and nutritious meals to students daily and does so at a higher gross margin than traditional competitors.
and can reduce cycle time, increase flexibility, foster faster learning, and enable innovation. Buying local includes not only local companies but also local units of national or international companies.
even though more and more of their graduates hunger for a greater sense of purpose and a growing number are drawn to social entrepreneurship.
Michael E. Porter is the Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at Harvard university. He is a frequent contributor to Harvard Business Review and a six-time Mckinsey Award winner.
with Professor Porter and is its managing director. He is also a senior fellow of the CSR initiative at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.
Atta Badii is a high-ranking professor at the University of Reading where he is Director of the Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory, at the School of Systems Engineering.
and the designation of Distinguished Professor of Systems Engineering and Digital Innovation (UCC) and is an International Privacy-By design Ambassador as designated by the Canadian Information and Privacy Commission.
Students and citizens interested in statistics and in knowing more about GDP measurement initiatives. Who Is behind CAPS?
innovators, educators and students. It enables individuals and communities to build and visualise their shared knowledge and unlock their collective intelligence. 31.
It is open to all members and communities for contribution students and researchers, civil society organisations, governmental and inter-governmental organisations, multilateral institutions, businesses, statistical offices,
and, Learning Theory (for example as reported in Badii 2000,2008) have investigated human memory biases that underpin a methodological approach to evaluation and impact assessment that remains aware of 63 memory biases at individual and organisational levels.
Buckingham Shum, S. & Deakin Crick, R. 2012) Learning Dispositions...Knowledge. Vancouver, British columbia, Canada, April 29-May 2, 2012.
share learning and best practice, and seek funding and sustainable new business models. This research has identified the goals of policy,
5. 3 Research and Innovation support 5. 4 Dissemination & learning 5. 5 Evaluation 6. 1
It brings primary sources into every classroom and allows for more open and rapid communication between teachers and students.
For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom, and other models of distance learning have made education much more widely available.
These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,
enhanced by the way technology is integrated within the learning environment. Open standards A number of organisations affect DSI in Europe through acting as expert bodies on the development of policy and strategies and advocating
& constructing informal learning networks: Fab academy; Institute for network culture; Coder dojo's; and more generally the hacking culture of sharing skills and knowledge. 46 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making
In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic devices using an open-source hardware board.
& learning 5. 5 Evaluation 66 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Policy Tools ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS REGULATION LEGAL FRAMEWORKS RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
SUPPORT DISSEMINATION & LEARNING EVALUATION In order to implement future DSI policy goals and strategies, several tools and instruments have to be deployed.
or playground installations are funded by citizens themselves. Seed funding is a very early-stage investment,
and entrepreneurs together to create new digital products, new public services or learning programmes. The creation of a European network that would encompass regional innovation labs (both public
& NETWORKING TRAINING DSI networking and crowdfunding platform Fabacademy 5. 4 DISSEMINATION & LEARNING Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 81 Firstly,
phased evaluation ü Avoid isolated evaluation ü Provide link between academic evaluation and evaluation reports (more professional, consultancy based, etc.)
whose goal it is to help‘students use new technologies to design and make products that can make a difference to their world',19 http://www. bmbf. de/en/19955. php about-city-budgets-heres
learning and action programme linking cities financed under the ERDF http://urbact. eu/4 http://ec. europa. eu/employment social/equal/products/index en. cfm 5 The LEADER
How can they capitalise on the collective learning processes that social innovation engenders? How can they capitalise on the transformative promise that social innovation holds for public sector service provision11?
which has been continued in this period with ESF Learning Networks which involve Managing Authorities on more than a dozen themes.
In the current period, efforts to innovate continue in the cooperation programmes of the ERDF including both INTERREG IVC and URBACT and in ESF transnational actions and Learning networks
or the low level of IT skills is a particular form of social exclusion resulting in serious barriers to having access to services, low participation in lifelong learning,
In this way, it links well to the Digital Agenda, another flagship initiative of the Europe 2020 strategy37. 21st century society increasingly demands digital literacy
DAIN is founded on the philosophy of inclusion through community-based learning. The basic idea is excluded that digitally people can be reached best
The project organises drop in sessions in local community premises or face-to-face learning sessions. Twenty Digital Activists, all volunteers, recruited from among disadvantaged people,
To promote learning and the exchange of ideas a network of municipalities involved in the neighbourhood renewal programme meets on a regular basis with support from the State government of NRW.
renovation of playgrounds; creating a new football ground; creating small gardens and open spaces between houses, a new public agora for outdoor leisure and other community-building activities;
financial education and literacy, personal loans and insurance. Microfinance was slow to take off in Europe. ADIE47 in France was one of the first to start up in the late 80s (it is now one of largest with around 20,000 borrowers in 2010.
bringing design into disadvantaged neighbourhoods to renovate school playgrounds. Following this success it turned its attention to redesigninging prefabricated social housing estates.
Thematic objective (10) investing in education, skills and lifelong learning by developing education and training infrastructure;
'In his report, 23 Professor Monti clearly identified public services (or services of general economic interest) as being at the centre of social concerns.
capacity-building tools and learning processes) have become necessary. Measures of the success/impact of social innovation is shared the increasingly idea that‘economic outcomes have for a long time been the main indicator to measure the development of organisations and countries,
The use of randomised trials to test solutions was pioneered by Esther Duflo, professor at MIT and Director of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, 52
which has grown now into a global network of professors who use randomised evaluations to answer critical policy questions in the fight against poverty.
In line with the idea that we are still in a learning process, analysis and research is being conducted on the measurement of societal (social and environmental) value creation and the development of indicators. 61 On the latter issue,
These products may include savings, financial education and literacy, personal loans and insurance. Microfinance was slow to take off in Europe.
Lifelong learning via a participatory process with citizens. Social contract for housing: participatory process with public and private agents defining housing policy for the next 15 years.
whether it is appropriate to bring together new learning experiences and networks for public sector leaders at European level;
Universities have been encouraged to improve the quality of the courses they offer by making them more responsive to student's needs;
and youth unemployment is also being tackled through more workplace and entrepreneurial learning experiences and more possibilities for self employment.
learner-centred models involving personalised and interdisciplinary learning, soft-skills and platforms for knowledge, especially in ICT,
and for establishing national systems for the validation of non-formal and informal learning. 1. 1. 7. The European Platform against Poverty
along with an increase in energy literacy and can be compared to the rise of the internet,
to support people in lifelong learning, to ensure adequate livelihoods in a changing world; to bring private and nongovernmental resources to complement state funding through innovative partnerships
mutual learning and grants) and will have a specific budget for social innovation and social policy experimentation. Easi should provide a new impetus to social innovation activities,
In 2012 and 2013, the Lifelong Learning Programme paved the way to a new action (European policy experimentations) under Erasmus+by promoting two pilot calls for proposals for policy experimentations,
respectively to trigger the development of innovative solutions on the use of ICT in the classroom
and replace the Lifelong learning Erasmus mundus and Youth in action programmes. http://eacea. ec. europa. eu/erasmus-plus en.
and networking in the field of cultural and media literacy. It also aims to strengthen the competitiveness of the cultural and creative sectors, the cross-border circulation of culture and the adaptation of the sector to the digital shift.
and wellbeing and promote a learning and participatory society. Drawing from the inputs of the Commission's services
‘involving Ministers, Members of the European parliament, business leaders, deans of universities and research centres, bankers and venture capitalists, top researchers, innovators and citizens of Europe'.
Transnational‘Learning Networks'of ESF Managing Authorities and Intermediate Bodies that focus on specific thematic and governance issues,
Social innovation includes collective and creative learning processes, in which key players form different social groups and rural and urban contexts participate.
and applied learning about systems change. Based on the premise of inviting participation, as is encouraged In commission-supported external activities across the Union,
media, investors and EU citizens. yy It enhances transnational learning and cooperation to better value the societal potential in Europe for social innovation,
reflexive process, grounded in continuing thinking, learning and improvements, and involving employees and managers at all levels.
the Council recommendation on the validation of non-formal and informal learning emphasises the role that non-formal learning plays in increasing the employability and social inclusion of young people;
Specific initiatives are also being developed to increase the focus on the outcomes of higher education and their relevance for students and society.
and an initiative to improve the availability of data on European higher education learning mobility and employment in cooperation with Eurostat.
The rationale is that quality apprenticeships provide students with a valuable combination of theoretical knowledge
Youth work and non-formal learning play an important role in social innovation, particularly by offering alternative ways of learning and through practices that tackle inclusion problems such as youth employment or early
a peer learning exercise launched in 2012 in the framework of the European Youth Strategy,
which looks at how to promote the creativity and innovative capacity of young people through non formal and informal learning experiences, finalised its report,
The Science with and for Society programme supports social innovation via Mobilisation and Mutual Learning Action Plans (MML) targeting a number of focus areas, one
and on the implications of new technologies for teaching and learning. In particular, a large-scale FP7-funded research project dedicated to Reducing Early School Leaving in Europe206 addresses the broad topic of education systems in the 21st century by systematically studying the issue of early school/training leaving
academics, students and‘geeks'.'The EC reaches out to NGOS and volunteer citizens to enable them to be collectively aware of social innovation,
ICT-based learning: Developing the capabilities of children to understand written texts is key to their development as young adults.
TERENCE is developing an adaptive learning system for reasoning in the context of stories for 7-11 year olds with text comprehension difficulties.
Moreover, the system allows teachers to choose and custom-tailor the types of stories and games according to their learners'needs.
when the central learning & development unit gave them some space and resources, they started experimenting with participatory leadership practices
The socalled consumer doubles as a domestic producer a cook, a mother, a carer, a shopper, a driver, a nurse, a gardener, a teacher or student entailing so much of
trial and error and rapid learning that are accompanying the birth of this new economy. But we can be certain that its emergence will encourage ever more interest in how innovation can best be supported,
and should evolve through shared learning. Social innovations often struggle against the odds all of our chances of success will increase
Examples include computers in classrooms, the use of assistive devices for the elderly, or implants to cut teenage pregnancy.
PRA uses a range of visualisation techniques such as mapping as a tool for learning about sexual health and reproduction,
An outstanding recent example is New zealand academic John Hattie's work on schools,‘Visible Learning, 'which brings together 800 meta-analyses of
Feedback loops are a necessary precondition for learning, reviewing and improving. This could include front line service research to tap into the expertise of practitioners and front line staff
Examples include the idea of disability rights, closedloop manufacturing, zero-carbon housing or lifelong learning.
personalised learning in schools and self-managed healthcare, and are likely to be critical to future productivity gains in public services. 11 24) Changing roles.
CARE. 7. Hattie, J. 2008)‘ Visible Learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement.'
Nooteboom, B. 2000)‘ Learning and Innovation in Organisations and Economies.''Oxford: Oxford university Press. 12. Laderman Ukeles, M. 2001) On Maintenance and Sanitation Art.
and the role of the prison officer around an intensive learning programme. 1 39) Engagement of ex-users The Arizona Department of Corrections has involved recent prisoners in designing programmes to help others reintegrate into society
they make sculptures using A Learning Prison. The prison is divided up into houses (the image above is a cross section) with cells on the top three floors, a communal space on the ground floor,
and a learning centre in the basement. Image courtesy of Hilary Cottam, Buschow Henley, Do Tank Ltd. 2 participants'bodies to portray events and personal experiences.
but now cover topics as diverse as marketing and healthcare. 76) Participatory workshops are also known as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) or Participatory Learning and Action (PLA).
2002)‘ Learning Works: The 21st Century Prison.''London: Do Tank Ltd. 2. See Boal, A. 1979)‘ Theatre of the Oppressed.'
the idea being that faster implementation would speed up learning. This idea has now 3 spread into service prototyping
and learning because of the need to freeze the model to allow for formal evaluation. 88) Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTS) test a procedure within a randomly chosen sample of the public.
The combination of social learning and technological advancement that open testing demonstrates has many applications in encouraging sustainable and systemic innovation that is both supply and demand driven.
Under the programme, recent graduates and young professionals spend two years working on various projects, building houses,
Until recently, Un Techo para Chile had no legal status it was simply a loose network of students, young professionals, and residents.
listening, and learning. Management is not only about the 4 70 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION giving of orders
A Pratham classroom. Pratham provides primary education to some of India's most deprived children. Images courtesy of the Pratham team. 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 85 157) Distributed diffusion through provision as a social movement.
and promoted fast learning. 165) Endorsement by regulators for example, the impact of NICE in increasing the pressure on healthcare commissioners to take up more cost effective methods,
SCALING AND DIFFUSION 89 through a series of events and learning visits. 168) Global diffusion and encouragement, for example through GBUPA, the World bank's Global Programme on Output-Based Aid,
One example 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 93 Organic farming students at Everdale. Everdale is an organic farm and environmental learning centre.
Its purpose is to teach sustainable living practices, and operate a model organic farm. Image courtesy of Everdale. 5 94 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION is Everdale in Ontario, Canada,
and adaptation and learning processes are required for the generative diffusion of innovation. The NHS‘Adapt
and identify new solutions to problems through increased effectiveness, expertise, knowledge transfer, and learning. Collaboration can help institutions work better
The package includes a‘Best Practice Guide'made up of Quality Standards and Learning Resources.
and can be converted into QALYS to demonstrate cost-effectiveness in relation to stated health preferences. 215) Value-added measures in education assess how much individual schools‘add'to the quality of pupils they take in some schools might achieve very good exam results simply because of the quality
The BBC in the UK uses this method as an aid in decision making. 221) Life satisfaction measures are a particularly interesting new set of approaches (led by Professor Paul Dolan)
Another example of this is school inspections inspectors assess and then share good practice. Comparative metrics are used increasingly by international bodies to identify policies which succeed against the grain. 225) Balanced scorecards are a performance measurement tool for assessing
These generally provide a much more objective measure of social dynamics than the indicators chosen by individual organisations to prove their impact. 229) Assessment as learning,
including peer reviews and real time evaluation methods to promote cross-pollination such as NESTA's evaluation of Health Launchpad. 5 106 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION End notes 1. See for example,
or learning according to fundamentally different principles. These invariably involve many different elements. Systemic innovation is very different from innovation in products or services.
giving students the experience of working in small social enterprises. These could play a critical role in training up a future cadre of social innovators. 249) Mutual help and mentoring by users.
and implementation of the programme, served as a process for community learning. The project has acted as a major demonstration programme for national and international applications. 251) Support for new patterns of power and responsibility,
and Bed Zed in the UK. 254) Designing and trialling platforms to trigger systemic innovation including peer-to-peer models such as the School of Everything and digital learning environments such as colleges in second life. 255) Comprehensive pilots,
and a 6 SYSTEMIC CHANGE 121 series of learning events. 272) Organising formal coalitions for change with explicit goals,
600 people gathered outside the power station the UK's biggest single source of carbon dioxide-for ten days of learning and sustainable living,
promote and disseminate learning and best practice. These are promoted sometimes strongly by funders for example, the European commission's sustainable urban development network URBACT and the EQUAL Programme. 126 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Championing innovation Individual roles can be created to scout out,
allow fast learning across a community of innovators; and establish clear pathways for scaling up the most promising models.
a two-millionsquare-foot research centre that brings together scientific leaders and postdoctoral students, with a target of 4, 000 researchers on-site by 2015,
social entrepreneurs, nonprofit organisation managers and others. 296) Innovation learning labs. There are now a range of innovation learning labs within universities.
promoting learning and collaboration across This is the winning team from 2009's Social Innovation Camp.
which is based on theories of learning in action‘learning while doing'.'They have proved an effective tool for practitioners in local government in the UK,
and social entrepreneurship. 305) Action learning sets are groups of between four and seven people who come together on a regular basis to reflect on their work,
where students are divided into action learning sets for the duration of the one year course. 306) Membership organisations like the Royal Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) in the UK
The flow of information from the periphery to the centre is critical for learning, reviewing and improving.
groups and mobilising ex-offenders in service design (see method 38). 321) Learning cultures. The biggest barrier to innovation is the lack of a culture of learning that rewards public agencies and public servants for learning from their own mistakes learning from other sectors,
and learning from other places. One feature of the most innovative public agencies is that they are comfortable adopting ideas from diverse and surprising sources. 322) Safe spaces for innovation.
Examples include The 27e Region in France. There are 26 administrative regions in France. This virtual 27th‘region'is intended to provide the other regions with the space
including deciding who in a team should benefit. 1 SUPPORT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR 151 This playground at the Nunsmoor Centre in the West end of Newcastle is sure to be one the kids will love,
including Milano Graduate school, University of West indies, and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the Innovations in American Government Awards.
They were limited to issues such as the timing of school sessions (half of them), changes in school governance such as the size of the governing body or pupil representation (one third),
so that individuals can be transferred from failures to successes. 398) Accreditation, search and recruitment of public innovators by commercial headhunters or government agencies.
This is the West Philly Hybrid X Team, a group of students from West Philadelphia High school's Academy of Automotive and Mechanical engineering with their entry, the EVX.
when a group of students set up their own visual arts studio. The students work Processing bamboo as part of Prosperity Initiative's plan to transform the bamboo sector in Northwest Vietnam.
In two years the project has enabled 22,000 people to move out of poverty. The project's goal is to move 750,000 people out of income poverty across Vietnam, Lao PDR and Cambodia by 2020.
The students are responsible for running the studio and raising funds. In this way, it combines creative freedom, business practice,
and collaborative learning. The idea has spread and there are now Room 13 studios in Mexico, Nepal, Austria, South africa, USA, Turkey, Holland, China, and Canada.
Here, Uprisers are taking part in a learning session at the Roffey Park Leadership Retreat.
Many MBAS now offer modules on social entrepreneurship, and there is a thriving market in specialist courses. 433) Training for future leaders.
The learning programme is based on‘learning through doing 'and peer-learning. 487) Mutual support networks such as Community Action Network (CAN) which promotes social entrepreneurship
Issues such as the distribution of working time, the valorisation of voluntary labour, the content and channels of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services, the arrangements for retirement and unemployment, the size
For example, there is now a Health Information Accreditation Scheme in the UK which gives kite marks to organisations that produce information and moderate websites and forums.
and opening parts of parks or schools for residents and students to grow flowers, fruits, and vegetables.
which can then be eaten by students at lunchtime. 515) Community centres that merge into household activities childcare, entertainment,
Examples include hyper-local website Boscalicious Year 1 pupils from Collaton St mary Primary school dig up organic potatoes
asthma networks, homework clubs, or gardening groups as well as citizens engaging in formal activities through volunteering.
In 2008, campers converged on Kingsnorth power station for a week of learning, sustainable living and climate action.
and in which consumers co-create value alongside producers (no teacher can force students to learn
the first private higher education institution in South africa to offer a virtually free business degree to students from disadvantaged backgrounds. 5 These individual stories are always inspiring, energizing, and impressive.
and buying up companies or licenses that they see as promising. 12 Learning and Evolving In a fourth stage,
learning and adaptation turns the ideas into forms that may be very different from the expectations of the pioneers.
and in the public sector, there is an increasingly sophisticated understanding of how learning takes place. New models such as the collaboratives in health (used by the U k. National Health Service to improve innovation
These examples highlight innovation as a learning curve rather than as the eureka moment of a lone genius. Ideas start off as possibilities that are understood only incompletely by their inventors.
learning once again becomes more tacit, until another set of simpler syntheses emerge. Some organizations appear particularly good at maintaining the momentum from innovation rather than being stuck in a particular form or market.
or aggregating learning. 20 As such, they have not yet provided widely acknowledged models or sufficient practical insights for practitioners:
and partly because they depend so much on co-production by the user, patient, or learner.
and where there are sophisticated metrics of success that can reward rapid learning and evolving end goals.
and managed by its students. Students perform all functions, from administrative duties to facilities management.
Two key features of the university are (1) its partnerships with a great number of businesses in the design and delivery of all programs,
and (2) the requirement of all students to return to their rural schools and communities during holidays to teach what they have learned.
and also in encouraging more women to participate in learning to code through open workshops and support networks.
and Technological Development, the Lifelong Learning Program and other education and cultural programs (such as Youth in Action or MEDIA),
Some interesting examples include the organization of learning seminars the establishment of clusters of policy makers,
or the establishment of learning communities. Some initiatives regarding this tool are evidence building (such as the European union Youth Reports-http://ec. europa. eu/youth/policy/implementation/report en. htm)
Other relevant activities are on ICT for health, inclusion, government, sustainable growth, energy and sustainability, 22 learning, tele-care applications and so forth.
It is the case of the Arduino Playground (http://playground. arduino. cc), /a wiki where all the users of Arduino can contribute
which provides advanced digital fabrication instruction for students through a unique, hands-on curriculum as well as access to technological tools and resources.
and 32 learning and education activities are only a few examples. The Fab Foundation (http://www. fabfoundation. org/)is an example of the latter.
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