Department of Business Economics International Doctorate in Entrepreneurship and Management DOCTORAL DISSERTATION (Degree of Doctor of philosophy Ph d.)ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOR IN SPANISH SMES:
GCG Georgetown University Universia, 3, 52-67.139 Delgado-Gómez, J. M.,Ramírez-Alesón, M. and Espitia-Escuer, M. A. 2004.
-0. 09 0. 09 0. 29 0. 04 0. 01 0. 00 University 0. 08 0. 04 0. 96 0
the third only by University (0. 77) and the fourth by Royalties and Telephones (weighted with 0. 49 and 0. 26). 15 Weights are normalized squared factor loading, e g. 0. 24=(0. 79
. 07 0. 06 Telephones 0. 15 0. 11 Electricity 0. 11 0. 09 Schooling 0. 19 0. 10 University 0
Exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University CI Finland 0. 15 0. 17 0. 17 0. 16 0. 19 0. 17 0
how much patents can be exchanged for University enrolment). Weights obtained with the AHP are not importance coefficients,
Table 6. 4. Comparison matrix A of eight sub-indicators (semantic scale) Objective Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University
2 5 5 1 4 University 1/3 1/3 2 1/3 2 2 1/4 1 For the example
. 450 0. 500 Patents Royalties Internet hosts Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University st. Standard deviation Figure 6. 2. Results of the AHP
This is because AHP rewards with high weights (more than 20%)two indicators, High tech exports and University enrolment ratio,
and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University EW 0. 13 0. 13 0. 13
let's say, to 2%of Patents granted to residents or to 2%of University enrolment in exchange of a 2%increase in Electricity consumption.
Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 080 4. 150 10 27.4
and University (weight 1/8) . Thus the score for Finland is 4*1/8=0. 5
It is recommended also particularly to students, university lecturers, researchers and indicator experts. The Dashboard includes maps of all continents
Kahn J. R,(1998), Methods for aggregating performance indicators, mimeo, University of Tennessee. 69. Kahnna N.,(2000), Measuring Environmental quality:
Columbia University Press 1991.115. Roy B. 1996)- Multicriteria methodology for decision analysis, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 116.
He studied Business Administration at Radboud University Nijmegen and he has a great interest in the international (digital economy and e-commerce.
he studied American Studies at Radboud University Nijmegen and graduated in 2008. Jorij Abraham, Director Research & Advice Jorij Abraham (1972) has been part of the international e-commerce community since 1997.
He studies Business Management at the University of Applied sciences in Ede. He is involved in the research of the e-commerce market
universities and public research institutes-are assessed less often as highly important while competitors, suppliers and customers are clearly more important,
Customers Suppliers Competitors Scientific journals Consultants Universities Public research institute manufacturing total R&d intensive industries Note:
EN First, the development of commercial applications originating from KETS typically requires a close interaction between fundamental research (often conducted at governmental laboratories or universities) and industrial R&d and innovation.
Universities, schools (knowledge providers) Third parties: Banks, VC, lawyers (service providers) Government: Policy makers, legislators (rule & policy makers) System failures Infrastructure Enabling structures (roads, harbors, IT etc.
and North america are public research institutions (universities and governmental laboratories, including government agencies). In Europe, the share of applicants from the chemical industry is significantly higher than in North america or East asia.
followed by a university and a diversified materials producer largely based on chemical technologies. In East asia, the largest applicant is diversified a electronics producer,
Industry Public research institutes Universities Source: modified from Miyazaki and Islam (2007. In addition to this, the composition of public and private funding is also different.
This opportunity is reflected in the high number of involved universities/research centres and interdisciplinary projects (more than 100.
Network of nanotechnology clusters in Northrhine-Westphalia All together, the NRW nanotechnology cluster network encompasses 30 university institutes, four research centres, six networks, 16 SMES and six
Each cluster is linked to universities and research institutions in the surrounding area. 11 Over time,
System failures and system drivers for growth Infrastructure Each cluster is embedded in a strong infrastructure of universities and research centres,
Overview of nanotechnology institutions in the NRW nanotechnology cluster network Networks Research centres University institutes SMES Large enterprises Finance Aachen 1 3 10
The goal is to synchronise different funding policies to increase the transparency for universities and nanotechnology firms
NRW'represents and supports universities and firms in their research and development activities. Its goal is to create a competitive and dynamic R&d environment
The focus is to intensify the dialogue and cooperation between universities and industry, to identify markets and technological priorities,
Universities and research institutions building an elaborate research landscape with regional and national networks, focusing on knowledge creation and generation.
All of the three clusters in the network are dominated by the scientific research of universities and the high number of university institutions.
efforts in nanotechnology R&d have been made for years by individual university institutions and nanotechnology companies. In total, there are 30 university institutes, four research centres, 16 SMES,
and six large enterprises present. In addition to this, six different networks and one venture capital firm accompany cluster activities.
The core of the cluster consists of the Kyoto University Katsura Campus and the Katsura Innovation Park,
which promote and create several university-industry research activities. 26 The Kyoto nanotechnology cluster is embedded further in a system of many other clusters,
science and technology) to support universities and research institutions in their research and innovation efforts. 27 More recently (in 2008),
EN System failures and system drivers for growth Infrastructure As stated in the previous chapter, the cluster consists of the Kyoto University Katsura Campus and the Katsura Innovation Park
and provide space for nine universities, three research institutions and 43 industrial and venture companies.
such as the Kyoto University, the Kyoto Institute of technology, and the Ritsumeikan University there are many industrial players present, e g.
Murata Manufacturing, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyocera Corporation, Omron Corporation, etc. Furthermore, the government is represented also in the cluster with the Kyoto Municipal Industrial Research Institute. 28 Norms and values:
'where joint seminars for industries and universities are organised. Public policy and funding: Nanotechnology in Japan receives major attention from the government.
in order to coordinate the large number of initiatives within and between universities, national labs, and regions. 29 MEXT (education, culture, sports, science and technology) and METI (economy, trade and industry) are the main funding ministries,
conducting R&d in universities and independent institutions, and providing cross-sectional support. 30 Two MEXT actions are worth mentioning regarding technological cluster development:
The‘knowledge cluster initiative'and the‘cooperation for innovative technology and advanced research in evolutional area'programme act as network interface between industry, university and government.
In addition to this, it stimulates university-industry collaborations by implementing business incubators and university-industry liaison facilities. 35 Venture capital:
The Kyoto Industry-Academia-Government Cooperative Organisation is a partnership platform of local universities, research institutions, economic organisation,
Characteristical for both areas is a strong knowledge infrastructure (universities, labs, etc. and a good connection between the knowledge infrastructure and industry.
area Size 3 universities (with 30 institutes), 4 research centres, 16 SMES, 6 MNES, 1 VC firm 9 universities, 3 research
Public R&d funding of nanotechnology largely focusses on research performed at public institutions (universities, government labs) and on collaborative research linking science and industry.
In North america, universities and other research institutions are the most important group of nanotechnology applicants.
FR chemicals 83 17 University of California US research 203 18 SEMIKRON Elektronik DE electronics 79 18 ATMEL US automotive 190 19
and university located on the central campus. 18 joint laboratories have been setup with manufacturers since. 46 The cluster can hence be characterised as a global centre of excellence in its field with a very interdisciplinary
-and nanotechnologies (Minatec) bringing together partners from industry, universities and research in a collaborative, open innovation environment.
and Verimag), 2) a number of prestigious universities and engineering schools including the Grenoble Institute of technology, 3) unique scientific facilities including the Minatec research campus and the Synchrotron facility,
Firms collaborate with universities and research centres institutionally in the form of Minatec but also informally.
Furthermore, regional authorities, branch organisations, together with universities and research centres join efforts promoting the cluster using the same‘pitch'in developing
university and public research is hence partly publicly funded. Innova, 2008) Next to that the cluster also benefits from national funds in support of nanoelectronics.
and the Minatec campus where public research, university researchers and industry researchers work jointly together creating sufficient scale to work at world leading level.
Several leading research laboratories and prestigious universities provide a rich pool of leading knowledge and high skill labour supply that innovative firms thrive on.
and Canadian universities and educational institutions helping to ensure the production of well-trained graduates (OCRI, 2006).
fuelled by public investments and research capabilities of the University of Toronto. By the 1990s, Ontario was a significant player in the global silicon chip business
universities but also research centres of large corporations. These are the Communications Research Centre (CRC), which is the federal government's leading European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 134error!
The Ottawa cluster further benefits from a number of universities, including the University of Ottawa, Carleton University, Algonquin College,
and Université du Québec en Outaouaistd (Ontario, 2009). This public research infrastructure is complemented by a number research centres of large multinationals that also act as anchor firms in the cluster providing an attractive ecosystem for SME.
Micronet but also linking excellent university research with industry. In addition Ontario province operates a Research and development Challenge Fund (ORDCF
000 to create a partnership with researchers at the University of Ottawa. After promising results Distil was supported further with $250
or owned outright by the university or government agency involved in the project. According to some local actors this potentially inhibits corporate growth
two other NRC institutes and a number of universities. These often collaborate with local firms,
Nortel alone accounts for almost 20 percent of all industrial R&d expenditures in Canada and hires one third of all Masters and Ph d. graduates in electrical engineering and computer science from Canadian universities.
A number of successful niche companies have been setup by (university) researchers in the past indicating a conducive climate to commercialisation.
Industry benefits from a strong research infrastructure including national research institutes and a number of Universities.
and universities producing high level knowledge. However, they also provide stable employment for highly skilled people in the field that can take the risk to start own commercial ventures.
Public funding Canada claims to be the largest R&d spender in the OECD. This is invested in a strong research base including specific research institutes as well as universities.
Furthermore, national as well as provincial funds are targeted at specific technology development initiatives, funding for industry-university collaborations as well as supporting start-up companies.
and prestigious universities providing a strong high skill labour pool. Its key asset in this respect is the Minatec campus where public researchers
university researchers and industry researchers work jointly together. A central role for development of the cluster plays CEA-LETI through its Minatec initiative taking the role of anchor organisation.
Particular strengths of the Ontario microelectronics region are a strong research infrastructure comprising key national research institutes and universities
These lead actors provide A very strong science base that in contrast to universities is oriented very application;
research laboratories, universities/engineering schools Collaborative research environment stimulated by Minatech (industry-researchpublic triangle) Cluster also has an important joint semiconductor fabrication plant (Crolles2
& 3) Strong knowledge infrastructure comprising public and private research facilities and universities/engineering schools. Many R&d facilities of large microelectronic firms.
such as the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), National Tsing Hua University and National Chiao tung University providing ample human resources for the firms located in the park.
The biotechnology cluster is embedded within 30 government-funded laboratories and seven renowned universities in the Cambridge region.
the whole biotechnology cluster, including universities and supporting activities, employs 25,000 people. 52 The Cambridge biotechnology cluster is served by local support providers
and supported by biotechnology research organisations such as the University of Cambridge, the Institute of Biotechnology and the Babraham Institute.
since the biotechnology companies were founded within the premises of the University of Cambridge. Biotechnology firms have a wide range of choices for biology and chemistry laboratories,
University of Cambridge), locally established companies (e g. Cambridge Antibody Technology), companies from overseas (Amgen USA), spin-offs from universities and research institutes (e g.
Akubio Ltd. and spin-offs from biotechnology companies (e g. Sareum Ltd. see Walker, 2005. Furthermore, the biotechnology cluster is embedded into a larger technology network in Cambridge.
Since biotechnology activities often originate from university research, the Department for Education and Skills (Dfes) plays an important role in university policy and funding in relation to biotechnology.
Tax breaks and tax credits created through The Treasury are key policies and one of the most significant initiatives in stimulating investments in biotech.
and 2000 research students in universities and research institutes in the UK. Cambridge university receives quite a large share of this budget (160 grants with a sum of £55 million in 2008) for its own biotechnology research and commercialisation activities in form of exploitation of research outcomes. 54 Venture capital:
'which supports companies with linkages to university research with private investments. Once the start-ups enter the global market,
Capabilities The Cambridge biotechnology cluster combines world renowned research universities with important research institutes. Furthermore, Cambridge has established a well entrepreneurial culture with many biotechnology firms originating from university spin-offs,
which were and still are supported by number of incubators and Science Parks. Chapter 5 Industrial Biotechnology EN 181error!
Therefore, Cambridge has established a well entrepreneurial culture with university spin-offs (dating back to the 1980s.
it combines top ranked research institutes, world class universities, intense commercial activity with small start-ups as well as multinational companies, incubators, company creators, science parks,
nine regional universities and public officials at all levels of government. 58 The total market capitalisation is estimated at $144 billion.
supported by a large scientific base (University of California in San francisco, Berkeley and Davis) and the accessibility of venture capital.
which were clarified in the‘Bayh-Dhole University and Small Business Patent Act'(1980). This act promotes the commercialisation of scientific research by giving universities the rights on their patents,
thus clarifying IP ownership among research staff, departments, knowledge transfer offices and universities. 60 59 http://www. oslocancercluster. no/index2. php?
option=com docman&task=doc view&gid=25&itemid=39 60 http://www. berr. gov. uk/files/file28741. pdf European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 184error!
These funds are channeled through universities and research institutes to stimulate innovations in basic research. Also the city of San francisco provides public funds for the creation of labs
The Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR) financially encourages university faculties to create commercial-oriented spin-offs of their research. 64 Interactions During the formation of the cluster,
universities in the region tried to a create links to biotechnology firms. The UC (University of California) administration set up an initiative called Biostar to promote research collaborations between academics scientists and 61 http://epscor. unl. edu/ppts/Panetta. ppt 62
http://www. baybio. org/wt/page/energy research 63 http://legacy. signonsandiego. com/news/business/20041205-9999-mz1b5cluster. html 64 http
Capabilities The biotechnology cluster in the Bay Area had a strong science base because of numerous top-level research universities and institutions.
founded either by former employees of Genentech or by former university staff. There the anchor company took the dominant role
and was supported by the surrounding university infrastructure. This development led to a situation that biotechnology firms in the Bay Area were oriented more commercially than firms in Cambridge.
annual exports are $2 billion Classification (Post-)mature (Post-)mature Infrastructure Cluster developed around world leading universities Availability of public and private research facilities Strong incubator:
private cluster platform Strong knowledge infrastructure with large universities close by Institutions Rules and regulations Cambridge has an advantage over countries such as Germany
giving Universities rights on IP Patent law enhances commercialisation Improved FDA regulation speeds up process New regulations on carbon emissions threat to the industry Norms
biotechnology firms are exempt from paying payroll taxes for up to 7. 5 years (2004) Interactions Strong industry-university linkages Strong relationships locally between researchers (personal relationships) Strong
promotes university-industry collaboration Baybio bioscience association: collaboration PPP and VC Strong social networks of university graduates and ex-employees of large companies that start their own company Capabilities World leading scientists on biotechnology Very
strong position in research, development and commercialisation Strong scientific basis 170 university spin-offs (start-ups) Market demand Strategic position in European market Large companies
serve as lead customers and finance new developments Bay Area supplies world wide to pharmaceutical enterprises Market structure Good mix of small and large firms.
and negative impacts of biotechnological inputs must be addressed The role of public support Universities and public research organisations play a very prominent role in industrial biotechnology by providing new technological knowledge.
Second, it is important to facilitate the exchange between universities, public research organisations and industry.
research institutes and universities called Optechbb. It was founded in 2000 and is part the national association called Optecnet,
There are in total four universities in Berlin and Potsdam, including a large university hospital (Charité), and 10 universities of applied sciences with about 140,000 students.
In addition, the region houses more than 70 publicly funded research institutes from one of the four main non-university research organisations (Max Planck, Leibniz, Helmholtz and Fraunhofer.
These represent an annual R&d budget of €1. 8 billion including 50,000 academic and research staff. 72 Short history of the cluster While the cluster is still in development with the cluster initiative Optecbb founded in 2000,
the region has a much longer tradition in optical technologies. Beginning in 1801, glasses for spectacles, lenses and cameras but also microscopes and other optical instruments were produced in the region in the 19th century.
'Around that time Planck and Einstein worked on photonic-related issues at the then Berlin University
and the newlyestablished non-university research facilities in Berlin (Sydow et al.,2007). ) This development was interrupted by two historic events:
There are four universities and three applied universities with Physics departments or photonics research groups. Additionally, there are more than 20 public non-university research organisations that have some activities in photonics,
ranging from basic research (e g. BESSY and the Max Born Institute) to more applied photonics research (e g.
Ferdinand Braun Institute or Heinrich hertz Institute. Sydow et al. 2007). ) Also the historic base, despite its destruction during and after WORLD WAR II, is an important factor with a number of spin-offs having emerged from the former research institutions of Eastern Germany.
Capabilities Capabilities of actors can be described best by strong technological capabilities with many internationally renowned research institutes (Max Planck, Helmholtz, Fraunhofer) and universities (Humboldt University
Charité, Free University Berlin, Technical University Berlin) present, supporting the emerging capabilities of small, specialised firms.
With the National Optical Institute (INO), the Research center for photonic/optical and laser of the Laval University,
the largest university research centre in optics-photonics in Canada to the Canadian Institute for Photonic Innovations (CIPI), the head of a network of 18 universities that offer technology exploitation and innovation programmes.
GC, 2010) COPL is Canada's largest university research centre in optics/photonics striving to perform both fundamental and applied research,
Of the 111 Canadian university chairs in the field of photonics 40 percent are located in Quebec (CIPI, 2010.
Universities and Public research institutes Strong knowledge infrastructure focused on niche markets Institutions Rules and regulations minor role Norms and values/culture Strong cluster identity strong external recognition Rules and regulations no particular role Norms and values/culture Entrepreneurial culture
Photonics is also a well-established field of research at universities and public research centres.
The University of California is the only organisation from North america that is listed among the top 25 patent applicants in this region.
The Walloon region has 9 universities and 13 higher education colleges with courses related to applied sciences. These knowledge institutes have developed relationships with the local industries over time,
which host companies that focus on high tech business-university relationships. These are managed by Universities and local development agencies.
There is also a network of business incubators or shared infrastructures located in Universities and/or Science Parks to facilitate start-up companies.
In addition, 3 public training centres and 3 research centres contribute to the knowledge base of the cluster.
The education standards (widely recognised university qualifications) and (technical) training might be also contributing to create shared values and behavioural patters.
developing industrial research and partnerships between universities and firms; and developing and improving access to vocational training. 86 As a result of the implementation of the new Walloon industrial policy, there is now a specific promotion of investment package for attracting new firms to the Plastiwin cluster.
87, support for outstanding scientific research (linkages to Universities), facilitation (if entitled) to European subsidies, and a personalised and speedy following up from public agencies and regional authorities. 88 89 90 Funding The role of public funding has been vital for the development of the Walloon industry since the 1970s,
and universities in the Walloon innovation system is below the European and Belgium average (Biatour et al.,
2009) there are successful cases within the Plastiwin cluster that highlight the positive interaction between entrepreneurs, Universities, public agencies and private investors in the cluster.
In 2002 for instance, Nanocyl was founded as a spin-off from the Universities of Namur and Liège with the support of private investors96 The firm received seed funding and venture capital to prove the commercial viability of carbon nanotubes and nanopowders for flat screens applications (Eco-innovation Futures
and university-industry parks (science parks). In addition, Changsha also hosts a number of clusters in the areas of industrial engineering and mechanics, automobile industry, household appliances, electronic and optical equipment, and biomedicine.
and increases the innovation capacity of the Central South University and Hunan University. 98 97 http://www. fdi. gov. cn/pub/FDI EN/Statedevelopmentzone/Newsupdate/Newsupdatecontent/t20060404 70863
EN System failures and system drivers for growth Infrastructure The Changsha city government has set up a long practical strategic partnership with the region's universities
There are many new and well established universities. The universities are expected to function as anchor entities for cluster and regional (innovation) development.
Changsha universities also promote entrepreneurship and new business development (through incubators), assist in technology transfer,
and spin-off companies which are established in the university industrial parks. One example is the firm Boyun New Material Co as a spin-off firm for the manufacturing of high-performance composite material. 100 Furthermore,
there are 45 higher education institutions, 76 special training agencies, over 120 research institutions, 47 national and provincial key labs, 46 academies and 340,000 technological staff. 101 In terms of specialised equipment available to firms in the cluster
The list of equipment ranges from spectrophotometers and chromatographers to laser and plasma devices, often located at (one of) the University's facilities.
Chinese universities and research institutes have been encouraged to play a leading role for scientific and technological development linked to economic development through European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 282error!
At the international level, Changsha Universities and research institutions have established ambitious cooperation programmes with top centres in the industrialised and industrialising world (e g.
however, is that the central role of the two major Universities and a number of research centres and large advanced material firms very probably warrants a very high level of capabilities.
The collaboration between government, universities and industry, and the strong government guidance in these processes (e g. by deciding who will get funding) is a strength for the Chinese example
such as setting up strategic partnerships with local universities and business, providing most of the research funding,
universities act as anchor entities for cluster and regional (innovation) development, while in Wallonia large firms execute this function.
knowledge infrastructure with many universities and colleges for applied science. Wallonia has 6 science parks, SPOW (Science Parks of Wallonia is network of high tech business parks Provided are physical
) Strong support of national and regional government providing funding, stimulating industry-university collaboration, stimulating private and providing public funding for research,
and relative distrust between larger and smaller actors in the cluster Capabilities Building upon long history in industry Smaller companies have relative weaker innovation skills Large companies, in collaboration with universities,
This has pronounced a particularly effect on cooperation between universities and small and medium-sized companies.
Providers of highly advanced technological information can typically be found among the universities and public research organisations (PRO.
As a result, it is important to facilitate the exchange between universities, PRO and industry,
Characteristic of all clusters is that they grow either around a very strong knowledge infrastructure (thick network of world-class universities and research labs for instance) or on the foundations of well established and successful industries.
In some cases the clusters were originated more by science and universities e g. the Cambridge biotechnology cluster and the Grenoble microelectronics and nanotechnology cluster,
weak links-often through universities and large actors-form an essential link to‘the outside world'.
Start-ups, university spin-offs and company spin-offs are important to advance KETS since they are more capable than large firms to adopt entirely new technologies
-A vital venture capital market is important for commercialising research results in KETS through university spin-offs and other types of start-ups.
An Economic Analysis Based on Microlevel Survey Data, Paper Presented at the International Conference on The Economic Evaluation of Technological Change, Georgetown University Conference center, Washington, D c.,June 15 16.
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University of Oxford. Den Hertog, P.,E. M. Bergman, D. Charles (2001), Creating and sustaining innovative clusters, Towards a synthesis, in:
Festel, G. 2006), Economic potentials and market strategies in the field of industrial (white) biotechnology, Workshop White Biotechnology, University Potsdam, July 6, 2006.
School of Public Policy University of Birmingham. Gouvernement Région wallonne (2005a), Contrat d'avenir pour les Wallonnes et les Wallons, Namur:
Free University. Sydow, J.,F. Lerch, C. Huxham, P. Hibbert (2007), Developing Photonics Clusters: Commonalities, Contrasts and Contradictions, Advanced Institute of Management Research, available from:
University of Toronto, presentation available from: http://www. utoronto. ca/onris/research review/Presentations/Presentationdocs/Presentations05/W olfe05 ictclusters. ppt Wolfe, D. A. 2008), Cluster policies and cluster strategies:
University of Toronto. WSTS (2009), World Semiconductor Trade Statistics Autumn Forecast Meeting 2009, http://www. wsts. org Yeung, H. W c.,W. Liu, P
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