole, or in some cases of a newly-invented identities like Oresund (linking Copenhagen in Denmark and Skane in Southern Sweden) or the Leuven-Aachen-Eindhoven Triangle,
An example in this sense is the 1930's New england Council representing university, industry and government leadership in the region,
which universities would play a greater role, moving on from the position of R&d labs for industry they had played earlier.
i) First stage-Formation of a stem cell space through interaction of the university, industry and government spheres 23 Triple Helix spheres get closer together in a gradual process
showing four configurations of the transition from independent to overlapping spheres that are equivalent to the transition from the laissez-faire to the balanced model represented previously in Fig. 1. This is a simplified representation of the interaction among the university,
where many successful firms had outgrown their university links, or were spinoffs of an early generation of firms
Indeed, by this time, many of the Valley's high-tech firms tended to view themselves as a self-generated phenomenon, a cluster of interrelated firms, rather than as part of a broader university-industry-government complex.
In 2002, the IT-university is opened as a joint venture between the Royal Institute of technology KTH and the University of Stockholm,
Other priorities included enhancing interactions between different innovation stakeholders, such as firms, universities and research institutes,
and better work conditions to attract distinguished researchers rather than develop young researchers. 16 The Brazilian popular cooperative incubator model was invented bottom-up by a university incubator
The large-scale research programmes in data mining funded by the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) at Stanford and a few other universities provided the context for the development of the Google search algorithm that soon became the basis
The concept was refined as‘national innovation systems'(NIS) delineated by a set of innovation actors (firms, universities, research institutes, financial institutions, government regulatory bodies, etc.
the former through the‘single-sphere'and‘multi-sphere'(hybrid) organizational formats associated with the university,
8. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS This paper introduced the concept of Triple Helix systems as an analytical construct that systematizes the key features of university-industry-government (Triple Helix) interactions into an‘innovation
2. Assessing the performance of Triple Helix systems by means of hybrid indicators that capture dynamic processes at the intersection of the university, industry and government institutional spheres rather than within single spheres.
For example, among the 25 indicators of the 2011 Innovation Union Scoreboard20, only one-public-private publications21-captures the effect of collaboration between the university and industry spheres,
The OECD Science, 20 See details at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius-2011 en. pdf. 21 This indicator is part of the University-Industry
Research Collaboration Scoreboard produced by Leiden University, which provides an internationally comparative framework based on co-publications of at least one university
and one private sector organization that are usually business firms in manufacturing and services or for-profit contract research organizations.
and average citations received per patent cited (industry-university interface). Also, the design of indicators that characterize the specific dynamics of each space may be a challenging process, especially for the Innovation and Consensus spaces.
For example, the number of spin-offs graduated from university incubators could be a relevant indicator for the Innovation space,
mapping regional/national actors (public and private research labs, firms, universities, arts and cultural organizations, etc.
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, University of Eastern Finland (Kuopio Campus), Kuopio, Finland Abstract Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the information sourcing practices of small-to medium-sized enterprises (SMES) associated with the development of different types of innovation (product/process/market/organizational).
Insignificant to 5 Very important) REGKNOWA Sum-variable measuring the importance of regional knowledge organizations for innovation University of Kuopio Savonia University of Applied sciences Organizations of vocational education
Within SIS, the creation, selection and transformation of knowledge takes place within a complex matrix of interactions between different actors (firms, universities and other research organizations, educational organizations, financial organizations, public support
About the authors Miika Varis, after graduating from the University of Kuopio, acted as a research and teaching assistant in SME management (2001-2003) and in entrepreneurship and local economic development (2003-2005),
and lecturer in entrepreneurship (2005-2009) at the Department of Business and Management, University of Kuopio, Finland,
and from 2009 as a lecturer in entrepreneurship at the Department of health Policy and Management, University of Kuopio, Finland (1. 1. 2010 Department of health and Social Management,
University of Eastern Finland, Entrepreneurial SMES 153 Downloaded by WATERFORD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY At 04:12 03 july 2015 (PT) Kuopio Campus). He is currently finishing his doctoral dissertation on regional systems of innovation.
Varis@uef. fi Hannu Littunen, after graduating from the University of Jyva skyla, was a researcher at the University of Jyva skyla, School of business and Economics, Centre for Economic Research, Finland,
and a professor of entrepreneurship and regional development at the Department of Business and Management, University of Kuopio, Finland (2003-2009) and from 2009 a professor of entrepreneurship and regional development at the Department of health Policy and Management
, University of Kuopio, Finland (1. 1. 2010 Department of health and Social Management, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus). He completed his doctoral thesis in leadership
and management entitled The birth and success of new firms in a changing environment in the year 2001.
Prior to starting work at the University, he worked in various organizations in both public and private sectors in Finland.
how innovation shapes perceptions about universities and public research organisations. The Journal of Technology Transfer 39,454-471.
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